Pathophysiology.

Pathophysiology
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

Pathophysiology
Concept map (stage four metastatic breast cancer)
Key:
 Risk factors
 pathophysiology
 Diagnostics
 Clinical manifestation
 Treatment
 Aetiology
Pre-menopausal women
Hormonal changes
Oral contraceptive pills for last
three years
Mutation in the DNA
Colonial expansion
Progression of the tumour
Breast biopsy
Hormonal therapy
Activation of the oncogenes
promoting growth
Damage & failure in DNA repair
Modification of the genes
reguating the apoptosis
Unregulated proliferation of
the cell
Decreased apoptosis of
the cells
Genetically mutated
ductal epithelial cells
Inactivatin of the tumour supressor genes
Cytotoxic chemotherapy
Hormonal therapy +Trastuzumab
Breast
ultrasound
MRI
Painless lump on the upper
quadrant of the left breast
Nipple discharge Moderate non
pitting edema in
the left arm.
Lower back pain and weight loss
Lymph node
radiation
Opioid & anti-inflammatory
medicines
Lymph node radiation
therapy
Lumpectomy
IV therapy for dehydration &
IV antibiotics for infection
Age: 50 years
Gender: Female