1PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CASE STUDY Answer 1. Left lower lobe pneumonia results from an incident of microbial infection at the left lower lobe of the lungs. The infection activates the immune system of the body by activating the resident macrophages inside the lungs. The macrophages, in turn, trigger an inflammatory response at the site of infection. The activity of various inflammatory mediators results in the leakage of the lining capillaries, and thus there is an accumulation of the fluids inside the lungs (Jain and Bhardwaj, 2019). The phenomenon results in a lung congestion event, which is responsible for the tachypnea and orthopnea condition in the patient. Answer 2. Marie was on vacation prior to acquiring this disease condition. Thus it can be decidedthatshehadcommunity-acquiredpneumonia.Theetiologyforthistypeof pneumoniaincludesvariousbacteria,suchasStreptococcussp.,Pneumococcussp., Mycoplasma sp.,andHaemophilus influenzae; various viruses such as influenza virus, adenovirus and various others; and some fungus such asBlastomyces,Histoplasmaand Coccidiodes(Jain and Bhardwaj, 2019). Marrie already has an asthma condition, which normally presents with a symptom of respiratory distress due to inflammation at the lower respiratory tract. Thus this additional pneumonia condition in her presents with the risk of severe respiratory distress condition in her (Sattar and Sharma, 2019). The patient should be treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics to manage the pneumonia condition in her along with being careful with the fact that her asthma condition does not get triggered, to avoid the severity of her symptoms. (Postmaet al. 2015). Answer 3.
2PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CASE STUDY The main bodily function that is affected by this pneumonia condition in the patient is the respiration at the initial stage (Jain and Bhardwaj, 2019). The pneumonia condition is associated with fluid build-up inside the lungs, and thus the normal function of the lungs is impaired. As a result, there is a lower supply of oxygen through the blood to all the organs. That is the reason for the patient to experience fatigue (Jain and Bhardwaj, 2019). Answer 4. The common clinical manifestations for the pneumonia condition include dyspnoea, fever, chills, fatigue, productive cough and sometimes a pain in the chest (Htun, Sun, Chua and Pang, 2019). The dyspnoea condition, productive cough and pain in the chest can be considered as the local manifestations. However, the feeling of fatigue, fever and the chills can be considered as the systemic manifestations chest (Htun, Sun, Chua and Pang, 2019). These manifestations mainly result from the immune system response in the body. Answer 5. The possible treatment options for Marie can be listed as follows, 1.The application of broad-spectrum antibiotic to treat the microbial infection of the lungs in the patient (Postmaet al. 2015). 2.The application of oxygen therapy if the SpO2level is found to be lower than 95% in the patient in room air (Postmaet al. 2015). The nursing goals for Marie will be successful management of her pneumonia condition within a week along with making sure that her asthma condition does not get triggered in the meantime.
3PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CASE STUDY The expected outcome for those goals will be a lowered risk of severe respiratory distress in the patient, along withlow mortality risk in the patient (Postmaet al. 2015).
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4PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CASE STUDY References: Htun, T.P., Sun, Y., Chua, H.L. and Pang, J., 2019. Clinical features for diagnosis of pneumonia among adults in primary care setting: A systematic and meta-review.Scientific reports,9(1), pp.1-10. Jain, V. and Bhardwaj, A., 2019. Pneumonia Pathology. InStatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. Postma, D.F., Van Werkhoven, C.H., Van Elden, L.J., Thijsen, S.F., Hoepelman, A.I., Kluytmans, J.A., Boersma, W.G., Compaijen, C.J., Van Der Wall, E., Prins, J.M. and Oosterheert, J.J., 2015. Antibiotic treatment strategies for community-acquired pneumonia in adults.New England Journal of Medicine,372(14), pp.1312-1323. Sattar, S.B.A. and Sharma, S., 2019. Bacterial Pneumonia.