Personality and Social Media use

This research investigates the association between social media usage and personality traits such as conscientiousness, neuroticism, need for companionship and exhibitionism. The study involved 116 participants and used quantitative research methods with SPSS for data analysis. Results show a moderate relationship between predictor variables and social media usage.

Personality and Social Media use

Table of Contents
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................................................................4
Background..............................................................................................................................................................................................4
METHODS..................................................................................................................................................................................................8
Research type...........................................................................................................................................................................................8
Data collection methods..........................................................................................................................................................................8
Data analysis............................................................................................................................................................................................8
Participants..............................................................................................................................................................................................9
Materials..................................................................................................................................................................................................9
RESULTS....................................................................................................................................................................................................9
Descriptive statistics................................................................................................................................................................................9
Inferential statistics................................................................................................................................................................................11
Parametric test.......................................................................................................................................................................................11
Non-parametric test...............................................................................................................................................................................13
DISCUSSION............................................................................................................................................................................................17
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................................................................23

Title: To investigate the association between the predictor variables (conscientious, neuroticism, need for companionship and
exhibitionism) with social media usage”
ABSTRACT
Increasing user exposition to web and social media use has resulted in significant influence over certain critical factors such as
conscientious, need for companionship, neuroticism and exhibitionism. The research has attempted to study the association between
social media usage and certain predictor variables that is, conscientious, neuroticism, need for companionship and exhibitionism. The
social media is found to be having greater effect over the emotional stability, openness to experience, etc. In this research, 116
participants have been chosen to get their views with regards to how social media usage affects their conscientious, need for
companionship, neuroticism and exhibitionism. The researcher has undertaken quantitative research and the data was analyzed
through SPSS. The results are obtained through various statistical tools where the correlation coefficient comes out as 55% indicating
moderate relationship between predictor variables and social media usage. Therefore, it can be said that social media usage is a
dependent variable while the predictor variables are independent variable and 37% of the changes in the social media used can be
defined through changes in personality traits such as conscientious, exhibitionism, need for companionship and neuroticism. Also, by
testing the hypothesis at 95% confidence level through Anova test the resulting value was identified as 0.00 which is lower than the
0.05. Accordingly, the alternative hypothesis was accepted by rejecting null hypothesis and it was determined that there exists
statistical significance between social media usage and predictor variable.

INTRODUCTION
Background
Now a days, social media platform are considered some of the most popular ways in order to interact with people and their
family members. It is not limited to social interaction, but people use the same for different purpose like latest fashion trend to decide
place for hang out, every one is highly dependent upon this. However, social media also have many disadvantage which includes that
people (especially youngsters) influenced by the celebrities to show their best which affect the mindset of the people. Further,
personality has also consider to be an important individual difference which cause a direct impact on social media usage. The current
study also highlights the association between the usage of social media within the personality traits and this in turn assist to determine
whether their personality has affected from the changing social media usage pattern.
Perugini and Solano (2021) explained in their study that influence of personality trait on Internet utilized the five factor model
and it also contain five factors which include extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experiences, agreeableness, and
conscientiousness. These all factors also contain some specific traits and can be used in order determine the differences within an
individual. Further, it has been identified that personality and internet uses are actually determined under an extraversion and
neuroticism which were significantly related to the online activities. Most of the previous research is also based upon the same and
reflected that high in extraversion and low in neuroticism were not causes negative impact over the same but they are introverted as
well. Whereas, the recent study shows that there is a relationship between use of social media and big five factors and this in turn
identified that changes in personality has also create impact upon the big five personality trait. Also, most of them uses social media in
order to increase the interaction but they limit to talk with others when they feel any strangers. Similarly, chat rooms also allow group
like conversation between the people where they can easily communicate with their relative. On the other side, one of the five factor in
which extraverted individual that had many connection with others with the help of social networking sites. Therefore, it has been
stated that people who actually used the social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter are felt less satisfied with their lived and as

a result their low satisfaction identified. This in turn causes adverse impact over the individual and their belongingness towards the
social media sites is lower as compared to other factors.
On the other side, in the case of neuroticism, it can be identified that with an instant messages get from any one, then their
individual faces direct association between them and people with high in neuroticism have a greater instant messages use which is not
identified in the case of others. Warner-Søderholm and et.al., (2018) argued that there is a negative impact also identified over the
well-being of an individual when they uses social media frequently. such that internet use mainly reduce psychological well-being and
further decreases the depression and isolation. This in turn shows that there is inverse effect over the same when they used the same in
excessively. Hamutoglu, Topal and Gezgin (2020) also reflected in their study that most harmful impact identified over the individual
when they use internet highly is related to mental well-being and also, there is a direct association identified within the individual
mindset and Social media addiction. Also, some of the theorist also argued that online communication also influence psychological
well-being when they help people in order to maintain their stock of friends. So, it can be stated that it somehow help to create a
positive relationship whereas some of them stated that increasing connection with people also increases the mental health stability so
that they can share their views with others.
With the increase in use of internet, the development of youngsters has seemed to be spurred as it has resulted in widespread
use of different and emerging forms of social media platforms. As identified by Kircaburun and et.al., (2020), several
multidimensional and social media platforms have emerged in modern time allowing users to discuss ideas and exchange information
through chatting, posting, commenting and several other actions. These platforms are found to be beneficial in many ways like it
facilitates exchange of information expeditiously, accessing knowledge and communicate easily in a cost efficient manner along with
creating collaborative & entertaining environments and supportive leisure.
People who are high in conscientiousness are those who are naturally cautious and it has been seen in many instances that
people with high conscientiousness are engaged less in social media as compared to their less conscientious counterparts. Even, if

these kind of people engaged on social media, then they more probably found to be talking about family & work only ( Whaite and
et.al., 2018). People having high level of conscientiousness generally prefer not to use social networking sites frequently due to the
distracting power of social media and thus considers these networks as just a wastage of time. Also, the tendency of people with high
level of neuroticism and conscientiousness are found to be exercising high level of control over the act of publishing personal
information. However, generally neuroticism is found to be closely associated with problematic use of internet. Neuroticism or people
who are deemed as neurotic tend to be highly active on social media, just like exhibitionism. But unlike exhibitionists, they usually
express their emotions negatively through their language. Accordingly, neurotic people are likely to represent their idealized version
among others over social media platform.
To determine the significance of using social media over the development of young adults and adolescents, the personality
traits such as conscientiousness, neuroticism, need for companionship and exhibitionism have a great role to play. Several studied
have been performed till date to identify how personality traits and gender of an individual affects the use of social media and the
findings of these studies suggests that there is a positive association between personality traits and social media use and thus these
traits played a significant role in determining the way in which an individual will use social media (Hawi and Samaha, 2019).
People with a high level of exhibitionism are found to highly active in their social media activities where they attempt to
expose their genitals due to strong desire for getting observed by others. They can be identified easily over social media platform due
to their common features such as having more friends, more interactions with others, more frequently liking others content and along
with using more of such words that are indicating social activities.
People who are characterized by agreeableness generally attempts to manage their representation in a highly positive terms by
attempting to appear likable. Also, agreeableness is found to be positively related with the maintenance of existing relationships along
with educational and informational gratifications. When the similar results are obtained with regards to the trait of openness to
experience, the results within obtained in several studies are found to be contradictory where it is found that the way social media

would be used by people with the trait of openness to experience is directly associated with the users having different behaviors which
could vary from continuous posting of photos to searching for information purposes that illustrates the versatility in their interests
(Xiao and Mou, 2019). Generally, it is believed that individuals who depicts the trait of openness to experience that is, agreeable and
extraverted tend to use social networking sites for the purpose of social gratification which involves maintenance of existing
relationships and for educational and informational purposes.
The present study will attempt to take into account the four personality traits as predictor variable which involves
conscientiousness, neuroticism, need for companionship and exhibitionism. Conscientiousness is all about being hard working,
practical and organized while neuroticism involves moodiness or tendency towards depression, anxiety, self – doubt & other negative
feelings. Need for companionship involves a human need for establishing a sense of belonging while exhibitionism involves exposing
one self’s genitals due to the prevalence of strong desire for being observed by others. All these personality traits have different impact
over the social media usage as a result of existing psychological and behavioral differences (Moor, and Anderson, 2019). By applying
different statistical tests, it would be identified in this research that whether there is any association exists between predictor variables
and social media use or not.
Hypothesis:
H0: There is no relationship identified within the mean value of predictor variables (conscientious, neuroticism, need for
companionship and exhibitionism) and social media usage.
H1: There is a relationship identified within the mean value of predictor variables (conscientious, neuroticism, need for
companionship and exhibitionism) and social media usage.
Research question:

Are the following predictor variables positively or negatively associated with social media usage: conscientious, neuroticism, need for
companionship and exhibitionism?”
METHODS
Research type
For the present study only quantitative research type has been used which in turn assist to determine whether there is any
impact identified over the social media usage due to fluctuation in the predictors. With the help of chosen methodology, scholar is able
to determine the results which are quantify in nature to meet the defined aim.
Data collection methods
For the present study, both primary and secondary data collection methods has been used in order to determine whether the
predictors have any association with the social media usage. Further, under the secondary data collection methods, only books, journal
article and online websites has been used in order to determine the trend and develop a brief thesis. On the other side, for primary
research, questionnaire is to be deigned which contain questions related to big five personality and social media usage. In this,
different characteristics of the big five personality has been used which in turn assist to create a better outcome.
Data analysis
SPSS software is to be used in order to analyse the views presented by the participants. It is so because the research type
chosen for the study is quantitative in nature and in order to apply the parametric test and inferential statistics, SPSS as a data analysis
technique has been used to conduct the study in more precise manner.

Participants
For the present study 116 participants has chosen in order to identify their views pertaining to the chosen research questions.
Also, all of them determine their views and some of them are male but majority of them are females. Further, all of them are know
native English language and this in turn assist to determine whether social media usage has affected due to personality factors.
Moreover, the average number of selected participants have completed their graduated degree (mean value is 4) and this in turn shows
that they all are young enough in order to share their views.
Materials
In order to collect the better results, Likert scale type has been used in the questionnaire which in turn reflected the views of all
the selected participants. The range of scale is varied from 1 i.e. strongly disagree to 5 strongly agree. Here, all the big five personality
trait questions included such that conscientiousness and neuroticism questionnaire which helps to determine the personality of an
individual and this create a direct impact. Further, 17 items has been use that evaluate the normal personality traits and with the help
of this assessment, it will be beneficial to understanding the personality and their usage towards the social media.
RESULTS
Descriptive statistics
Statistics
gend
er age
nativ
e-
engli
sh
educati
on
truth
ful
OCEA
N-8
MotiveSoc
Med-15
SocialMediaU
seage
Companion
ship
conscientiou
sness
neurotic
ism
Exhibition
ism
N Valid 116 116 116 116 116 116 116 116 116 116 116 116

Missi
ng
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mean 1.25
00
35.84
48
1.47
41
4.2328 1.02
59
3.4569 1.3707 28.6810 1.9426 3.8172 2.8906 2.4000
Median 1.00
00
36.00
00
1.00
00
4.0000 1.00
00
4.0000 1.0000 25.0000 1.8300 3.8900 2.8800 2.3800
Mode 1.00 36.00 1.00 4.00 1.00 4.00 1.00 60.00 1.00a 3.89a 2.00 2.38
Std.
Deviati
on
.508
62
7.730
91
.501
50
.66408 .159
41
1.2398
6
.69194 23.32179 .74562 .51609 .79195 .64489
Varianc
e
.259 59.76
7
.251 .441 .025 1.537 .479 543.906 .556 .266 .627 .416
Skewne
ss
1.94
2
.004 .105 -1.205 6.05
3
-.290 2.240 .185 .462 -.268 .110 .425
Std.
Error of
Skewne
ss
.225 .225 .225 .225 .225 .225 .225 .225 .225 .225 .225 .225
Kurtosi
s
3.01
4
-.228 -
2.02
4
3.388 35.2
45
-1.201 6.315 -1.583 -.780 .531 -1.020 .408
Std.
Error of
Kurtosi
s
.446 .446 .446 .446 .446 .446 .446 .446 .446 .446 .446 .446
a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown

Inferential statistics
Correlations
SocialMediaUs
eage
conscientiousne
ss neuroticism Exhibitionism Companionship
SocialMediaUseage Pearson Correlation 1 -.391** .443** -.073 -.237*
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .436 .011
N 116 116 116 116 116
conscientiousness Pearson Correlation -.391** 1 -.309** -.301** -.191*
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .001 .001 .040
N 116 116 116 116 116
neuroticism Pearson Correlation .443** -.309** 1 -.166 -.273**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .001 .075 .003
N 116 116 116 116 116
Exhibitionism Pearson Correlation -.073 -.301** -.166 1 .512**
Sig. (2-tailed) .436 .001 .075 .000
N 116 116 116 116 116
Companionship Pearson Correlation -.237* -.191* -.273** .512** 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .011 .040 .003 .000
N 116 116 116 116 116
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Normality Test
Tests of Normality
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
SocialMediaUseage .142 116 .000 .854 116 .000
a Lilliefors Significance Correction
From the above normality test, the value identified that under Kolmogorov Smirnova is 0.00 whereas the significance value of
Shapiro Walk is 0.00 which means the value is not good and that is why, there is a lack of fit is significant. Hence, it can be stated that
the data is not well distributed.
QQ plot

In accordance with the QQ plot, it has been identified that the data is consisted which means that data have more extreme values that
would be extremely if truly came for a normal distribution. Hence, the QQ plot reflected that there is a need to make adjustment in the
data so that it provide a valid results.
Parametric test
Null hypothesis: There is no relationship between the predictor variables and social media usage
Alternative hypothesis: There is a relationship between the predictor variables and social media usage
Table 1:

Model Summary
Model R R Square
Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of
the Estimate
1 .559a .313 .288 19.68163
a. Predictors: (Constant), Companionship, conscientiousness,
neuroticism, Exhibitionism
Table 2:
ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 19551.527 4 4887.882 12.618 .000b
Residual 42997.671 111 387.366
Total 62549.198 115
a. Dependent Variable: SocialMediaUseage
b. Predictors: (Constant), Companionship, conscientiousness, neuroticism, Exhibitionism
Table 3:
Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandardized Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.B Std. Error Beta
1 (Constant) 82.597 24.410 3.384 .001
conscientiousness -16.119 4.077 -.357 -3.954 .000
neuroticism 7.941 2.632 .270 3.017 .003
Exhibitionism -.844 3.447 -.023 -.245 .807
Companionship -6.856 2.970 -.219 -2.308 .023

a. Dependent Variable: SocialMediaUseage
Non-parametric test
MotiveSocMed-1 * gender
Table 4:
Crosstab
Count
gender
TotalFemale Male 3.00
MotiveSocMed-1 strongly disagree 10 0 1 11
neither disagree nor agree 9 2 0 11
agree 58 13 2 73
strongly agree 14 6 1 21
Total 91 21 4 116
Table 5:
Chi-Square Tests
Value df
Asymptotic
Significance (2-
sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 5.487a 6 .483
Likelihood Ratio 7.353 6 .289
Linear-by-Linear
Association
1.011 1 .315
N of Valid Cases 116
a. 7 cells (58.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .38.
Table 6:
Symmetric Measures
Value
Approximate
Significance
Nominal by Nominal Phi .217 .483
Cramer's V .154 .483
N of Valid Cases 116
Companionship * gender
Table 7:
Total
Female Male
Companionship 1.00 9 2 11
1.08 4 0 5

1.17 9 2 11
1.25 4 3 7
1.33 3 0 3
1.42 2 1 3
1.50 3 2 5
1.58 3 1 4
1.67 5 0 5
1.75 3 0 3
1.83 1 0 2
1.92 4 0 4
2.00 4 0 4
2.08 2 1 3
2.17 0 0 1
2.25 3 2 5
2.33 1 1 2
2.42 7 0 7
2.50 1 0 1
2.58 2 1 3
2.67 5 0 5
2.75 1 0 1
2.83 6 1 8
2.92 1 0 1
3.00 2 0 2

3.08 3 1 4
3.17 1 0 1
3.25 1 0 1
3.33 0 1 1
3.42 0 1 1
3.58 0 1 1
4.08 1 0 1
Total 91 21 116
Table 8:
Chi-Square Tests
Value df
Asymptotic
Significance (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 83.107a 62 .038
Likelihood Ratio 56.239 62 .682
Linear-by-Linear
Association
.103 1 .748
N of Valid Cases 116
a. 91 cells (94.8%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .03.
Table 9:
Symmetric Measures
Value
Approximate
Significance

Nominal by Nominal Phi .846 .038
Cramer's V .599 .038
N of Valid Cases 116
DISCUSSION
With the help of above descriptive statistics, it has been identified that out of 116 participants, majority of them are females
and it might be varied from 0.50% as per the value presented in median Further, the average age of the selected candidate is 35 but
50% of them are fall under the category of 36. However, almost every respondents are native English speaker and that is why, it can
be stated that they all belongs to UK and able to answer the question. Moreover, the descriptive statistics also entails that majority of
the selected candidate are graduated and that is why, they can easily determine the social media usage in order to generate a better
outcome. Apart from this, it has been interpreted that they all stated that whatever questions has asked, they provide true answers.
Also, it has been identified that 50% of them are agreed that they worries a lot whereas average number of respondents are neither
agree nor disagree.
In addition to this, by applying the parametric test, it has been analysed from the table 1 that there is a moderate relationship
between the variable because the value of R represents (0.55) that social media usage and companionship, conscientiousness,
neuroticism and exhibitionism is 55%. Whereas, there is only 31% fluctuation identified within a value and this in turn shows that
minor changes has identified within the same. Also, as per the anova table (Table 2 ), it has been identified that alternative hypothesis
is accepted over other because the p value of the table entails 0.00 which is lower than (0.00 < 0.05 ) standard criteria and that is why,
it can be stated that there is a relationship between the predictors and social media usage. Souri, Hosseinpour and Rahmani (2018) also
supported that there is a positive relationship between the social media usage and big five personality traits. For example, neurotic

individual tend to be more active on social media and much like extraverts because they do not express more negative emotions
through their language and this in turn shows that they are more likely to be present in an idealized vision of themselves. In addition to
this, current social media application like social networking sites and instant messages are different from previous one because of not
providing anonymity. Hence, this shows that why extraverted instead of introverted people tend to engage in social media use. This
can be highlighted in the study where relationship between personality trait and Facebook use.
In addition to this, Huang and et.al., (2018) agued that gender presented another difference among personality trait where
extraverted men and women were likely to be more frequent users of social media tools. However, men with higher degree of
emotional instability were regular use. The same has been analysed under chi-square test (table) where the views of people varied in
order to use of social media. Such that out of 91 females only 10 of them are strongly disagree that they use social media when they
are bored whereas 58 of them are agree and 14 of them are strongly agree. On the other side, 13 males are agree and 6 of them are
strongly agree with the statement. Through the chi-square test, it has been identified that there is no variation between the views of
people in term of usage of social media. This entails that null hypothesis has accepted because the value of p (0.48 > 0.05) which
reflected alternative hypothesis is reject. In order to support the same, Borges-Tiago, Tiago and Cosme (2019) clearly shows that most
of the individual prefer to use social media for coolness, past time and companionship. This in turn shows that younger users prefer
the same but some psychological motives for using social media appeared to significantly contribute to explaining problem related to
social media use especially among the adolescents. Further, as per the phi/cramer value reflected that that there is lower association
between the values because the value is 21% which entails that it did not affect the variables into negative manner.
On the other side, in accordance with the chi-square test, it has been identified within table 8, that alternative hypothesis is
accepted over other which entails that the views of people varied from companionship such that the value of p is lower than the
standard criteria. This shows that all male and female are actually have a feeling of fellowship among them and that is why, most of
the females have a high score of companionship whereas majority of the males do not perform the same. Also, it can be supported by

Gallo and et.al., (2020) that users who use social media to pass time for companionship prevail themselves and that is why, they have
a maladaptive personality training like antagonism and low level of consciousness. This in turn reflected that individual have a less
control over the impulse and tendency in order to make themselves immediate satisfied. However, table 9 also reflected that there is a
very strong association between the values because phi/cramer value reflected 0.84 which indicated that 84% of the chances to get
associated with each other. Correa, Hinsley and De Zuniga (2010) argued that most of the people actually remain active in the social
media so that they will be in a touch with the people in order to remain social active. Therefore, it can be stated that the new
technologies introduced in the world have a relationship between the personality traits.
Further, by using correlation tool under inferential statistics also reflected the individual association between the variable in
order to prove the hypothesis. Such that the relationship between social media usage with conscientiousness is lower negative which in
turn shows that there will be no impact over the dependent variable. This in turn shows there is a null hypothesis accepted over other
and on the other side, there is a moderate relationship between social media usage and neuroticism because the value entails that 0.44
which shows only 44% value changes. On the other side, social media usage also have negative lower relationship within
exhibitionism and companionship because the value is below the standard criteria. Moreover, the association between
conscientiousness with neuroticism, exhibitionism and social media is lower negative that reflected that there will be no changes
identified over the variable but alternative hypothesis is accepted in this case. Qahri-Saremi, Vaghefi and Turel (2021) also supported
the same that when an individual uses social media, then it definitely affected the predictive i.e. big five factors either in positive or
negative manner.
The study reveals by analyzing the data pertaining to personality traits and social media use through the application of different
tools that the predictor variables and social media use are positively related with each other. Social media allows for opportunistic
interaction for individual users through several social networking sites along with allowing them to self – represent themselves among

both narrow & broad audiences in real time. Particularly among young adults, there seems increased use of social media platforms due
to their high level of need for companionship and exhibitionism.
As per the views of Kircaburun, Demetrovics and Tosuntaş, (2019), conscientious people generally spend less time over social
media platforms and accordingly, they depict higher level or stronger well – being than those who are highly addicted towards using
social media. Due to this, the correlation between social media use and neuroticism has come out as 0.443 which shows that with the
prevalence of neuroticism, the use of social media increases. Social media addiction is seen as a growing problem of the modern
society because of greater influence of technological advances in terms of creation of smart phone, greater accessibility to the internet
and emergence of popular social networking sites. The addiction towards the use of social media is even stronger among those
individuals having neurotic tendencies. Neurotic people having high level of anxiety and depression becomes anxious due to the fear
of rejection. Accordingly, by excessively using social media attempts to get connected with people around them, so that they can
reduce the possibilities of getting rejected. Another reason for which neuroticism determine the use of social media because the
neurotic individual suffers from FOMO, that is, the fear inhibiting in them that others around them used to have fun without them
(Seo, Park and Choi, 2020). Accordingly, the correlation results suggest that neuroticism is the biggest predictor of addiction towards
social media usage and it has been concluded that highly neurotic people tend to become more anxious about relationships which in
turn enhances their rely over social media platforms in order to maintain existing relationships.
The results obtained for predictor variable conscientiousness and social media use come out as negative that is, -0.391 which
indicates the people who are having high level of conscientiousness tend to be less addicted towards social media usage. As per the
views of Omar and Dequan, (2020), people having the tendency of conscientiousness demonstrates several characteristics such as
greater reliability, strong work ethic, ability to pay attention to their work & detail along with having high level of commitment
towards their work & family. They prefer having proper planning with details and effective time schedule for the work they
performed. Accordingly, such type of personality seems to be annoying one who exercises strict control over impulses, so that they

could not get distracted or addicted towards social media usage with the aim of achieving their set targets on time and with greater
efficiency and effectiveness. This way, they attempt to reduce the possibilities of getting addicted towards using social networking
sites excessively. Also, they have a tendency of sometime spending more time on social media by actively engaging themselves with
the underlying motive that they would gain a genuine advantage from it in terms of monetary or other benefits that could assist them
in accomplishing their set goals with effectiveness. For this purpose, they tend to keep themselves in touch with families & friends
over social networking sites, so that they can nourish their network for professional purposes. However, Moore and Craciun, (2021)
have suggested that such motives behind social media usage exhibits inflated risk of conscientious people of getting suffered from
social media addition which may even hamper their way of achieving set goals.
The results in this study has also been obtained by taking exhibitionism as a predictor variable to understand its association
with the social media usage. The correlation coefficient obtained for these two variables has come out as -0.073 which indicates that
exhibitionism and social media usage are negatively correlation with each other. However, the relationship is very weak among these
variables indicating that the social media use may or may not be higher in people with the personality trait of exhibitionism. As per the
views of Azucar, Marengo and Settanni, (2018), it has been seen that the FOMO overrides the strong desire of getting noticed by
others during sexual activity. This in turn creates an anxiety among exhibitionists that an interesting or funny moment could be
happening somewhere else as a result of posts they have made on social networking sites. Accordingly, the fear of missing out led to
reduction in the exhibitionists of being addicted towards social media usage. Also, the reason for negative association between the
exhibitionism and social media usage was its proneness to legal action. Often, a level two behavior of exhibitionist are highly prone to
a warrant for legal action which leads to greater risks because of potential negative consequences of such behavior. This is turn, plays
a vital role in making exhibitionists less addicted towards using social media excessively. However, as identified in several studies,
exhibitionists tend to have greater social media addiction because of stronger excitement from inside with regards to getting noticed
by others while indulged in sexual activities due to which they intend to make social media posts frequently (Abbasi and Drouin,
2019).

The study has obtained the results for association between social media usage and need for companionship with the help of
correlation coefficient. This gives the outcome as -0.237 which indicates that there is a negative association between need for
companionship and social media usage. Through this result, it can be interpreted that people who are having high level of need for
companionship tend to be less addicted to social media. As per the views of Tadesse and et.al., (2018), people who are need of
companionship generally demands for a companion or friend who exhibit honesty, loyalty and dependability to ensure that the
relationship or friendship would be successful for long term. They have a tendency that profiles made over social media platforms
exhibits 90% of false information leading to deceiving relationships which could create high level of anxiety and depression.
Therefore, such people tend to make a companion with those whom they could met or interact face to face only instead of doing the
same over social networking sites.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
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