PATHOPHYSIOLOGY.

Running Head: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY1
Response to question1
The patient Mrs. Brown suffered from breathlessness according to the case study provided. The nurse noted that she was suffering from
severe dyspnea when admitted to the Emergency Ward, which is meant by difficulty breathing. It's basically the shortness of breathing, which
leads to quick breathing. It can also be caused by excessive effort or living at elevated altitudes (Hajduk et al., 2013). The case study also reveals
that the patient has a 24 breaths / minute respiratory rate that is greater than the normal breathing rate. The particular partial oxygen pressure is a
measure of the quantity of oxygen that can be accomplished by blood. The ordinary SpO2 rate is between 96% and 99%. It was very small for
the patient, however, as it was 85% after admission to the clinic (Clark et al., 2014). All these factors are very important for knowing the
disease's etiology and also providing the patient with proper care. This will also help determine the patient's treatment care (Shively et al., 2013).
The patient's blood pressure was also very low as a result of the case study. The nurse's pulse rate showed that the patient had 120 beats
per minute (Nundy et al., 2013). The nurse also carried out lung auscultations that identify the heart beat by using the stethoscope to identify
bilateral basal crackles. It is referred to as the crackles in both the lungs which is referred to as the open popping of the small airways and the
alveoli which is often collapsed during expiration by the presence of fluid, exudate, or lack of aeration (Hajduk et al., 2013). All these elements
made it clear that the patient had chronic systolic heart failure. Thus the details of the clinical manifestations are obviously linked to the
pathogenesis of the condition that Mrs. Brown suffered from. One of the two primary kinds of heart failure is chronic systolic heart failure. The
issue in this situation is the heart's capacity to pump blood to the remainder of the body. Common symptoms of heart failure include chest pain,
lack of appetite, tiredness, irregular heartbeat, sudden weight gain and short breath (Shively et al., 2013).

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Early diagnosis of systolic heart failure is necessary because this will help patients as well as nurses and clinicians to treat and diagnose
the disease better (Ades et al., 2013). Ventricular dilation, which can lead to chronic or even severe heart disease, often characterizes the systolic
heart failure. It can be triggered by a number of clinical circumstances, including high blood pressure, myocarditis, valvular illnesses,
medications and toxins, and genetic cardiomyopathy (Clark et al., 2014). At the early phases, the diagnosis of the disease is very much needed as
it can change the changes that may occur later in life. This will underline the fact that patients are able to change their chances of getting the
disease.
It is also seen that the patient had high pulse rate. As the patient already had a history of heart failure the high pulse rate can be due to the
fact that the heart is not being able to pump the blood effectively and thus increases the rate of heart beat upto times. This can cause dizziness,
fluttering in the chest or lightheadedness. This condition is called tachycardia that occurs either in the upper or lower heart chambers. The main
causes of the condition include various heart related condition such as high blood pressure or hypertension, poor supply of blood to the heart
muscles, heart muscle disease, tumors, infections, heart failures or heart valve disease. It can also be due to a number of other diseases such as
lung diseases, thyroid, drug or alcohol abuse, and electrolyte imbalance (Sapp et al.,2016 ).
Thus, as previously stated, the disease may be caused by a number of factors that affect the contractibility of the heart, including preload,
contractibility, and afterload. The volume of stroke is affected by these factors (Nundy et al., 2013). Preload is the quantity of blood accumulated
in the ventricles before contracting and the afterload is the ventricle pressure to eject the blood. Lastly, contractility is the heart muscle's ability

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to eject the blood from the ventricles. It usually changes after a heart attack occurs and also when there is a change in blood calcium level that
can occur after the myocardial cell injury. This reduces heart output (Hajduk et al., 2013).
Response to question 2
The two nursing strategies that can be used to handle Mrs Brown's situation include efficient communication between the patient or
family member and the use of the oxygen therapy (Clark et al., 2014). The oxygen therapy helps in providing the patient with the extra oxygen
that was deficient in the patient. This therapy can be used to treat Mrs Brown as she was suffering from difficulty in breathing and using
supplemental oxygen can be helpful for the patient to receive the required amount of oxygen for breathing purposes. The nurses should
undertake a very fast patient evaluation to optimize patient triage so that they can have a correct and suitable level of care and leadership plan.
They should monitor changes in the patient's symptoms and signs for effective communication between the nurses and the patient. They should
monitor changes in the patient's symptoms and signs for effective communication between the nurses and the patient. This will suggest that
nurses and physicians are very interested in the patient's care and the patient's opinion. Effective communication will also assist patients
understand their therapy process and line (Ades et al., 2013).
The nurses can also teach patients about the different risk factors that can cause chronic heart failure and educate them. This will assist
the patient manage the disease better. Research has shown that patients engaged in illness self-management face better results than patients who
do not receive such training at the moment of hospitalization (Shively et al., 2013). As a result, pre-hospital care and leadership is regarded one