Bridge Engineering: Analysis & Design

This assignment delves into the world of bridge engineering, covering fundamental principles of analysis, design, and rehabilitation. It draws upon a comprehensive bibliography encompassing various aspects of bridge construction, from materials science to seismic considerations. The provided resources offer insights into structural health monitoring, international bridge engineering practices, and sustainable approaches to bridge design.

Pedestrian Concrete Timber Bridge 1
A JOURNAL PAPER ON THE LONG TERM PERFORMANCE OF THE PEDESTRIAN
CONCRETE TIMBER BRIDGE
A Journal Paper on Bridge by
Student’s Name
Name of the Professor
Institutional Affiliation
City/State
Year/Month/Day

Pedestrian Concrete Timber Bridge 2
Abstract
There has been a renewed eagerness on the utilization of the timber concrete in the
bridges in a recent couple of years because of their ecological friendliness and logical cost. This
journal paper will review the long-term performance of the pedestrian concrete timber bridge
structure. The aim of the study is to investigate the major problems faced when using the
materials in the timber composite concrete bridges to sustain and enhance the structure’s
lifetime. The primary fundamental in the designing a pedestrian concrete timber bridge structure
is taking into the account their long-term performance.
Many brides have been assessed because of their uniqueness and long-term performance
and most of the issues came out of TCC. It is important to study and analyze the problems facing
pedestrian bridges composed of the timber and the concrete slabs and summarize them using the
Eurocode for the timber and concrete. Besides the research on the long-term effects, there is need
of predicting and comparing the provisions with some projects and design a recommendation for
the designing the results. This will ensure the improved performance of the timber composite
concrete bridge.

Pedestrian Concrete Timber Bridge 3
TABLE OF CONTENT
Item Page
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………..2
Introduction……………………………….…………………………………….…….4
Literature Review..................................................................................................…...5
Aim and objectives of the study……………………………………………….……..6
Research questions …………….…………………………………………….………7
Methodology…….………………………………………………….………………...7
Data collection………...................................................................................................8
Experimental setup............…........................................................................................10
Results………………………………………………………………………………...11
Discussion …………………….……………………………………………………..13
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………15
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………….17

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INTRODUCTION
Historically, individuals used to construct their bridges by the use of stones and timber.
Nevertheless, there have been developments and improvements in every level and different
materials which can improve the resilience of the bridge and other types of construction have
been discovered. The use of the concrete and steel has replaced all the materials that were used
previously due to the disadvantages of the traditional materials used in the construction. This
matter encouraged the growth of the responses that limit the weak point on timber and take the
benefits of the long-lasting constituents of it. After that, the structures of timber-concrete
composite used on the bridges will display an exceptional ability. This method combines the
force in the compression of concrete with the strength of timber in tension which network by
making a sufficient connection between the materials. This means that both strength and stiffness
of the wood and concrete when combined gives substantial benefits that make the bridge made of
those materials to last longer.
The density of the timber-concrete composite is light compared to another composite
system since the structure can carry a load three times compared to using timber alone, and more
than six times the rigidity of flex. The use of the reinforced systems of concrete has led to low
efficiency on the capability of carrying the load and it’s self-weight. As soon as the viable of the
motion of the composite completed, the reduction of the sizable deformation and development of
the potential of conveying load could be expected in the timber structure assessment. The timber
concrete structures are considered to be a good substitute for the constructions of the existing
usage in the building of the bridge and their intersection.
Many people are now using more of their resources in the building work specifically in
the industrial sector, and a greater percentage of it goes to the solid wasted. The organizations

Pedestrian Concrete Timber Bridge 5
and firms have adopted the plan of sustainability and improvement of the current structures by
upgrading new innovations such as the use of timber-concrete composite structures in the
bridges. The deck of timber-concrete is able to withstand the weight by the use of three
components which include the structure that conveys shear to the timber-concrete composite, the
scheme that connects a slab of RC compression, and the timber beam that function when placed
in tension longitudinally.
Literature review
In the bridge structures of the timber-concrete composite, the concrete placed at the top
of the timber functions as a joint resist compression, bending and tension consecutively. There is
a connection between the two components that are responsible for the shear. The whole process
and the behavior of the components and all materials during the existence of the bridge result in
a complex investigation of long-term. It depends on the timber material that is used in the
structure of the bridge (solid non-graded maritime pine, glued laminated and solid non-graded
chestnut). The usage of those products in the structure is highly relevant. The content of the
moisture is considered to be dry (10 to 13%) so that it cannot be ranked as the issue to deal with
it. The structures will be in good working conditions if pre-planned maintenance takes place and
also when some necessary consideration is noted like durability and foundation of the structures
(Bakht, 2015).
Concrete timber composite system is normally composed of the layer of concrete slab
that is in the timber ribs stress and compression tension stress which shows that the material’s
stiffness and strength are used to the utmost advantages. They are not heavy as compared to
other reinforced systems of the concrete since wood has the low density as compared to concrete.
The load weight is tripled by the system if the concrete and timber are connected well, the

Pedestrian Concrete Timber Bridge 6
carrying capacity is up to six times the rigidity of the flex of the floor system for the traditional
timber. The bridges made of concrete timber are more efficient in term of the load carried per
self-weight unit, and also they are very rigid making them strong in the event of earthquakes, and
this allows the procedure of the seismic analysis.
The structures are highly dumped and this help in the springiness reduction as well as
having good characteristics of the sound insulation. The system of the timber improves the
insulation of the noise transmitted through the air and have good performance on fire (Board,
2014). The upper concrete slabs provide a barrier against the propagation of fire that increases
the resistance to fire
The timber-concrete composite used in the bridges such as existing concrete and steel
instead of the materials that are old leads to the positive outcome like the light weight of the
structure and also cost. The deck bridge replacement as reconstruction has displayed that the
preliminary cost is approximately one half the RC if the timber deck glued and laminated is used
and a lifespan of 50 years. The timber-concrete composite beams have been subjected to the
condition of the cyclic moisture and the induced significant deflection of both the beams. The
content of the moisture cycles from dry to wet and again to dry and deflection follows a cyclic
pattern again (Chen, 2015).
During the test, an increase of the content of moisture and relative humidity is accompanied by
the increase in deflection and when the humidity increase the recovery decreases partially. This
behavior is found to be the typical response of the bending wood under the conditions of cyclic
humidity. The long-term tests setups start with beams placed on the arrangements directly
supported and the extended load applied using the lead bar placed evenly on the top of the beam.
The lead bar was manually used on top of the beam (Cobb, 2014). The applied service load is the

Pedestrian Concrete Timber Bridge 7
same as the load that is uniformly distributed. The load applied was about 34% of the ultimate
short-term design of the 105 loads expected for the beams.
The instantaneous mid-span deflection after the load application was 6.5mm and then 6.2
for the second time. The dissimilar between the instantaneous deflections can be slight because
of the spacing variation of the lead bar along the beam length and individual variation in mass of
the lead bar. The developed stress because of the bending of the cross-section of the beam
composite immediately after the application of the load were, 2.6 MPa, 2.2 MPa, 3.5MPa, and
4.6 MPa on the top flange, webtop, web bottom, and the flange bottom. The range of the stress
was 5 to 11% of the capacities design of members and obtained using the transformed method
section of a fully composite part for a duration of 800 days (Council, 2015).
The configuration of the joint pedestrian bridge was established, and the tests performed in both
uncontrolled and controlled climate. The applied load to the joint was approximately 30% of the
transitory load caring boundary of every setup joint. The period was also short in terms of the
years. The lifespan of the bridge should be the time frame in which it is expected to last. In order
to handle this issue, the resultant values were estimated and plotted to be the 50 years joint creep.
The utilization of the joint configuration was meant to scheme the real performance. The dowels
utilized are ten and eight millimeters smooth of standard strength concrete. The timber utilized as
the base materials was glued laminated timber (E, 2014).
Aim and objectives of the study
The achievement of the stiffness and high bending of the timber composite concrete is important
for the construction of long-term concrete timber. The following are the objectives of the journal
paper:

Pedestrian Concrete Timber Bridge 8
 To investigate the performance of the timber and concrete composition
 To evaluate the short and long-term deflection
 To know if the composite will be feasible or not
Research questions
In this journal paper, the following are the research questions that will help in the determining
and accomplish the research objectives:
 What are the timber-concrete composite structures?
 What is the long-term performance of the beams of timber-concrete composite and the creep
influence expected?
 What is the long-term performance of the pedestrian bridge made of the timber and concrete?
 How conditions of the environment like temperature and moisture affect the concrete timber
composite in a bridge?
 Is it feasible to create the timber and concrete as the alternative in the structure construction over
the concrete and steel?
 What is the optimum solution concerning the different types of the reliability and cost?
Methodology
This section explains the methods that were employed in this research on the high
performance of the pedestrian bridge of timber and concrete. After interviewing different people,
the researcher will be able to find the different suggestion about the performance of the
pedestrian bridge made of concrete timber. The methodology that will be used in this research
depends on the respondent age, education and company ranks. The research should be performed
in a good manner so that all the objectives are met and can only be possible when the effective
methodology as well as collecting and analyzing data properly. The interviews were based purely
on the personal observation and structured questions. The objective is to uncover the feeling,
emotions and views of the participants on the performance of the pedestrian bridge. Personal
observation and discussion gave the opportunities for the interviewer and interviewee to establish
interview directly. The targeted age group is 20 to 60 years (Engineering, 2014).

Pedestrian Concrete Timber Bridge 9
The assumptions made are: that there is a relationship between the mechanics of the creep
and the performance of long-term of the timber-concrete composite beam. Secondly, there exists
the influence from the thermal condition of the humidity on the deflection, stresses of a timber-
concrete composite bridge, and the influence on the reaction triggered by the timber composite’s
stiffness and the concrete (Engineers, 2012).
Data collection
The research was done within the construction industry, ministry of transport, and pedestrians.
The research study took about three weeks. The collection of data was through the interviews,
email, phones and social media also plays a very important role because it was viewed as the
valid information of the research. Since people are busy at work during weekdays and daytime,
the interviews sessions were timed on the weekends that given the maximum time. The interview
session lasted between 40 to 55 minutes. Also, the session coincided with the festive seasons
when the people were happy and eager to respond to the researcher questions. The gathered data
will be geared towards the studies objectives aimed to help the researcher in the conclusion
(Establishment, 2014).
The interviews were conducted in the following areas:
Construction industry: During the visit to various construction industries that construct bridges,
the managing directors and CEOs were asked some of the questions by the researcher since they
are the ones doing the job, they can have detailed information. The following are some of the
questions that they were asked:
 What is the long-term performance of the pedestrian bridge made of the timber-concrete
composite?
 What are some of the environmental conditions that affect the bridge mage of timber-concrete
composite and how?

Pedestrian Concrete Timber Bridge 10
 It is feasible to create the concrete and timber as an alternative
 What is the short and long-term deflection?
 How can you compare the structures made of the timber concrete with the ones made of old
materials?
 What are some of advantages and disadvantages of the pedestrian bridge made of timber-concrete
composite
Ministry of transport: Since the constructions cannot happen when the ministry of transport is
not consulted, they were also interviews for the detailed information. The following are some of
the questions that they were asked:
 What is the long-term performance of the pedestrian bridge made of the timber-concrete
composite?
 What are the environmental conditions that affect the pedestrian bridge and how?
 How can you compare the performance of the bridge made of timber-concrete and others that are
made by other materials?
 What are some of the disadvantages and advantages of the pedestrian bridge?
Pedestrians: pedestrians were also interviewed because they ate the ones using the bridge. The
following are the questions that they were asked:
 What are your views about the performance of the pedestrian bridge made of timber and
concrete?
 What are the advantages and disadvantages of the bridge made of timber and concrete?
 State some of the factors that affect the pedestrian bridge made of timber and concrete?
 What are some of the factors that must be considered before construction so that a long
performance bridge is constructed?
Experimental setup
In this section, the assessment will be done concerning the timber-concrete composite and its
creep relation. The creep of the timber-concrete composite beam will affect the bridge work. In
the experiment, the joint configuration approximately seven was established and the examination
occurred in both uncontrolled in addition to controlled weather. The applied load joint was
approximately 30% of the transitory limit of transporting a load of every distinctive set up
(Engineers, 2012). The time frame of the bridges was 50 years.
specimen Measuring
period
Measuring
period
10years 10years 50years 50years

Pedestrian Concrete Timber Bridge 11
kdef Kdef mod1 Kdef mod 2 Kdef mod1 Kdef mod2 Kdef mode1 Kdef
mod2
8mm 2.16 2.08 1.75 2.29 1.93 2.55 2.15
10mmA 2.16
(Engineers,
2012)
4.19 2.49 4.42 3.69 4.76 3.97
HSC 1.29 2.75 2.13 3.05 2.37 3.46 2.68
Table 1 above show the values of the creep that was calculated in uncontrolled and controlled
climatic conditions
In the modelling of the creep, the study of the behavior of the long-term timber and
concrete has the limit of time hence an important issue to develop the creep factors. The effects
of the stress plus deflection were examined and measured on the basis of prolonged duration.
The assessment was made with three different timbers longitudinal and vertical as well as the
cross-sectional area was enclosed by the coating of the sheet known as OSB. RC fibre included
the specimen of the beam and the shear linking was mounted by use of the screws. Every screw
was placed at 45 degrees to the cross-sectional area. The condition of the outdoor deck bridge
was humidity and the environmental temperature (Establishment, 2014).
Results
The test of the creep gotten during the performance of the research conforms to the data
from the experiment. It was realized that the creep value that was obtained for 10m was small for
uncontrolled and controlled conditions of the weather. This is because of the time that was very
short when the test was applied. Through estimation, the creep value on the prolonged duration
basis will be advanced for the controlled climate. It is observed that it affects the variation of the
moisture concerning the test of the condition of the weather when controlled. When compared to
other joints, the outcome shows a low value of 10mm (E, 2014).

Pedestrian Concrete Timber Bridge 12
Figure 1 above shows the time curve of the creep test for 8mm
Figure 2 above shows the time cure of the creep for the test for 10mm
The specimen showed similar time-dependent performance in the relation to the
deflection examination with the humidity and thermal variations. The high sensitivity of the
beams of the timber-concrete composite on the situation of the environment was also noted.
There was a relation on the deflections to the high temperature where the argumentation with the
progression of time was shown. The changes in the environment can cause additional values of
the deflection to the structure of the bridge (Board, 2014).
The figure 3 below shows the cross section parameters of the geometry
Figure 4 below shows the outcome of the long-term test

Pedestrian Concrete Timber Bridge 13
Discussion
The timber-concrete composite structures represent a technique utilized in the
construction of new buildings or stiffness and strength improvement of the existing structures of
traditional timber. The prolonged performance of the timber composite concrete is characterized
by the interaction that is the complex between the components of the system like timber,
concrete and the systems for connecting. The woods structure’s long-term behavior depends on
many issues like the level of the stress, content of temperature and moisture. The primary long
parameter design for the timber-concrete composite is the deflection that is linked to the creep
(Federation, 2015).
The variation rate exposing timber concrete bridge to any span of the lifecycle have
mentioned the impact on the deflection, with many variations in the composition of the moisture
giving rise to many creeps under the load that is bending. A fast reaction to the change in
humidity is mentioned when there is the change in the cycle of humidity to dry from wet.
Throughout this change, the moisture escapes at a rapid rate from the surface than from the
LVL’s middle cross section, resulting in a reaction that is fast from the beam. In the dry seasons,
the deflection was initially increased faster and then after some time. There was a prolonged
level when the maintenance of the environment on the seasons of dry plus displaying the
flattening trend at the same region (Khan, 2015).

Pedestrian Concrete Timber Bridge 14
It is important to control the deflection in timber of the long-term significantly by surface
treatment application against moisture. The long-term performance of the bridge of timber and
concrete depends on the concrete, creep swelling and shrinkage effects in the timber and
connections of creep affect the strength of the long-term, deflection and stiffness behavior of the
timber concrete. The variation of the moisture is the reason why the creep is in the timber.
Factors like loading type, surface properties, size, and the environmental length cycle affect the
long-term behavior of the timber concrete bridge indirectly (L, 2014).
The behavior of the timber concrete bridge depends on the time needed for the prediction
of the long-term deflection accurately. The test of long-term need more preparations and is very
expensive since requiring the validation of the procedures of the approximate design and to
calibrate the existing numerical and analytical models. The test that was conducted in the
uncontrolled weather conditions for 133 days indicates the increased content of the moisture
since the fresh concrete bleeding is not the issue for the wood deck durability and the
construction type does not significantly affect the structural performance. The use of the pre-
cambering and propping the timber before it is concreted and use of the concrete of low
shrinkage or the precast of the concrete slabs for the application of the span term to reduce the
deflection of long-term was recommended (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2015).
The experimental results for a duration of eight hundred days show the tendency that is
generally towards the creeps and curves flattening with a slow rate of the creep increase for both
the time and beam. The beams deflected more than 3 times their sudden deflection. Based on the
experimental findings, and considering the deflection increase expected over time, it can be
suggested that the general creep factor of three foes the timber composite beams in the
conditions of the environment. According to the Eurocode 5, the creep wood exhibits the

Pedestrian Concrete Timber Bridge 15
behavior of the linear with respect to stress level and stress of about 40 to 50 % of the strength of
short-term in the persistent environmental conditions as reported in bending, tension and the
compression (Publications, 2014).
In the creep, the woods of nonlinear starts at around 10 to 20 % of the final stress in the
compression and around 20 to 30% of the ultimate stress in the bending and tension. With
normally larger the deformation of the creep under the load compressed under the load tension.
The swelling and the shrinkage is because of the changes in moisture that also affects the
deformation which afterwards affects the modulus of the elasticity. For the results concerning the
glued laminated timber bridge, the findings of the creep test when the research was carried out
complies with the experimental results (Engineering, 2014).
It was noted that the value of the creep that was obtained was too small for both
uncontrolled and the controlled conditions. This can be due to the short period that the test was
done. Through the forecast, the worth of the creep stretched was higher for the climate
conditions uncontrolled since it shows that it depends only on the changes in the moisture. In the
experiment of the controlled condition of the weather, the results show low value as compared to
the joints. There was the high sensitivity of the beam of the timber concrete bridge to the
situation of the environment. There is also a relation between high temperature and the humidity
to the deflection. The values of the environment can result in the deflection of the structure of
the bridge (Merritt, 2011).
Conclusion
From the above results and analysis, the use of the timber concrete bridges deck is the
feasible choice when considering the criteria of working and sustainability. Timber-concrete

Pedestrian Concrete Timber Bridge 16
composite bridges are better and perform well than other types. It is critical to set the
investigations of the life cycle such as monetary, ecological and measurements of social-cultural
notwithstanding the point that there is no customary methodology for the supportability of
indispensable evaluation of the parts. This journal paper also shows that the span of the timber is
a great choice for the supplanting steel span or the old cement with replacing the projections and
old establishment. Good choice for the bridge can be met when considering the construction and
the favourable conditions for the lightweight for the acceleration the time frame development.

Pedestrian Concrete Timber Bridge 17
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