Research Methodologies and Data Analysis

This document provides an overview of research methodologies and data analysis techniques used in various studies. It includes a table outlining the different stages of research, from literature review to data collection and analysis, and concludes with modification and feedback stages. The document also references several books and journals on research methods and data analysis.

RESEARCH METHODS
''PERCEPTION OF SECURITY AND
TRAVEL INTENTION ''THE CASE OF
LONDON''

Table of Contents
Section 1 Introduction......................................................................................................................1
1.1 Overview of the research..................................................................................................1
1.2 Rationale of the research..................................................................................................3
1.3 Research Focus.................................................................................................................4
1.3.1 Aim and Objectives.......................................................................................................4
1.3.2 Research questions........................................................................................................4
Section 2: Literature review.............................................................................................................5
Section 3: Proposed Methodology ..................................................................................................8
3.1 Methodologies..................................................................................................................8
3.2 Data collection methods...................................................................................................9
3.3 Sampling.........................................................................................................................10
3.4 Sampling techniques.......................................................................................................10
3.5 Sample size.....................................................................................................................10
Section 4 Ethics .............................................................................................................................10
Section 5: Time plan......................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

Section 1 Introduction
1.1 Overview of the research
Every individual have their own perception over the security aspect when they are
travelling from one country to other. Other than that people who are leaving in the country have
different perception towards the security aspect of the country there are several factors which
can create threat in the mind of people such as terrorist attack, uncertain accidents etc. there are
several aspects at which safety and security is being considered such as information safety,
transportation safety, serving in the country without any attacks etc. When it is concerned about
the public transportation, then it posses high risk of security and safety. Such as public
transportation bus is there, it carries large number of people. If the accident occurs then it may
cause loss of many lives (Monsen and Horn, 2007). The aim of this research is to explore the
perception of safety and security problems on the part of those parties who are leaving in the
country or tourist. Security and safety is the aspect which is being concerned about the daily life
of the people weather they are travelling from one place to other, whether they are sharing any
information to the other people, whether they are in the public transportation vehicle etc. In
context with terrorist attacks, there are many issues that are raised. One of the main issues faced
is in relation with increase in fear among people other countries. The hotels, restaurant,
travelling agencies got affected. There were tremendous reduction visitors identified.
The focus of the study on terrorism that will express the effects and the outcomes that
country face. The impact of terrorism industry on tourism industry can be enormous. It can be
created unemployment, homelessness, deflation and many more economic causes. Any downturn
of the country will affect the overall activity and growth. That is the concern for the government
to enhance the activity and growth. Moreover, it gives negative impact on the behaviour of less
effective growth (Monsen and Horn, 2007). Travellers are more likely to be affected by the
terror attack. For that, they always prefer to visit risk free places.
Worldwide, there are estimated to be approximately one million road accident fatalities
and ten million people injured annually, many with long-term disabilities. Almost 70% of these
occur in the developing or emerging world. Most of the people have agreed that safety and
security in the different aspects need to be enhanced and maintained so that people can feel safe
while leaving and travelling in the country. All these type of problems have raised fear among
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people. Thus, it has negative impact faced in terms of economic growth. When it is concerned
about the UK, there is less number of terrorist attack and other uncertain accident takes place.
People perceive that UK is safe country as compare to the others (Nakkeeranand Zodpey, 2012).
One of the terrorist attack that took place at UK was in the year 2011, when 17 people have been
died and 25 have injured. During that year the rate of visitors reduced and people prefer to visit
places that are safe. Even in the year 2017, terrorist attacks have continued to take place at UK
that has caused serious impact on tourism. After the attack there are several protective measures
have been taken such as security personnel in the hotel and different tourist destination
Other than that security is also plays very significant role in the organisation as well as
for the customers. When it comes to the organisation like hotels, restaurants, security is one of
the major aspect which customers want when they select any type of services. There are different
issues that ate faced by the customers related to the financial crises such as uncertain accident,
changing environment, threats from attack etc. in today's environment every individual want to
be safe they have huge importance of the security and safety in the country either it is physical
and financial security. On the other hand it can be concluded that security is a multidimensional
and complex connotation which is co-existed since human civilisation came into existence
(Khalid, 2009).
Overall, tourist places is all about the relaxation, beauty and enjoyment for that people
visit different places and better effective growth making task. It gives new life to people ion
order living the life in more effective manner. Apart from that, this study investigate the tourist
risk perception towards the risk destination. In terms of current situation many of the tourist
places are now become for safe in terms to avoid terrorism or any other miss happening
situation. Apart from that, in terms of people they majorly avoid those places which involves
risk factors (Nakkeeran and Zodpey, 2012). Understanding tourist related safety components
which is very much essential for government to be taken strict action. London is the host city of
the Olympics Games 2012, it is the opportunity for the country to showcase their talent and
cultural features to visitors for world class tourist attraction. This event and sport meet get into
the troubled due to which negative publicity will attract the negative impact on the London. This
overall makes this overall presenting part will also create negativity in between the employees.
The major component of risk factor will reduce the popularity of the country or places as well.
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Present study will have talk about the terrorism impact on the London. Due to which they face
negative publicity and having low tourism scope.
1.2 Rationale of the research
Terrorism perception of a destination image as preferred choice for travel crucial. This
make the proper changes and change their own perception towards the places. The first thought
after making planning for travelling is that select those places whose destination marketing can
be facilitated and well. Apart from that, these are the major barriers of the tourism industry that
makes negative influencing factor. People are more concern about the tourist places that, makes
critical point of subjective task (Alegre and Pou, 2006. That makes low influencing part. That
makes good appearance, some other barriers lack of attraction, unclean accommodation, poor
quality etc. these are the factors that impact on the perception of travellers. The main perception
of tourist towards the destination are satisfaction, destination. Those must be on their correct
position. These are the following impact on the tourism industry. For overcoming from these
threats' tourism sector needs to get the possible action plan according to get the best possible
results and more performing expectation. That also helps to make the proper changes and should
adopt the best technologies and approaches. That makes better technology or growth. Threat of
safety is a strong deterrent to taking a holiday, but this can also change the better perception
level of growth. Overall, this makes the proper changing and approachable takes oriented makes
better changes in the traversal perception. Every traveller their own perception and effective
technological growth (Blanke and Chiesa, 2013). Apart from that, it makes better opportunity
and growth in order to meet the needs of the people. Overall, terrorism fear is the overall factor
to be reduced.
There are several reasons which help the researcher to conduct the investigation. The
scholar have curiosity and interest on this particular subject, this is the major reason the
researcher have selected the subject. The topic is to analyse the perception of people on security
check within London City. Investigator has proper understanding and knowledge about the
subject, this is another reason the scholar have select this subject in order to conduct the
investigation. One major reason for select this topic is that researcher has sufficient data and
information about this topic. In addition to this, investigators have detailed information about
this topic through which he/she has successfully conducted the research on this topic. Another
type of issue faced is related with security is lack of understanding among travellers. In this
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context, the rate of motivation should be high so that all people involved are able to focus on
setting up step through which the issues related with security can be eliminated. There are many
factors that make individuals to visit different place. In this context, marketing done for the
different places. When a person has proper knowledge about the places, then it enables to boost
individuals to visit these destinations. When the rate of security those are provided hotels are
high, then enables to develop positive perception within the mind of people and it also motivate
individuals.
The type of perception that is carried out by individuals towards security is different.
With age the seriousness increases towards security and the perception that are carried by people
of different countries is also different.
For completing all the research, total cost that will be incurred is about $500. There are
different activities that are covered and to complete them all this amount will be required.
1.3 Research Focus
1.3.1 Aim and Objectives
Aim
Key aim of the researcher is “To analyse the perception of tourists towards destinations
and security in London City for age group from 20 to 55”
Objectives
 To analyse the understanding of the security aspect perceived by the people in the
London.
 To assess the factors which influence to the security level in the London for age group
from 20 to 55.
 To determine the strategies through which security can become more strong in the
London.
1.3.2 Research questions
 What threats does tourist see to their safety and security in London?
 What are the impact of terrorism on the perception of travellers ?
 Has this perception of safety and security influence their decision to visit the capital
anyway.
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 What needs to be done to reduce the threat in the eyes of the tourist in order to restore
confidence in the city?
Section 2: Literature review
Why do People travel on holidays, what stops people from travailing for sun sea, no time, no
money and sand.
According to Blanke and Chiesa, (2013) People majorly are more concern about its own
services and growth. Before taking any plan for travailing they always checkout the destination
planning and take better target goals. This makes situation more critical and complicated that
affect individual perception. Besides, people likely to take new challenges and new experiences
this is the first reason why people do travelling. For getting new learning, expanding your
perspective, appreciating your life and better making task oriented growth. Some people travel to
build strengthening relationship. Besides some of them wants to have new adventure for
exploring the life according to Monsen and Horn, 2007
Another concern is that some activities get affect people to make plans for going or to
visit places. Such as lack of finance, due to poor health issues and making growth factors.
According to Jeong and Jang, 2016) or growth. Apart from that, accordingly this makes better
changes and better making task performance. Having an adventure is the while going things and
take better changes and growth. Some people avoid travelling because of the terror reasons and
giving low services level.
According to the view of Alegre and Pou, (2006) there are several disasters that can take
place in the country some of them are natural and some are man-made. Man-made are those
which can be controlled by humans by taking some preventive measures. On the other hand,
natural are those which cannot be controlled by human and cause different types of problems.
When these disasters take place, this creates threats in the mind of people and they start fear out
of it. Other that other important aspect which is related to the security is information safety. As it
is the era of technology, all the information are stored and communicated with the help of digital
way. Thus, it is very much necessary for the sender and receiver to take some security measures
so that information cannot be used by unauthorised user. Majority of the people prefer to travel
during holiday but the places that are decided have any type of terrorist attacks, then people do
not prefer to visit these places. There are many factors that affects individual to cancel their plan.
It includes reasons like lack of time, lack of money, etc. In order to travel it is required to have
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appropriate time and money so that all the areas that have to be visited can be covered. Further,
any types of accidents that can occur are not predicted and so people always have the fear and
when these are places where there are terrorist attacks happened, the people do not prefer to
travel. This things give better performance level of growth. This also makes the better
challenging and growth full manner of growth. Overall growth level helps to brings new services
that affect tourism industry. Moreover, this brings new services and growth. It is the another
growth channel and making good performance level of work.
What puts people off there can be many threats, political adjuration
This makes better changes and better environment growth. There are another many
concern issues which affect company such as political threats, economic issues and most
importantly major issues that impact on the tourism industry according to Jeong and Jang,
(2016). Apart from that, it makes overall changes for the growth manner. Some traveller
generally achievable and impactful decision making approach. The effect of perception can gives
new approachable growth. Besides, terrorism and political instability risk leads travellers
dissatisfaction among growth. Perception of traveller risk influence their travel decision.
In the contradicting view of Ayuso, S., (2007) security is the felling and perception
which can not be exactly calculated, this is because it is the physiological reaction of people for
the risk and countermeasures. It may happen that person start feeling terrible afraid for the
terrorism, or it may happen that person start feeling that they need to be worried about the
different aspect of safety and security. On the other hand when the people find that individual
around them are feeling safe and secure, they also remove their fear out of theft, robbery,
murder, terrorist attack etc. and if the neighbour feel that he or she not safe and there is any risk
of murder, theft etc. then the other person also start feeling the same.
As per the view of Jeong and Jang, (2016) there are different types of disaster which can
take place and create a fear in the mind of people. Disaster can be caused by natural activities or
human conduct. There are several resources which can cause disaster such as groundwater
contamination or chemical spills. It can cause workplace fire which is most common and cause
huge loss to the human lives. When it is concerned about the London, then there are different
types of disasters. In the year 1952, Harrow train has been crashed, it is the worst rail accident,
112 people were killed, 340 injured. This has created threat in the people and perception of the
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people goes against it, but further some preventive measures have been taken and these have
reduced the risk of train accidents.
As stated by Miller, (2012) there are various factors that can affect security levels in
London, one or them is technological Factor, if the citizens of countries like London are very
secured. However, there are factors like technology that can reduce the levels of security and
generates threat among people and also in tourists whether they are domestic or international. It
has both negative and positive impact. When it is concerned about the positive impacts, It has
some positive impacts to the security level of London. This can only work when it is strong
enough to protect people by not allowing outsiders to break it and make people fearful. The
Negative Impacts are UK Govt. has been made tight security to make its citizens feel safe. Still,
there are various things that can happen to lose it. When any technological changes happen, it
can be comparatively easy for terrorists and other outsiders to come and spread terror in the
country. This way, they can easily hack the confidential data due to lack of technology and take
it as an advantage to do what they want. There are different types of threats that can be faced for
tourism. In this context, one of the main threat faced is in relation with terrorism. There are
many terrorist attacks that are faced in UK and all these have negative impact over the travellers.
In the contradicting view Blanke and Chiesa, (2013) of the other factor is government
Policies. There are several government policies for its citizens and others to protect the rights of
people to feel free and roam the whole country fearlessly. Whenever any changes occur in the
policies of UK government, it can affect its citizens as well as visitors. It too has both negative
and positive impact. When it is discussed about the Positive impacts, It is easy for outsiders and
tourists to enter the country. UK government has made tight securities regarding Visa and
passports. So it could be difficult for suspicious people to enter and ruin the freedom and spread
threats to visitors and local people. They cannot spread terrorism easily. On the other hand
Negative impacts are Every situation has a positive and a negative side. Same can occur in this
condition. By making flexible visa and passport services, it can make very easy for the people
who are not trustworthy. This is the most common way to demolish all the securities in country.
So the government has to be aware all the time to not give advantage to these people who can
destroy the happiness and freedom of people. It can also affect tourism in negative ways. If
untrustworthy persons can come and disturb the country in bad ways, then the local and
international tourists will be in serious threat and not prefer to come in less safe countries. So it
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has to make sure by government to not make any flexible changes in its policies that can
promote terrorism or unlawful activities. It needs to make the security more tight in terms of
technology and other aspects.
According to the view of Ayuso, (2007) there are several ways and strategies which can
be implemented by the people of the country so that they can feel safe and secure in the London.
As it have been founded that there are some disaster and terrorist attack have been taken place in
the London. As the result, UK is had been investing their 2% of GDP on the defence and Ther
are targeting to spend 0.7% on their GNI development. This overall target goals makes better
environment changes and better opportunity and task. Overall target goals. Makes better changes
according
In the contradicting view of Nakkeeran and Zodpey, (2012) terrorist attack that are taking
place in the UK have changed the perception of the people who are leaving in the country or
coming from the different countries. London need to change the perception of the people so that
they can move out freely and secured way. Thus, the government of the country need to take the
several measures such as finding the place from where the resources of creating terror have been
coming. This will help them to control over the terrorist attack. Other than that it is being known
that most of the terrorist are coming from the different countries in order to take their revenge.
So that they need to have security measures on the different transports which helps them to find
the people who are coming to create terror. With that country need to use the advance
technology which helps them to find the different resources of attack such as bomb etc.
As per the view of Monsen and Horn, (2007) when it comes to the information security,
then country need to use such technology and techniques which helps them to keep all the data
safe and secure and can not be used by the unauthorised person. It is being known that some data
are very much confidential and if used by the other person then different advantages can be
taken. It can reduce the development of the country and can be used against the development of
the London. So the country should use the technology in such a way that other people can not
take the advantage of information and can not be unauthorised used.
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Section 3: Proposed Methodology
3.1 Methodologies
Research methodology is one of the important chapter in the investigation which helps
the scholar to collect and analyse the data in order to have appropriate solution and result of
investigation and problem. There are two ways by which research can be conducted qualitative
and quantitative. In the context of qualitative research technique, information can represent in
graphs, tables, charts etc. On the other hand in the quantitative technique scholar use the several
statistical tools such as t-test, anova test etc. the researcher have selected qualitative research
method in order to conduct the study on the topic that is to analyse the perception of people on
security check within London City for age group from 20 to 55 (Monsen and Horn, 2007). The
implementation of this method depends upon the objective of research. In the context of
qualitative research, study includes theoretical aspect. In this method, investigator followed a
depth analysis along with the theory and concepts. Qualitative research can applied in the
research in order to collect an appropriate information and obtain accurate outcome of study.
Research approach is also one of the important aspect of the research methodology. These are
also classified into two categories. That are inductive and deductive, when it comes to the
qualitative research methodology, inductive research approach have been selected by the
researcher. With help of inductive research approach, investigator can obtain an appropriate
outcome. Research philosophy is another major important method in the research methodology
chapter in investigation done by the researcher. It is being classified into two categories that are
interpritivism and positivism. In the context of interpretivism philosophy, single fact is reflected
by the several facts (Nakkeeranand Zodpey, 2012). On the other hand in the positivism
philosophy, scholar relies upon the certain fact and figure regarding particular aspect. Researcher
have selected the interpretivism philosophy which helps him or her to attain the objectives in
effective manner. Research design is also one of the important chapter in the research. There are
two types of research design, which are exploratory and descriptive. In the context of
Exploratory research ideas and thoughts are discovered. This design is flexible and it includes
non probability sampling. Exploratory research design assist to the investigator in obtaining the
high quality of outcome by deep analysis of the gathered information. With help of this method,
investigator can easily represent a systematic information about the topic. Exploratory research
design have non probability sampling which does not planned design for the analysis. The
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researcher have selected exploratory research design by which he or she can able to analyse the
data in effective manner (Khalid, 2009).
3.2 Data collection methods
There are two ways by which data can be collected, that are primary and secondary data
collection. It is also one of the important part of the research methodology which helps the
scholar to collect the relevant data in order to find the effective solution of the problem. When it
is concerned about the primary data collection, then it is way by which researcher collect the
information from that sources where the data have never being collected on the subject. The
sources from which the primary data is being collected are interview, survey, observation etc. on
the other hand when it is concerned about the secondary data collection, then the researcher
collect the information from those sources where the data have already being collected on the
subject (Alegre and Pou, 2006). There will be open ended questions included in the
questionnaire as it enables to provide adequate information from respondents. The sources from
which secondary data is being collected that are books, journal, case study etc. the researcher
have collected information from the primary sources, where survey have been done. The
researcher have made proper questionnaire related to the perception of people on security check
within London City for age group from 20 to 55. For the present study Primary data has been
collected from questionnaire with open ended question with 50 respondents. Primary data is the
most profitable and approachable data is the most required and effective data to be performed.
This helps to collect new planning and better techniques to collect new established data. This
makes better changing and performance making task. Researcher will collect data on the topic of
travellers perception (Jeong and Jang, (2016). This helps to collect realistic data and
approachable making task performance. Under which all male and female members are included.
Besides, secondary data will also contribute the major part in terms to collect discovered
information for gathering new data services.
3.3 Sampling
It is the technique where different samples are being drawn by the researcher in order to
collect information from that sample size. It is not possible for the scholar to collect the
information from whole population size, thus sampling is important to be done by the
investigator (Ayuso, 2007). The sampling is being done from the independent hotel and chain
hotel. The sample is gathered from 50 travellers from cited hotel. They are selected as
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respondents as they will be able to provide appropriate information in relation with the research
topic. It includes male, females old young people.
3.4 Sampling techniques
There are three techniques which have been selected by the researcher to select the
samples, that techniques have been selected from the non-probabilistic sampling. When it comes
to the independent hotel then judgement and census have been selected where judgements have
been implemented to the hotel management team and census have been used on the hotel
employees. When it comes to the chain hotel that judgement have been selected travellers who
visit to cite hotel. It also used random sampling taken sample from male, females, old young
people.
3.5 Sample size
With the help of three techniques of non-probabilistic sampling that are judgement, quota
and census, different samples have been drawn. From the hotel management team of
independent hotel 50 travellers have been selected. They also include random sampling from
which they include male, females, young old.
Section 4 Ethics
It is also one of the important aspect of the research, the researcher need to follow all the
ethics in all the activities of the investigation. Scholar should not conduct any un-ethical
activities in the research. When the investigator is collecting information with the help of
survey(Miller, 2012), he or she should seek permission from the different organisation from
which he or she is collecting the information. With that proper citation should be done in whole
research which help the researcher to find that from where the data have been collected (Blanke
and Chiesa, 2013).
Section 5: Time plan
Activity/Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Design the research Proposal
Design the aim and objective
Rationale of the study
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Significance of the study
Produce literature review
Focuses open the research
methodologies
Data collection
Data analysis and interpretation
Conclusion and recommendation
Modification
Feedback
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Ayuso, S., 2007. Comparing voluntary policy instruments for sustainable tourism: The
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