Patient and Family-Centered Care: A Comparative Study with Traditional Model
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This paper compares and contrasts the impact of patient and family-centered care with the traditional model of pediatric care. It also discusses two concepts of P&FCC, application of P&FCC principles in contrast with the case study, and three strategies to reduce the negative impact.
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Running head: PATIENT CENTRIC CARE Name of the student; Name of the university: Author note:
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Introduction: Child illness and hospitalization for different reasons are an event which interfered with the natural process of child development and even shapes the child as an adult. In the current context, parents of the sick child exposed to a high level of psychological distress such as stress and anxiety. In this case, patient and family-centered care in the hospital is highlighted as one of the crucial factors contributed to the improved health of child and behavior of parents since unpleased effects of hospitalization influence the parents to show such behaviors and disrupts the psychological health of children (Byczkowski et al., 2016). In the United States in the 1940s, the patient and family-centered approach began when the work of a former ministry-student-turned- psychologist named Carl R. Roger explored the concept of person-centered approach and integrate it in the all human relationship (Greene, 2017). It is highly accepted concept in the clinical domain since after Roger main practitioner and scholars use this approach to provide safe and responsive care (Clay & Parsh, 2016).This paper will illustrate Compare and contrast of some impact with the traditional model with P&FCC, Two concepts of P&FCC, application of P&FCC principles in contrast with the case study, three strategies to reduce the negative impact. Discussion: For the decade, nurses ruled as a higher authority for choosing correct interventions for the infants which is classic features of the traditional model of pediatric care (Conn et al., 2016). However, this nursing model has a long and troubled history to providing safe and responsive care to the infants (Conn et al., 2018). For parents of the sick infants, the clear and concise idea of the health issues their child is suffering from is crucial. In the previous era, hospitalization of thechildhademotional,psychological,anddevelopmentalconsequencesbecauseofthe separation from the primary caregiver. Many researchers documented the change of behavior in
the children after separation from the mother as observed in the traditional model of nursing (Feeg et al., 2016). In the traditional model, nurses used to take the decision on the behalf of the children for accurate interventions without taking into consideration of the parent’s perception of wellbeingwheretoddlervisitorswererestrictedwhichfurtherresultedinethical dilemmas.Shields (2015), highlighted that in the majority of the cases parents are unaware of the chronicity of the health issues their child is suffering from and feel confused and angry which reflected through their sinful and inappropriate behavior in the hospital premises.Therefore, after exploration and integration of the patient and family-centered care, a majority of the clinical setting uses this approach as one of the major standards of the practice and philosophy of care, especially in the pediatric nursing. One of the positive impacts of family and patient-centric care on the children and family is that they feel empowered because decision making of children along with the parents is highly prioritized for providing the best interventions for children (Smith, Swallow & Coyne, 2015). Consequently, parents and child both feel empowered, confidentwith asubstantialreductionof psychologicaldistress. Asdiscussed by Foster, Whitehead and Maybee (2016), the patient and family-centered care approach promote faster recovery compared to the traditional model of nursing care. As observed by Shields (2015), since health professionals acknowledge parents’ irreplaceable role providing support to the children, the approach reduces stress and anxiety for parents and child and promote well bring. Patient and family-centered care are widely accepted philosophy in practice which underpinnedqualitycare.Providingpatientandfamily-centeredcaremeanscaregiver incorporates the knowledge and connections of the family members in the caregiving to support
the development of the child (Byczkowski et al., 2016).It provides a framework for pediatric nurses for taking the responsibility and designing the goal accordingly to care for not only promoting the physical wellbeing but also support the wellbeing of emotional and psychological wellbeing of the children in each developmental stage by incorporating family (Coyne et al., 2014).Inthecurrentcontext,thetwowidelyacceptedconcept,inthiscase,Open Communication with family members and involve patient and family in decision making (Byczkowski et al., 2016). These two concepts are based on one of the most powerful principles of the patient and family-centered care such as Information Sharing - Share information clearly and openly”.As discussed before the hospitalization of the child had emotional, psychological, and developmental consequences because of the separation from mother and it also exposes familymembersespeciallymotherstothehighlevelofpsychologicaldistress.They inappropriately behave in the clinical setting because of the psychological distress such as depression and anxiety (Panicker, 2013). Moreover, receiving knowledge of current health status and skills to participate and share decision-making are the basic rights of every parent. Therefore,Coyneetal.(2011),highlightedthatEngagingfamilymembersinopen communication session where honest and clear communication and avoiding jargon reflects empowerment since health professionals become more transparent about the health issues and treatment.Thecommunicationwiththewillingnessofsharingrelevant,timely information/education to encourage support enables the access of care to the family members (Uhl et al., 2013). Another concept is that the involving family members in the treatment would allow family members to share decision-making which further reduces the stress level of the family members and empower family members (Uhl et al., 2013)
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In the current context,information sharing with the family clearly and openly as the principle of the patient and family-centered care can be applied for the nursing care of a child. In the first case study, 3 years old Thomas's mother was upset and cries and frequently leaving the room which made Thomas more distress. According to Erikson‘s psychological developmental theory, the stage is referred to as Autonomy vs. Shame (Dunkel & Harbke, 2017). The children of this age are more concerned about separation from parents, reduced access to favorite activitiesandpeerrelationships;unawarewhytheyhavebeenadmittedinthehospital. Moreover, the children of these developmental stages have increased fear of the unfamiliar environment of the hospital, noises, equipment/ machines, people, uniforms of the hospital (Latta et al., 2016). When his mother upset and cries frequently and leaving the room frequently, it increased his fear of separation from parents and fear of parent was transferring to him. Therefore, he cried and pushed the mask off each time the mask was administered and he became irritable.In the current context, Information Sharing - Share information clearly and openly” is one of the best suitable patients and family-centered care which can be applied in the case of Thomas.For example, in this case, suitable intervention would be that the nurse should share the information that her child is crying because of fear of separation with the parent and the consequences of her actions affected the wellbeing (Uhl et al., 2013). This communication through sharing the relevant information not only empowers her mother but also facilitate active participation (Coyne, 2015). To communicate with Thomas, easy communication procedure would be required through using the colorful picture, brief videos, and sentence and use of toys, different types of arts, plays. This communication method would help in communication and self-expression of a nurse, reduce the anxiety and built the trust which further enhances patient and family-centered care practice by incorporating parents and applying core principles (Mitchell
& Chaboyer, 2010). On a different note, information sharing can enhance patient and family- centered care differently in the case of the second case study. In the second case study, Alex was a 16 years old boy who was presented in the pediatric department.According to Erickson’s psychological development, this stage of children is referred to as Identity vs. Role Confusion (Dunkel & Harbke, 2017).Patients of these ages usually experience stress, fear because of the new environment they are subjected to (Carman et al., 2013).Body image is one of the crucial factors for these patients such as pretended to be strong and devoid of pain (Carman et al., 2013). In this case, the patient lost their control, develop anxiety because of school and the environment. Therefore, He denies having any pain despite having several bad tries on the PCA and refusing to be moved for pressure area care or to be washed by the nurses (Smith, Swallow & Coyne, 2015). In the current context, information should be shared with parents about his health and to him in a clear and concise statement. It would empower parents and influence parents to actively participate in the care process (Mitchell & Chaboyer, 2010). The open communication with him allow time for questions; listen and respect their views which would further reduce the stress of the children and respect their autonomy and privacy through practice which is one of the key factors that matter to them during the development of children (Mikkelsen & Frederiksen, 2011). It would facilitate the patient-centric care by incorporating family members. Hospitalizationisastressfulandthreateningexperiencewhichleaveschildren emotionally devastating (Panicker, 2013). As observed in the case study one, the children of are more concerned about separation from parents reduced access to favorite activities and peer relationships; unaware why they have been admitted in the hospital. They develop the fear of the unfamiliar environment of the hospital; they tend to feel scared of the equipment’s which hinders
the effect of interventions.These symptoms are referred to as separation anxiety (Mikkelsen & Frederiksen, 2011). Separation anxiety is a normal stage of development which requires clinical assistance and presence of parents can reduce the effect of separation anxiety (Wong et al., 2015). Therefore, in order to reduce the negative effect of the hospitalization three strategies can be employed for the wellbeing of children and family.The first strategy would be providing children with toys, games, and arts during the admission in hospitals.This strategy would be effective to reduce the anxiety of patient, especially for the children of three years as observed in the case study. Even when the mother is upset and leaves the room because of the health issue of the child the toys wearing the clothes of her mother would be able to distract him from the feeling of anxiety and stress because of the separation. The second strategy would be the active corporation of parents in the session where mother of Thomas would be present in the admission room and able to manage her anxiety with the assistance of the health care professionals, especially pediatric nurses (Latta et al., 2016). The presence of parents and participation in the interventions would be effective for children since seeing parents in the room would reduce the anxiety of the patient and induce a sense of comfort (Coyne, 2015). The third strategy would be incorporatingplayinginterventionsinthehospitalforchildren.Theplayingintervention incorporates the family members and nurses who would administrate medication using different plays. Consequently, children will feel comfortable and cooperate in the interventions (Mitchell & Chaboyer, 2010). Conclusion: Thus it can be concluded that Family-centered care plays a crucial role in influencing the mental and physical health of children while parents are exposed to high psychological distress. In the United States in the 1940s, the patient and family-centered approach began when the work
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of a former ministry-student-turned-psychologist named Carl R. For the decade, nurses ruled as a higher authority for choosing correct interventions for the infants which is classic features of the traditional model of pediatric care but after a few decades they use this approach. One of the positive impacts of family and patient-centric care on the children and family is that they feel empowered. Two crucial concepts of the approach are Open Communication with family members and involve patient and family in decision making. These two concepts are based on one of the most powerful principles such as Information Sharing - Share information clearly and openly which was explored in this paper with the assistance of two case study.
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