Classic Studies in Cognitive Studies: Short-Term Memory, Attention, Behaviour, and Perception

This essay evaluates classic studies in cognitive studies, focusing on short-term memory, attention, behavior, and perception. It explores the nature and function of cognition and its practical applications.

PC4054 2 – Essay
Cognitive studies
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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Main Body.......................................................................................................................................3
Short term memory.....................................................................................................................3
Attention......................................................................................................................................4
Behaviour....................................................................................................................................5
Perception....................................................................................................................................5
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................6
References .......................................................................................................................................7
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Introduction
Cognitive science is basically related to interdisciplinary and scientific study on the mind
and its process. It analysis the nature, task and function of cognition and make focus on how the
nervous system of the body represent, process and transform the information. There are
numerous practical example and application for the concern of cognitive research, such as
memory disorder, finding ways, making decisions, helping people who are recovering from brain
injury (Horvat and Tement, 2020). This essay include the evaluation of different type of classic
studies in cognitive studies with four examples of short-term memory, Attention, Behaviour and
Perception. All of the above example are related to internal and external factors and make
supplement learning.
Main Body
Short term memory
Short term memory is basically related to the concept of limited number of item which
are capable of doing in mind at one time. It is related to long standing concept of short term
memory in the term of cognitive science. This is related to different reasoning, planing and
problem solving. The study of short term memory is basically revolutionized by the British
psychology Alan D. Baddaley in the 1970's era. This is related to two main storage buffers first
one is visuospatial information and another one is verbal information (Short-term memory,
2021). This is related to the logic of double dissociation. They have the separate task
performance by different variable, which are related to various example; memory task,
remembering set of location and many more activities are come under the circumstances of the
memory power. While taken together it is suggested that different findings and implied on verbal
and spatial short term memory are rarely rely on the pool of cognitive resources (Golmohammadi
and et.al., 2020). Different psychologists are used different and double dissociation and make
verbal and spatial short term memory which are gone as per the patient and their callosotomy
procedure.
In the original working memory theory of Baddeley and Graham Hitch are work on the
central executive procedure. Some of the researcher proposed that there are various component
that may be related to proposed coordinate and control on various sub parts of the system. This
could be related to different system and make various sub parts. This is one of the
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conceptualisation related to different model and their mechanism to determine the goals and met
strategically schedule with various procedure and make effective steps (West and et.al., 2020).
The idea of short term memory from working memory is basically related to performance
management on storage of information and predict about the information and make high order of
reasoning skills, performance management and make a host of different cognitive skills. This is
an important cognitive skill and make appear to develop and make working memory in
childhood and decline the adults factor as per age-related changes in cognitive tasks.
Attention
Attention is the procedure which is related to make focus on limited mental resources on
the different information and make cognitive studies and make process that are silent at a given
moment of time. This is very important to make high focused and selective attention, this can be
done by focusing on one message and ignore all other competing messages (Salvaggio, 2020).
Cognitive process is the ability to make process and enable them to make focus and maintain
different sustained processing information and able to work on environmental stimuli with the
help of sensory system. This is associated with major information and make responsive
alternative which are create by ongoing cognitive action and measurement of making high level
of attention. There are different type of attention which are face by the patients through daily
activities. As per the Sohlberg and Mateer there are four type of neuropsychology named are
arousal; means being activated or attentive at the time when a person is tired (Attention, one of
our cognitive domain, 2020). Another one is focused attention, means make focus attention with
stimulation. Third one is sustained attention, which means make stimulus activity over a lengthy
period of time. Last one is selective attention, make attentive mind in the presence of other
distracting stimuli.
This is all related to the major concept of biology, present at the birth time. Newborn
attend the environment and adopt in nature with different environmental stimuli such as loud
noises. So it can be said that attention make critical role in almost every stage of the life and help
in allowing the people to avoid distraction and mainly focus on some specified task (Shadiev and
Huang, 2020). As per the Neuroanatomy are basically related to attentional system which include
Alert system; as it make a charge of arousal and sustained attention. Orientation system; this is
mainly related to focused and selective attention which are basically related to visual stimuli.
Third one is Execution system; which make a charge of selective, sustained and dividend system.
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All of them are explained the use of different community and need of attention in cognitive
studies.
Behaviour
This is basically related to different brain activities and make psychological perspective
view of human learning behaviour and development as well. This will make the responsible for
learning principle and make development for cognitive study in overcoming the issues,
emotional thinking and abilities. This could be related to behavioural and cognitive
psychological nature for training, pedagogy and various clinical rule. Behavioural theory is
basically related to different behaviour therapy, cognitive theory, emotional learning and
information processing theory which must be related to process and known as different human
condition and applicability of the human nature (Ahn, 2021). They are related to different
anxiety disorder, depressive nature, personality disorder, substance misuse, trauma, stress
management and emotional regulation. All of these are the problem which may be solve by the
patients and neurologists to work with their patients and solve their behaviour related issues.
A study of the behaviour and cognitive brain are related to perception, learning, attention,
conceptualisation, language, emotion and many more factors. The main subject for this order is
basically related to different type of tests. This will create a major task and make
conceptualisation based learning methods and proceed on the basis of evidence and individual
report. The result of the behavioural was always objective and experimental, which make a
concerned perception over the period of time and make control over the behaviour (Behavioural
and Cognitive Psychology, 2021). This has been used and manage while it being rejected through
introspection as a methodologies. This process is mainly related to make relationship between
the stimulus and make response (Schweiker, Rissetto and Wagner, 2020). This could be related
to input processor, memory unit and make arthritic unit which are related to different aspect and
growth of the behaviour in an individual. Behavioural concept are related to different individual
perspective and growth that may be related to work and manage different source and
applicability of data in an organised manner.
Perception
Perception is basically related to different kind of ability and make capture, process and
actively make sense of different kind of information which are related to make sense. This is the
process that make effective procedure and related to kind of stimuli and receive sensory organs.
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This is one of the possible outcome and make it possible to work and understand the nature of
surroundings. There are different type of perception which are related to different neuroanatomy
and make five major sense (Cognition and Perception: Is There Really a Distinction?, 2020).
Some of them are basically related to Visual arts; it will be able to make see and make interpret
the information through light and make a visible spectrum that are arrive through our eyes.
Another one is hearing, which means make an ability to interpret the information and arrive the
information to ears which make audible frequency. Third Spector is touch which means have a
capacity to interpret the information of different chemical substances and make vibration which
are helpful in making surface vibration (Smiljanic, 2021). This is another way to remove and
make connection through brain and being responsible in haptic perception. This could be related
to S1 and S2 substances. Many more perception are related to different sector and growth of the
individual which are able to related and make circumstances. There are mainly three phases
which make sure about selection, organisation, and make essential interpretation. All of them
are basically eventually related to interpretation. Which are related to different skills, behaviour
and ability to manage social beings and work under different circumstances.
Conclusion
From the above essay, it is concluded that there are different sector and stages which are
related to different experience and behaviour gain by the patients. This will help the patients to
make deep analysis of information which may related to people's mind in relation to different
sector and growth. It is one of the important subject to understand the behaviour and make
substantial stages to make effective approaches and applicability to evaluate the nature of
different examples. Right emphasis of the psychological conditioned behaviour and able to
management which make inappropriate ratio to make analysing the behaviour of information
process, using strict and rigorous laboratory investigation which are related to different sector
and growth.
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References
Books and Journals
Horvat, M., & Tement, S. (2020). Self‐reported cognitive difficulties and cognitive functioning
in relation to emotional exhaustion: Evidence from two studies. Stress and Health,
36(3), 350-364.
Golmohammadi, R. & et.al., (2020). Attention and short-term memory during occupational noise
exposure considering task difficulty. Applied Acoustics, 158, 107065.
West, R. K. & et.al., (2020). Short-term computerized cognitive training does not improve
cognition compared to an active control in non-demented adults aged 80 years and
above. International psychogeriatrics, 32(1), 65-73.
Salvaggio, S. (2020). A study of attention and cognitive cost in numerical cognition with eye
tracking (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Shadiev, R., & Huang, Y. M. (2020). Investigating student attention, meditation, cognitive load,
and satisfaction during lectures in a foreign language supported by speech-enabled
language translation. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 33(3), 301-326.
Ahn, J. (2021). Impact of cognitive aspects of food mobile application on customers’ behaviour.
Current Issues in Tourism, 1-8.
Smiljanic, R. (2021). Clear Speech Perception: Linguistic and Cognitive Benefits. The
Handbook of Speech Perception, 177-205.
Schweiker, M., Rissetto, R., & Wagner, A. (2020). Thermal expectation: Influencing factors and
its effect on thermal perception. Energy and Buildings, 210, 109729.
Online
Attention, one of our cognitive domain, 2020. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.cognifit.com/attention>.
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychology, 2021. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.apa.org/ed/graduate/specialize/behavioral-cognitive>.
Cognition and Perception: Is There Really a Distinction?, 2020. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/cognition-and-perception-is-there-
really-a-distinction>.
Short-term memory, 2021. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.britannica.com/science/short-term-memory>.
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