Pathophysiology of Acute Rheumatic Fever

This assignment delves into the pathophysiology of acute rheumatic fever, focusing on a 14-year-old Aboriginal girl suffering from the condition. It explains how untreated group A streptococcal pharyngitis can lead to cross-reactivity, damaging heart tissues and causing symptoms like fever, joint pain, and valve problems. The analysis emphasizes the cellular-mediated immune response and the formation of Aschoff bodies, highlighting the serious long-term consequences of ARF.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
OF ACUTE
RHEUMATIC FEVER

Table of Contents
DETAILED ANALYSIS.................................................................................................................3
Pathophysiology of 14-year-old aboriginal girl suffering Acute Rheumatic Fever....................3
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................5

DETAILED ANALYSIS
Pathophysiology of 14-year-old aboriginal girl suffering Acute Rheumatic Fever
Sue is 14 year old girl belongs to remote community of Australia and is Aboriginal
Torres islander. The girl has been presented to hospital for Acute Rheumatic fever which is acute
redness caused due group A-hemolytic streptococci. It is a result of cellular-mediated condition
which is diagnosed in person after 2-3 weeks suffering from streptococcal pharyngitis
(Streptococcal infection - group A, 2017). The infection is common in children and in infants
because the major reason behind streptococcal pharyngitis is unhealthy surroundings. It is caused
due to bacterial infection and person suffering from this struggle through severe pain and
inching. Further, the reactions of infection results in cross reaction which leads to pain in knees,
ankles, shoulders and elbows. It occurs after 3 weeks of suffering from streptococcal pharyngitis.
(Yacoub and et.al., 2017). Development of ARF in human body starts with fever from 38.2 TO
38.8 degree Celsius.
 Acute Rheumatic Fever is an inflammatory condition which is a result of severe throat
and bacterial infection.
 It impacts peri-arteriolar property of tissue and causes pain and it has severe long term
damages to valves and heart.
 It occurs when A-hemolytic streptococci left untreated. In addition, the infection when
left untreated lead to cross reactivity which is considered as Type II, which is a
hypersensitive infection and is highly contagious (Carapetis and et.al., 2016).
 The type II body process is known as molecular mimicry.
 The self reactive B cells continue to be anergic on the edge without T cell co-stimulation.
Streptococcus pyogenes Group A cell wall, which is made up of pronged that comprise protein m
which is extremely antigenic. The antibodies which are produced by immune system of human
body for Protein M sometimes results in cross reaction with soft muscles of arteries, Cardiac
Myofiber protein Myosin or with glycogen of heart muscle which results in damage to tissue and
release of Protein. This redness happens due to attachment of complement and Fc receptor-
mediated achievement of macrophages and white blood cell. Diagnosed Aschoff bodies, is made
up of bloated eosinophilic collagen which is enclosed by white blood cell and macrophages
which are only visible in light microscopy. The ample macrophages turn into Aschoff bodies.
Acute rheumatic control pathology leads to cell mediated immunity bodily function because this

problem comprise macrophages and T helper cells. The affect of ARF are critical and dangerous
as it leads to Arotic regurgitation which is leak in aortic value due to blood flow direction turns
wrongs (Murrel and Johnson, 2018). It also leads to hart muscle damage which impacts muscles
of heart and pumping ability of heart. Thus, in diagnosis of Acute Rheumatic Fever, the problem
is found in layers of heart which is termed as Pancarditis. However, this situation human body
faces acute redness with fibrinous resolution. Hence, prevention of ARF Is treating group B
infection because it is the early stage which reflects symptom of acute rheumatic fever (Yacoub
and 2017).

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Carapetis, J. R. & et.al., (2016). Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Nature
reviews Disease primers. 2. 15084.
Yacoub, M. & et.al., (2017). Eliminating acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. The
Lancet. 390(10091). 212-213.
Online
Murrel D. & Johnson S., (2018). Rheumatic Fever. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.healthline.com/health/rheumatic-fever#modal-close>.
Streptococcal infection - group A. 2017. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/streptococcal-
infection-group-a>.