Impact of Technological Changes on Occupations

This paper explores the positive and negative impact of technological changes, specifically AI and robotic systems, on various occupations such as teachers, nurses, and hotel managers.

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Table of Contents
Introduction........................................................................................................................2
Demonstration of the changes for the following occupations over the last 40 years........3
Teacher..........................................................................................................................3
Nurse..............................................................................................................................4
Hotel Manager................................................................................................................6
Conclusion.........................................................................................................................7
References.........................................................................................................................8

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Introduction
In today's context, there possess a series of major technological developments that
have enabled intelligent machines to carry out greater breadth and depth of work than
ever before. Robotic systems and Artificial intelligence (AI) are distracting various fields
negatively as well as positively. AI refers to a computer technique and a collection of
programming that tries to simulate the aspects of learning and human-level perception.
It consists of various techniques such as expert systems, deep learning, and machine
learning, natural and speech-language processing, neural networks, and visual
perception. Whereas robots are determined to be the programmable machines that are
controlled by human operators and carry out physical processes.
It can be seen that in 40 to 50 years, AI and robotic systems will create a huge impact
on the societal level as it will increase the number of unemployed people. Employment
models, social welfare, government, education, businesses, and markets will be greatly
impacted due to the implementation of AI and robotic systems. The humans will be
replaced by smart robots who will perform complex assembling operations, move and
find objects like tools or parts, and safely navigate the space (Russell, Dewey and
Tegmark, 2015). On the other hand, AI could be beneficial in designing and performing
social programs, improving the services to the citizens, and removing bureaucracy. A
properly trained AI system will understand the request of the consumers in natural
language.
In the future, society will experience increased and steady improvement, such as the
implementation of complex and large algorithms and neural networks. These systems
will improve consistently with the availability of training data. Such systems can improve
the cost of available services and goods, quality and speed, by replacing a huge
number of workers. As such technologies become more widespread, capable, and
cheaper, there will be an increased application in an economy. In 40 to 50 years, the AI
and robotic systems will dramatically extend the scale and scope of cybersecurity
professionals and enable them to find threats. This clearly states that AI possesses
great potential in improving things such as security, poverty, education, and healthcare.
It will have a positive impact on the culture, business, and society based on the size of
the internet itself. For industrial robots, the global market has been estimated by $40
billion in 2018 and is predicted to grow by $80 billion in the next 40-50 years (Lu et al.,
2018).
However, it has been predicted that networked artificial intelligence will intimidate not
only human capabilities, agency, and autonomy but also strengthen human efficiency.
These systems will help in executing tasks such as language translation, speech
recognition, learning, reasoning, visual acuity, and complex decision-making. Moreover,
AI will help in empowering the human factor to perform better in difficult and complex
situations that need creative thinking and judgment. The evolution of AI will result in a
new era of well-being, creativeness, and prosperity, where humans will not be needed
to perform limited value and routine jobs.

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Demonstration of the changes for the following occupations over the last 40
years
Teacher
The current demographics of teachers in Australian schools is determined to be almost
69.6% in 2019, as compared to 1970 were the number of teachers is estimated to be
13.6% (Dirican, 2015). The above table presents the demographics of Australian
teachers from 1970 to 2019.
Demographics 1970 2019
Australian
population
13.7 million 28 million
Teachers in
Australian schools
13.6% 69.6%
Secondary schools 10% 40%
Primary schools 5% 26%
Table: Demographic status of Australian teachers from 1970 to 2019
It can be seen that there is a significant change in demographic trends of the Australian
teachers where the primary school teachers in the year 1970 are estimated to be 10%,
whereas in 2019 it is 40%. On the other hand, the number of secondary school teachers
in 1970 is estimated to be 5%, while in 2019 it is 26% (Bryson and Winfield, 2017). In
1970, there was a shortage of teachers, hence most of the teachers were recruited from
Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Moreover, the wages of the
Australian teachers increased to 1225.30 AUD in 2019 as compared to 1970, where the
wages of the teachers were as low as 59.10 AUD (Ashrafian, 2015). As a result, the
average wages of Australian teachers has increased to 521.23 AUD from 1970 to 2019.
Furthermore, the advancement of technological change will modify the future dynamics
of Australian teachers in 2060. It will help the teachers to get visual assessment results
by sharing more efficient data (Bahrin et al., 2016). The diverse forms of learning will
help the Australian teachers to make efficient use of open sourcing learning, question-
based learning, invisible learning, and entrepreneurial learning. To help the students to
respond to experts, families, mentors, and peers in a socially-embraced collaborating
pattern, the teachers will utilize a dialogic learning tool (Hengstler, Enkel and Duelli,
2016). However, the use of all these technological tools in 2060 will prove to be
beneficial for the teachers in Australia. For the majority of the students, the adoption of
networking and artificial intelligence will replace human teachers. Instead of textbooks
or paper, students prefer to use portable tablet devices along with unlimited bandwidth
and power in affordable price. As a result, international literacy has fallen to 1%. The
classic lecture environment provided by the teachers will replace by a more hands-on
approach.

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Figure: Global literacy rate
(Source: Dietterich, 2017)
On the other hand, the implementation of eLearning-based tools, mobile learning,
personalized learning algorithms, learning simulations along with other diverse forms of
learning will replace teachers and schools that will negatively affect the growth of the
teachers (Timms, 2016). Till 2060 technology will bring further innovation to education
that will negatively affect the ability of the teachers in order to provide education to the
students. Ultimately, this will result at the end of education, replacing with Trans human
emerging related to the instantaneous and automatic accumulation of intelligence and
knowledge (Ahmadzadeh, Masehian and Asadpour, 2016).
Nurse
Based on the demographic trend of the nurses in Australia, it has been noticed that
current demographics of nurses in Australia in 2019 is estimated by 19.8%, while in
1970 it is estimated by 44.3% (Davenport and Ronanki, 2018). The table below
represents the demographic changes of the Australian nurses in the year 1970 to 2019.
1970 2019
Type of nurse Average age
(years)
Percent
aged 55
and over
Average
age
(years)
Percent aged
55 and over
Enrolled nurses 43.3 18.9 45.3 23.5
Registered nurses 43.9 18.3 46 26.9
All nurses 43.3 18.8 44.6 24.1
Table: Employed enrolled and registered nurses in 1970 and 2019

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The below table presents the demographic changes of the registered and enrolled
nurses in the private and public sectors in 1970 and 2019.
1970 2019
Sectors Number Percentag
e
Number Percentage
Enrolled nurses
(public sectors)
134,456 45% 156,657 67%
Enrolled nurses
(private sectors)
45,889 25% 87,978 86%
Registered nurses
(public sectors)
20, 467 56% 43, 433 98%
Registered nurses
(private sectors)
15, 897 23% 65,546 45%
Table: Employed enrolled and registered nurses in private and public sectors
In 2060, the occupation of the Australian nurses will be widely affected due to the
occurrence of technological changes such as the use of telemedicine, 3D printers,
artificial intelligence (AI), health-monitoring apps, wearables as well as electronic health
records. All these technologies will enter into the clinical environment by 2060 in order
to replace the nurses. The robots will be operated in the Australian hospitals where the
artificial intelligence experts, data analyst’s coders, and next app developers will be
considered to be the future nurses (Sheridan, 2016). As technology moves towards the
path of more kind of care delivery and more areas of health care that moves online, it
becomes significant for the nurses to remain appropriate in their field and redefine their
roles, especially to their tech-savvy patients.
Meanwhile, the implementation of nursing informatics will grab the attention of most of
the patients in Australia as it possesses high-fidelity mannequins and simulation. These
are considered to be simulated humans that exhibit a pulse and heartbeat, talk and
breathe and teaches by using technology (Boden et al., 2017). It has been observed
that the hospitals do not provide appropriate training to the nurses in order to operate
modern technologies is going to enter into the clinical environment in 2060. Thus, the
lack of technological capability will result in inappropriate handling of the patients and
termination from their job (Russell et al., 2015). In this digital world, the majority of the
nurses are using paper charting system that creates a great impact on their future
career. In 2060, the significant tasks of the nurses will be replaced by robots, namely
the nursing care robots who will handle all the tasks performed by the nurses. Such
nursing care robots who are also known as Robear will not care for the wellbeing of the
patients. They will be responsible for delivering drugs and food and fetching medical
supplies to the patients.

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Hotel Manager
The current demographic of the hotel managers in Australia in 2019 is estimated by
1919 as compared to 1970, where the number of hotel managers was 660. It clearly
states that there is a huge change in the demographic characteristics of hotel managers
(Kitano, 2016). The table below demonstrates the demographical statistics of the hotel
managers employed in Australian hotels.
1970 2019
Employee category Number Percentag
e
Number Percentage
Executive managers 389 30% 959 80%
Department managers 271 46% 960 85%
Total number of managers 660 45% 1919 81%
Table: Executive and department managers employed in Australia in 1970 and
2019
By 2060, the hotel industry will be experiencing a huge amount of digital transformation
that will create an impact on the hotel manager in the future. There are more chances
that the hospitality and tourism industry will adopt digital transformation in order to meet
the demands of the customers. The digital transformation that might occur in 2060 will
help the hotel manager to make efficient use of voice-activated chatbots and AI that will
make the work easier and convenient (Bakhshipour, Ghadi and Namdari, 2017). The
adoption of AI will help the hotel manager to implement technology and powered apps
that enables the guests to gain information according to their requirement in the form of
e-concierge. Moreover, the use of voice-activated chatbots will create various
opportunities for hotel managers. The chatbots will help the guests to order breakfast,
set the alarm, and open the curtains without communicating with a human being. It will
provide opportunities to the hotel managers to attract several customers to visit their
hotels as the majority of customers are tech-savvy.
The AI-powered chatbots will also help in executing things like redemption vouchers,
check on account balances, and changes in the reservation. On the other hand, the
implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) will help the hotel manager to enhance
the customer experience. It will also help the manager to understand the needs of the
customers and provide them better customer service (Wang et al., 2016). The IoT data
helps the hotel manager to know how many times, customers have visited their hotel,
where it can send a message automatically to the guests. The data also provides
relevant information regarding in-room amenities, excursions, and food selection.
The advancement in technology in 2060 will be helpful for the hotel managers to adopt
virtual reality that will enable the guests to view a tourist destination, museum, and hotel
property without leaving their room. However, the future of the hotel managers will

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depend entirely on emerging technology such as, wearables, 3D printing, and virtual
reality that will help in connecting with the visitors. The use of robot butlers will minimize
the work of hotel managers (Lemaignan et al., 2017). As a result, scientific
advancement and technology development will create a positive impact on the
managers as technology will help in executing the work more conveniently and
efficiently. Therefore, the use of a huge range of tech-disruptive tools will be beneficial
for hotel managers in Australia.
Conclusion
The paper demonstrated an understanding of the positive and negative impact of
technological changes based on the use of AI and robotic systems. It has been
observed that these systems will create an impact on the societal level and various
sectors in the next 40-50 years. The paper revealed the fact that the use of such
systems will create advantages and disadvantages for the teachers who are employed
in Australian schools. It can be seen that the technological changes and advancement
will help the teachers to teach students with the help of technological tools. Whereas,
the implementation of various forms of systems or devices such as tablets and e-
learning will replace teachers (Pan, 2016). As a result, this will put a negative impact on
the career of the teacher in the future. The new advancement in technology will allow
the teachers to provide formal education for families through self-directed learning
studios. The teachers will be able to implement the technique of cloud-based education
that will provide better accumulation for student’s metrics.
The implications of AI and robotic systems will negatively affect the enrolled as well the
registered nurses in Australia in the next 40 years as the hospital's implements AI
integrated technologies. The nurses will be replaced by smart robots as they will
execute the tasks performed by the nurses more efficiently and effectively. As a result,
to advance the standards of clinical data, the nursing students in Australia are creating
websites. Whereas, the use of these systems will provide various opportunities to the
hotel managers in Australia as it will be helpful in understanding and satisfying the
demands of the visitors. It smart robots will reduce the work of the hotel managers as it
will provide better customer service to the guests.
However, the utilization of these systems will result in unemployment that in turn, will
increase the number of poverty. The AI systems will rarely be able to provide an
alternative to most of the occupations that need adaptability and versatility. The
implications of these new technologies will create inequalities among the employees of
different groups. Emerging technologies are the significant reason behind increasing
disparities among the managers and the leaders of an organization. It is because the
leaders and the managers have lack of access towards using the new technologies. It
has also been estimated that the invention of self-driving trucks and cars is going to
replace truck and automobile drivers (Wisskirchen et al., 2017). As a result, in the next
40 years, five million jobs will be lost, that will lead to unemployment.

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The paper discussed the fact that AI is considered to be a collection of advanced
technologies that enable machines to learn, act, comprehend, and sense. Thus, the
implications of this system will provide opportunities in the workplace by transforming
most of the businesses. AI possesses great potential to enhance economic growth and
maximize corporate productivity and profitability by 2060. Therefore, the implementation
of these system will create advantages as well as disadvantages for the employees,
leaders and managers.
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