Link between patient’s risk factors and the disease pathophysiology

Running head: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Pathophysiology
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Author’s note

1PATHOPHYSIOGY
Link between patient’s risk factors and the disease pathophysiology:
The case scenario is about Catelyn Stark, a 50 year old premenopausal female who is
diagnosed with stage four metastatic breast cance. The risk factors found in Catelyn Stark
includes advancing age and changes in the pathophysiology of breast (Shah, Rosso &
Nathanson, 2014). She has been found with a lump on the breast and she is referred for a
lumpectomy too. Advancing age accounts for the pathophysiology of breast cancer because the
risk of the disease increases with age until menopause. 80% of all breast cancer occurs within
women above 50 years of age. The estimated risk is higher for women between 50- 70 years
compared to women before 49 years (McGuire et al., 2015). As Catelyn is 50 years old, she is
entering the age group vulnerable to breast cancer risk. In addition, Catelyn Stark was found
with a lump on the breast. The history of breast cancer and presence of any premalignant ductal
carcinoma is strongly linked to the risk of developing breast cancer as mutation of BRCA1 genes
and BRCA2 genes lead to increased cell proliferation of leptinin breast adipose tissue expansion
(Tao et al., 2015). Her lump in the breast was also accompanied by nipple discharge and this is a
risk factor because benign tumour is associated with discharge and lesion within a milk duct.
Parthasarathy and Rathnam (2012) explains that nipple discharge is an early sign of breast
cancer.
Impact of the pathophysiology of the disease on patient’s clinical manifestations:
Some of the clinical manifestation of Catelyn Stark includes painless lump in the upper
outer quadrant of her left breast, nipple discharge, moderate pitting odema on the left arm and
weight loss. These symptoms have been produced because of the pathophysiology associated
with metastatic breast cancer. Lump in the breast is a common symptom of breast cancer and this

2PATHOPHYSIOGY
symptom manifest because of series of molecular alterations at the cellular level. Some
individuals are at risk because of changes in the BRCA1, BRCA2 and p53 genes (Mehrgou &
Akouchekian, 2016). The interaction between the environmental and genetic factors results in
the mutation of the genes encoding the protective RAS/MEL/ERK pathway. The abnormalities
in the growth factor may result in malignant cell growth and increased cell proliferation because
of leptinin breast adipose tissue (Shah, Rosso & Nathanson, 2014). This pathophysiological
mechanism explains the clinical manifestation of lump in Ms. Catelyn Stark.
Nipple discharge was also one of the symptoms for Catelyn Stark and this symptoms
manifest because of change in the physiology of breast due to genetic mutation of BRCA1 and
BRCA2 genes. Other changes occurring in the body includes non-pitting oedema beneath the
armpit which was found for Catelyn too. This is linked to inflammatory breast cancer where non-
cancerous tumors develop within the stroma of the breast. A breast cancer may present as
metastatic disease, the site of metastasis leads to symptoms like unexplained weight loss and
fever.
Diagnostic investigations and treatment modalities for breast cancer:
The diagnosis of breast cancer is done by screening methods like breast-self-examination,
mammography, magnetic resonance image and ultrasound (Shah, Rosso & Nathanson, 2014).
Monthly breast-self examination is recommended to become aware with the normal anatomy and
detect risk of breast cancer. Another diagnostic method is mammography which is an x-ray
picture of the chest to detect sign or symptoms of the disease. Research evidence justifies the
benefit of mammography screening by explaining the diagnostic procedure detects small
malignant tumors before they grow large enough to be seen as symptom (Welch et al., 2016).