Management Accounting and Finance for Decision Making
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This document discusses the role of management accounting and finance in decision making. It evaluates the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and analyzes a simplified balance sheet. It also computes working capital and net cash, and reviews common-size income statements. The document provides study material and solved assignments on management accounting and finance.
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Management Accounting
And
Finance for Decision
Making
And
Finance for Decision
Making
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Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
1. Evaluation of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption from the
perspective of prompting accounting practice harmonization................................................3
2. Simplified balance sheet with three sub-headings in the assets and three subheadings in the
equity and liabilities:..............................................................................................................6
3. Computing the working capital, working capital need and net cash:.................................8
4. The common-size income statements for the 2016-2019 periods:.....................................9
5. Analysis of statements (Balance sheet & Income statement) and critical evaluation
performance of the company................................................................................................10
6. Computation of Profitability Ratios and analyses them from the perspective of gaining
insight into efficiency of use of company resources:...........................................................12
TASK 2..........................................................................................................................................14
1. Alpha Ltd’s cash budgets for months: October, November, and December this year and
January and February next:..................................................................................................14
2. List and comment on other factors that should be taken into account by the company
management when considering this proposal:......................................................................16
3. Budgeting:........................................................................................................................17
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................20
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................22
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
1. Evaluation of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption from the
perspective of prompting accounting practice harmonization................................................3
2. Simplified balance sheet with three sub-headings in the assets and three subheadings in the
equity and liabilities:..............................................................................................................6
3. Computing the working capital, working capital need and net cash:.................................8
4. The common-size income statements for the 2016-2019 periods:.....................................9
5. Analysis of statements (Balance sheet & Income statement) and critical evaluation
performance of the company................................................................................................10
6. Computation of Profitability Ratios and analyses them from the perspective of gaining
insight into efficiency of use of company resources:...........................................................12
TASK 2..........................................................................................................................................14
1. Alpha Ltd’s cash budgets for months: October, November, and December this year and
January and February next:..................................................................................................14
2. List and comment on other factors that should be taken into account by the company
management when considering this proposal:......................................................................16
3. Budgeting:........................................................................................................................17
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................20
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................22
INTRODUCTION
Phase of decision-making can be seen as a control and balance mechanism which
keeps business rising vertically and linearly. That implies that the decision-making is directed at
a objective. The priorities are pre-set strategic targets, strategic planning and vision. The
organization may face several challenges in financial, organizational, marketing and tactical
spheres in achieving these objectives (Goh, 2019). These problems are addressed through
thorough decision-making. Management accounting and finance are two major aspects of
decision-making phase within every business enterprise. These both aspects cover almost all the
managerial and financial functions which are directly or indirectly assist or support decision
making. Further, such aspects also involve processes related to financial reporting, analysis of
financial reports and some models or concepts for strategic decision making (Quattrone, 2016).
The study covers critical examination of international financial reporting aspect and
current crucial international financial reporting challenges; and Comprehending role and
importance of the financial statements by evaluation and interpretation of the for the strategic
decision-making. Further study consists of critical review od range of major strategic
management-accounting-models and key concepts along with its crucial roles at the local &
international level. Study for all these purposes consists of two assessment based on case study
of (i) Honey Badger corporation which is primarily a producer, distributor and marketing entity
of the non-alcoholic product concentrates and syrup; and (ii) Alpha limited which makes a range
of products all of which follow a similar production process and have the same cost structure.
MAIN BODY
TASK 1
1. Evaluation of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption from the
perspective of prompting accounting practice harmonization
Most of world's countries have reshaped their accounting procedures in last few years of 21st
century particularly. These developments include adopting and modifying local accounting
procedures, and harmonization with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) –
previously International Accounting Standards (IAS). Process of integration of the international
trade and corporate globalisation are on the rise. As a consequence, financial statements
compelled in accordance with local accounting system of nation can hardly fulfil needs of
Phase of decision-making can be seen as a control and balance mechanism which
keeps business rising vertically and linearly. That implies that the decision-making is directed at
a objective. The priorities are pre-set strategic targets, strategic planning and vision. The
organization may face several challenges in financial, organizational, marketing and tactical
spheres in achieving these objectives (Goh, 2019). These problems are addressed through
thorough decision-making. Management accounting and finance are two major aspects of
decision-making phase within every business enterprise. These both aspects cover almost all the
managerial and financial functions which are directly or indirectly assist or support decision
making. Further, such aspects also involve processes related to financial reporting, analysis of
financial reports and some models or concepts for strategic decision making (Quattrone, 2016).
The study covers critical examination of international financial reporting aspect and
current crucial international financial reporting challenges; and Comprehending role and
importance of the financial statements by evaluation and interpretation of the for the strategic
decision-making. Further study consists of critical review od range of major strategic
management-accounting-models and key concepts along with its crucial roles at the local &
international level. Study for all these purposes consists of two assessment based on case study
of (i) Honey Badger corporation which is primarily a producer, distributor and marketing entity
of the non-alcoholic product concentrates and syrup; and (ii) Alpha limited which makes a range
of products all of which follow a similar production process and have the same cost structure.
MAIN BODY
TASK 1
1. Evaluation of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption from the
perspective of prompting accounting practice harmonization
Most of world's countries have reshaped their accounting procedures in last few years of 21st
century particularly. These developments include adopting and modifying local accounting
procedures, and harmonization with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) –
previously International Accounting Standards (IAS). Process of integration of the international
trade and corporate globalisation are on the rise. As a consequence, financial statements
compelled in accordance with local accounting system of nation can hardly fulfil needs of
foreign investors, business partnerships, bankers and judgment-makers who are familiar with
global standards (Fuzi, Habidin, Janudin and Ong, 2019). In meantime, growing and evolving
markets are focus of world's leading sectors that operate in saturated western nations. To carry
out their operations in developed countries effectively; they have to follow the relevant
international-accounting standards. Furthermore, foreign direct investment is a big booster for
developing nations ' economies, and investor can require vivid and coherent financial
information-emphasizing why developing nations need to follow international financial reporting
standards. To overcome gap between country-specific reporting standards, International
Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) formed in 1973 by group of qualified accounting
professionals with goal of formulating universal and universal accounting practices towards
minimizing gaps in worldwide accounting principles as well as the reporting practices. In this
regard, it was suggested the International Accounting Standard (IAS), that has been vigorously
championing uniformity and uniformity of all the accounting standards. After that, IASB has
taken over from International Accounting Standard or IASC in Apr. 2001 setting of international
accounting standards. IASB has now revised and agreed to International Financial Reporting
Standards or IFRS as International Accounting Standard (IAS) and After that IFRS almost took
place of IAS (Inani and Gupta, 2017).
Harmonization is a method of rising the degree of International harmonization allows different
nations to follow same rules whilst producing a financial statement, such particular practices
allow different bookkeepers and professionals to understand financial reports of numerous
businesses corporations nationally or globally. Harmonization also makes it possible for
international investors, financial experts and global borrowers to grasp international corporations
' financial statements and comparing investment incentives and enable them make best
investment decisions. The national accounting harmonization framework viewed harmonization
as happening within geographically proximate nations. The foreign accounting harmonised
paradigm provides for border-less world in which accounting information are comparable
between nations and freely accessible to foreign users. consensus between nations as regards
accounting standards as well as practices and procedures. The adoption of the IFRS by a
corporation provides significant economic advantages in countries where financial reporting is
subject to strict regulation. Such advantages include an rise in fair market value of stock, a rise in
market competitiveness and a decrease in capital costs. When backed by a good regulatory
global standards (Fuzi, Habidin, Janudin and Ong, 2019). In meantime, growing and evolving
markets are focus of world's leading sectors that operate in saturated western nations. To carry
out their operations in developed countries effectively; they have to follow the relevant
international-accounting standards. Furthermore, foreign direct investment is a big booster for
developing nations ' economies, and investor can require vivid and coherent financial
information-emphasizing why developing nations need to follow international financial reporting
standards. To overcome gap between country-specific reporting standards, International
Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) formed in 1973 by group of qualified accounting
professionals with goal of formulating universal and universal accounting practices towards
minimizing gaps in worldwide accounting principles as well as the reporting practices. In this
regard, it was suggested the International Accounting Standard (IAS), that has been vigorously
championing uniformity and uniformity of all the accounting standards. After that, IASB has
taken over from International Accounting Standard or IASC in Apr. 2001 setting of international
accounting standards. IASB has now revised and agreed to International Financial Reporting
Standards or IFRS as International Accounting Standard (IAS) and After that IFRS almost took
place of IAS (Inani and Gupta, 2017).
Harmonization is a method of rising the degree of International harmonization allows different
nations to follow same rules whilst producing a financial statement, such particular practices
allow different bookkeepers and professionals to understand financial reports of numerous
businesses corporations nationally or globally. Harmonization also makes it possible for
international investors, financial experts and global borrowers to grasp international corporations
' financial statements and comparing investment incentives and enable them make best
investment decisions. The national accounting harmonization framework viewed harmonization
as happening within geographically proximate nations. The foreign accounting harmonised
paradigm provides for border-less world in which accounting information are comparable
between nations and freely accessible to foreign users. consensus between nations as regards
accounting standards as well as practices and procedures. The adoption of the IFRS by a
corporation provides significant economic advantages in countries where financial reporting is
subject to strict regulation. Such advantages include an rise in fair market value of stock, a rise in
market competitiveness and a decrease in capital costs. When backed by a good regulatory
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climate, businesses with significant gaps in GAAP and IFRS requirements display the maximum
benefit. In fact, in earlier adopting companies, advantages are high not only in year of IFRS
transition but also in year that reporting process is formally required. Results support the
perception that good implementation of reporting requirements not only strengthens investor
clarity but also improves adopter's market share (Mirzaey, Jamshidi and Hojatpour, 2017).
Harmonization relaxes the growing complexities for financial bookkeepers in formulating and
consolidating financial statements, since they become considerably streamlined after
IFRS guidelines become followed. The MNCs benefit primarily from this. As the various
reporting obligations are decreased, which entails direct costs like data processing, categorisation
and auditing whereas still including indirect costs, primarily owing to reporting
requirements discrepancies. Although harmonising reduces users' total costs, especially in case
of MNCs, while adopting criteria in short run, it may increase costs, particularly where
investment in the capital assets is implicated. For example, accounting profession will need to be
excellently-aware and educated regarding the new guidelines, whilst adopting IFRSs. Similar
manner, colleges and universities will also need to rethink their curricula, especially concerned
to accounting profession.
Accounting harmonisation may intensify cross-border contamination, as this has been
seen that widespread adoption of IFRS decreases obstacles to cross-border investments and
encourages substantial foreign equity investments within jurisdictions adopted by IFRS. As a
reaction to their local detrimental market disruptions, the enhanced globalization of
investors bases encouraged by IFRS adoption allows local markets increasingly vulnerable to
international threats via foreign investor exchange. In response to direct transfer of contagion
owing to trading activity by international investors, accounting harmonization will promote
comparative comparability throughout 20 national boundaries between companies and
marketplaces. For example, unfavourable circumstances can escalate to financial uncertainty in
one nation may alter investor expectations about yet another nation's financial stability, leading
other investors to withdrawal of capital for fear of more market stresses. In the face of
incomplete information, investors could exaggerate the degree to which data signals can be
extrapolated across nations, leading in inaccurate cross-inferences as well as contagion
(Rikhardsson and Yigitbasioglu, 2018).
benefit. In fact, in earlier adopting companies, advantages are high not only in year of IFRS
transition but also in year that reporting process is formally required. Results support the
perception that good implementation of reporting requirements not only strengthens investor
clarity but also improves adopter's market share (Mirzaey, Jamshidi and Hojatpour, 2017).
Harmonization relaxes the growing complexities for financial bookkeepers in formulating and
consolidating financial statements, since they become considerably streamlined after
IFRS guidelines become followed. The MNCs benefit primarily from this. As the various
reporting obligations are decreased, which entails direct costs like data processing, categorisation
and auditing whereas still including indirect costs, primarily owing to reporting
requirements discrepancies. Although harmonising reduces users' total costs, especially in case
of MNCs, while adopting criteria in short run, it may increase costs, particularly where
investment in the capital assets is implicated. For example, accounting profession will need to be
excellently-aware and educated regarding the new guidelines, whilst adopting IFRSs. Similar
manner, colleges and universities will also need to rethink their curricula, especially concerned
to accounting profession.
Accounting harmonisation may intensify cross-border contamination, as this has been
seen that widespread adoption of IFRS decreases obstacles to cross-border investments and
encourages substantial foreign equity investments within jurisdictions adopted by IFRS. As a
reaction to their local detrimental market disruptions, the enhanced globalization of
investors bases encouraged by IFRS adoption allows local markets increasingly vulnerable to
international threats via foreign investor exchange. In response to direct transfer of contagion
owing to trading activity by international investors, accounting harmonization will promote
comparative comparability throughout 20 national boundaries between companies and
marketplaces. For example, unfavourable circumstances can escalate to financial uncertainty in
one nation may alter investor expectations about yet another nation's financial stability, leading
other investors to withdrawal of capital for fear of more market stresses. In the face of
incomplete information, investors could exaggerate the degree to which data signals can be
extrapolated across nations, leading in inaccurate cross-inferences as well as contagion
(Rikhardsson and Yigitbasioglu, 2018).
2. Simplified balance sheet with three sub-headings in the assets and three subheadings in the
equity and liabilities:
Simplified Balance sheet of Honey Badger
Liabilities 2018 2017 Assets 2018 2017
Shareholder's Fund Non-Current Assets
Common stock, $.25 par
value
873.00 873.00 Property, Plant and
Equipment
Capital surplus 3857.00 3520.00 Land 385.00 217.00
Reinvested earnings 24506.00 23443.00 Buildings and
improvements
2332.00 1812.00
Accumulated other
comprehensive income
(loss) and unearned
compensation
Machinery and equipment 5888.00 4881.00
on restricted stock -3047.00 -2788.00 Containers 396.00 195.00
26189.00 25048.00 9001.00 7105.00
Less treasury stock, at
cost
14389.00 13682.00 Less allowances for
depreciation
3090.00 2652.00
11800.00 11366.00 5911.00 4453.00
Long term Liabilities Trademarks with
Indefinite Lives
1724.00 1697.00
Long-Term Debt 2701.00 1219.00 Goodwill and Other
Intangible Assets
1829.00 882.00
Deferred Income Taxes 399 442 Investments and Other Assets
equity and liabilities:
Simplified Balance sheet of Honey Badger
Liabilities 2018 2017 Assets 2018 2017
Shareholder's Fund Non-Current Assets
Common stock, $.25 par
value
873.00 873.00 Property, Plant and
Equipment
Capital surplus 3857.00 3520.00 Land 385.00 217.00
Reinvested earnings 24506.00 23443.00 Buildings and
improvements
2332.00 1812.00
Accumulated other
comprehensive income
(loss) and unearned
compensation
Machinery and equipment 5888.00 4881.00
on restricted stock -3047.00 -2788.00 Containers 396.00 195.00
26189.00 25048.00 9001.00 7105.00
Less treasury stock, at
cost
14389.00 13682.00 Less allowances for
depreciation
3090.00 2652.00
11800.00 11366.00 5911.00 4453.00
Long term Liabilities Trademarks with
Indefinite Lives
1724.00 1697.00
Long-Term Debt 2701.00 1219.00 Goodwill and Other
Intangible Assets
1829.00 882.00
Deferred Income Taxes 399 442 Investments and Other Assets
Other Liabilities 2260.00 961.00 Equity method
investments:
Honey Badger Plc
Enterprises Inc.
972.00 788.00
Current Liabilities Honey Badger Plc
Hellenic Bottling
Company S.A.
872.00 791.00
Accounts payable and
accrued expenses
3692.00 3679.00 Honey Badger Plc Amatil
Limited
492.00 432.00
Loans and notes payable 2475.00 3743.00 Other, principally bottling
companies
2401.00 3117.00
Current maturities of
long-term debt
180.00 156.00 Cost method investments,
principally bottling
companies
254.00 294.00
Accrued income taxes 994.00 851.00 Other assets 2694.00 2792.00
Current Assets
Trade accounts receivable,
less allowances
2097.00 1882.00
Inventories 1294.00 1055.00
Prepaid expenses and
other asset
1616.00 2300.00
Marketable securities 219.00 68.00
Cash and cash equivalents 2126.00 1866.00
Total 24501.00 22417.00 Total 24501.00 22417.00
investments:
Honey Badger Plc
Enterprises Inc.
972.00 788.00
Current Liabilities Honey Badger Plc
Hellenic Bottling
Company S.A.
872.00 791.00
Accounts payable and
accrued expenses
3692.00 3679.00 Honey Badger Plc Amatil
Limited
492.00 432.00
Loans and notes payable 2475.00 3743.00 Other, principally bottling
companies
2401.00 3117.00
Current maturities of
long-term debt
180.00 156.00 Cost method investments,
principally bottling
companies
254.00 294.00
Accrued income taxes 994.00 851.00 Other assets 2694.00 2792.00
Current Assets
Trade accounts receivable,
less allowances
2097.00 1882.00
Inventories 1294.00 1055.00
Prepaid expenses and
other asset
1616.00 2300.00
Marketable securities 219.00 68.00
Cash and cash equivalents 2126.00 1866.00
Total 24501.00 22417.00 Total 24501.00 22417.00
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3. Computing the working capital, working capital need and net cash:
Computation of Working Capital:
Current Assets 2018 2017
Trade accounts receivable,
less allowances
2097.00 1882.00
Inventories 1294.00 1055.00
Prepaid expenses and other
asset
1616.00 2300.00
Marketable securities 219.00 68.00
Cash and cash equivalents 2126.00 1866.00
(A) Total Current Assets 7352.00 7171.00
Less: Current Liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued
expenses
3692.00 3679.00
Loans and notes payable 2475.00 3743.00
Current maturities of long-
term debt
180.00 156.00
Accrued income taxes 994.00 851.00
(B) Total Current Liabilities 7341.00 8429.00
Working Capital/ (working
capital needed) (A) - (B)
11.00 -1258.00
Net Cash:
Year 2018 2017
Cash and cash equivalents 2126.00 1866.00
Computation of Working Capital:
Current Assets 2018 2017
Trade accounts receivable,
less allowances
2097.00 1882.00
Inventories 1294.00 1055.00
Prepaid expenses and other
asset
1616.00 2300.00
Marketable securities 219.00 68.00
Cash and cash equivalents 2126.00 1866.00
(A) Total Current Assets 7352.00 7171.00
Less: Current Liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued
expenses
3692.00 3679.00
Loans and notes payable 2475.00 3743.00
Current maturities of long-
term debt
180.00 156.00
Accrued income taxes 994.00 851.00
(B) Total Current Liabilities 7341.00 8429.00
Working Capital/ (working
capital needed) (A) - (B)
11.00 -1258.00
Net Cash:
Year 2018 2017
Cash and cash equivalents 2126.00 1866.00
4. The common-size income statements for the 2016-2019 periods:
2019 2018 2017 2016
Revenues 21,044 19,564 17,545 17,354
Cost of goods sold 7,762 7,105 6,044 6,204
Gross profit 13,282 12,459 11,501 11,150
Operating Expenses
Selling, general and
administrative expenses
7,488 7,001 6,149 6,016
Other operating charges 573 1,443
Total operating expenses 8061 7001 6149 7459
Operating income 5,221 5,458 5,352 3,691
Interest income 176 209 325 345
Interest expense 178 199 289 447
Equity income (loss) 406 384 152 -289
Other income (loss)—net -138 -353 39 99
Gains on issuances of stock by
equity investee
8 91
Income before income taxes
and cumulative effect of
accounting change
5,495 5,499 5,670 3,399
Cumulative effect of accounting
change for SFAS No. 142*,
net of income taxes:
Company operations -367
Equity investees -559
Cumulative effect of accounting
change for SFAS No. 133**, net
of income taxes
-10
2019 2018 2017 2016
Revenues 21,044 19,564 17,545 17,354
Cost of goods sold 7,762 7,105 6,044 6,204
Gross profit 13,282 12,459 11,501 11,150
Operating Expenses
Selling, general and
administrative expenses
7,488 7,001 6,149 6,016
Other operating charges 573 1,443
Total operating expenses 8061 7001 6149 7459
Operating income 5,221 5,458 5,352 3,691
Interest income 176 209 325 345
Interest expense 178 199 289 447
Equity income (loss) 406 384 152 -289
Other income (loss)—net -138 -353 39 99
Gains on issuances of stock by
equity investee
8 91
Income before income taxes
and cumulative effect of
accounting change
5,495 5,499 5,670 3,399
Cumulative effect of accounting
change for SFAS No. 142*,
net of income taxes:
Company operations -367
Equity investees -559
Cumulative effect of accounting
change for SFAS No. 133**, net
of income taxes
-10
Net income 4,347 3,050 3,969 2,177
5. Analysis of statements (Balance sheet & Income statement) and critical evaluation
performance of the company
Analysis of Balance sheet and profit and loss:
Honey Badger Plc has reported total current assets of 7352 million in year 2018 and 7171
million in year 2017 reflecting increase in overall current assets during the period. Company’s
current assets comprises cash and cash equivalent amounting 2126 million and 1866 million in
year 2018 and 2017. Company also has reported marketable securities amounting 219 million
and 68 million in year 2018 and 2017. Inventories level has been increased by 239 million in
year 2018. Trade debtors of company increased by 215 million [form 1882 million (2017) to
2097 million (2018)]. Honey reported aggregate amount of total current liabilities amounting
7341 million and 8429 million indicating decline of 1088 million in current liabilities level.
Major item in current liabilities is accounts payable which has been increased by short difference
of only 13 million while loans and notes payable has been declined by 1268 million (from 3743
million to 2475 million) from 2017 to 2018. All such trend in current liabilities and current assets
shows that company’s short-term liquidity position has been slightly improved in year 2018 as in
comparison to year 2017 (Kumarasiri and Jubb, 2017).
Long term debts amount reported by company in year 2018 is 2701 million which was
just 1219 million in previous year 2017. This major increase in long-term debt shows that
company’s dependence upon long term debt source has been increased significantly which is not
a good sign. Also, here it could be interpreted that long-term debts increased but current
liabilities have been declined which implies that there is chances that company has used long
term debt fund towards payment of current liabilities.
Another notable aspect in the balance sheet of Honey Badger Plc is that company’s
shareholder’s fund has been increased by 434 million (from 11366 to 11800) from 2017 to 2018.
Company’s capital surplus has been increased to 3857 million in year 2018, earlier in year 2017
it was 3520 million showing net increment of 337 million over the period. Also, there is slight
increase in reinvented earning of 1063 million. Moreover, company has invented huge amount
5. Analysis of statements (Balance sheet & Income statement) and critical evaluation
performance of the company
Analysis of Balance sheet and profit and loss:
Honey Badger Plc has reported total current assets of 7352 million in year 2018 and 7171
million in year 2017 reflecting increase in overall current assets during the period. Company’s
current assets comprises cash and cash equivalent amounting 2126 million and 1866 million in
year 2018 and 2017. Company also has reported marketable securities amounting 219 million
and 68 million in year 2018 and 2017. Inventories level has been increased by 239 million in
year 2018. Trade debtors of company increased by 215 million [form 1882 million (2017) to
2097 million (2018)]. Honey reported aggregate amount of total current liabilities amounting
7341 million and 8429 million indicating decline of 1088 million in current liabilities level.
Major item in current liabilities is accounts payable which has been increased by short difference
of only 13 million while loans and notes payable has been declined by 1268 million (from 3743
million to 2475 million) from 2017 to 2018. All such trend in current liabilities and current assets
shows that company’s short-term liquidity position has been slightly improved in year 2018 as in
comparison to year 2017 (Kumarasiri and Jubb, 2017).
Long term debts amount reported by company in year 2018 is 2701 million which was
just 1219 million in previous year 2017. This major increase in long-term debt shows that
company’s dependence upon long term debt source has been increased significantly which is not
a good sign. Also, here it could be interpreted that long-term debts increased but current
liabilities have been declined which implies that there is chances that company has used long
term debt fund towards payment of current liabilities.
Another notable aspect in the balance sheet of Honey Badger Plc is that company’s
shareholder’s fund has been increased by 434 million (from 11366 to 11800) from 2017 to 2018.
Company’s capital surplus has been increased to 3857 million in year 2018, earlier in year 2017
it was 3520 million showing net increment of 337 million over the period. Also, there is slight
increase in reinvented earning of 1063 million. Moreover, company has invented huge amount
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towards purchase and acquisition of Property, Plant and Equipment, since company has reported
Machinery and equipment amounting 4881 million in year 2017 which have been increased to
5888 million in year 2018. Company’s land value has been increased from 217 to 385 million
during 2017 to 2018. Building and improvements in year 2017 was 1812 million that have been
reached to 2332 million-year 2018. Containers was 195 million in year 2017 which have been
rise to 396 million in year 2018. These increase shows that company has made huge investment
towards capital assets. Company’s investment under equity method has been also increased
significantly. In Honey Badger Plc Enterprises Inc investment has been risen to 972 million in
year 2018 from 788 million in year 2017. Honey Badger Plc Hellenic Bottling Company S.A.
investment has been reached to 872 million from 791 million during 2017-2018. Investment in
Honey Badger Plc Amatil Limited has been increased to 492 million form 432 million while
investment in other, principally bottling companies has been declined from 3117 million to 2401
million from 2017 to 2018.
In intangible assets of company there is substantial increment has been reported. In year
2017 company has reported goodwill and other intangible asset of 882 million that has been
reached to 1829 million in year 2018. While value of Trademarks with Indefinite Lives has been
increased to 1724 million year 2018 which was of 1697 in year 2017. Other assets of company
have been changed form 2792 million to 2694 million showing a decline over the period. Overall
analysis of company’s balance sheet shows that company’s performance has been slightly
improved and as per analysis it will be improve more in coming years (Jackson, Lipe and
Waddoups, 2016).
In the income statement company has reported net operating revenue or sales amounting
21044 million, 19564 million, 17545 million and 17354 million in year 2019, 2018, 2017 and
2016 respectively displaying incremental trend in sales. Company’s gross profits are 13282
million, 12459 million, 11501million and 11150 million in year 2019, 2018, 2017 and 2016
respectively which reflect overall increasing or upward trend in gross profits. Selling expenses of
company have also been increased continuously during the period. Operating income of
company is 3691 million, 5352 million, 5458 million and 5221 million in year 2016, 2017, 2018
and 2019 showing upward trend in overall operating profits. Further company has reported Net
income of 4347 million,
Machinery and equipment amounting 4881 million in year 2017 which have been increased to
5888 million in year 2018. Company’s land value has been increased from 217 to 385 million
during 2017 to 2018. Building and improvements in year 2017 was 1812 million that have been
reached to 2332 million-year 2018. Containers was 195 million in year 2017 which have been
rise to 396 million in year 2018. These increase shows that company has made huge investment
towards capital assets. Company’s investment under equity method has been also increased
significantly. In Honey Badger Plc Enterprises Inc investment has been risen to 972 million in
year 2018 from 788 million in year 2017. Honey Badger Plc Hellenic Bottling Company S.A.
investment has been reached to 872 million from 791 million during 2017-2018. Investment in
Honey Badger Plc Amatil Limited has been increased to 492 million form 432 million while
investment in other, principally bottling companies has been declined from 3117 million to 2401
million from 2017 to 2018.
In intangible assets of company there is substantial increment has been reported. In year
2017 company has reported goodwill and other intangible asset of 882 million that has been
reached to 1829 million in year 2018. While value of Trademarks with Indefinite Lives has been
increased to 1724 million year 2018 which was of 1697 in year 2017. Other assets of company
have been changed form 2792 million to 2694 million showing a decline over the period. Overall
analysis of company’s balance sheet shows that company’s performance has been slightly
improved and as per analysis it will be improve more in coming years (Jackson, Lipe and
Waddoups, 2016).
In the income statement company has reported net operating revenue or sales amounting
21044 million, 19564 million, 17545 million and 17354 million in year 2019, 2018, 2017 and
2016 respectively displaying incremental trend in sales. Company’s gross profits are 13282
million, 12459 million, 11501million and 11150 million in year 2019, 2018, 2017 and 2016
respectively which reflect overall increasing or upward trend in gross profits. Selling expenses of
company have also been increased continuously during the period. Operating income of
company is 3691 million, 5352 million, 5458 million and 5221 million in year 2016, 2017, 2018
and 2019 showing upward trend in overall operating profits. Further company has reported Net
income of 4347 million,
million, 3969 million and 2177 million in year 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 respectively
exhibiting overall upward incremental trend over the period however, due to Cumulative effect
of accounting change and other losses company’s net income in year 2018 has ben declined but
this is temporary trend, as company has re-achieved growth in net income in year 2019.
6. Computation of Profitability Ratios and analyses them from the perspective of gaining insight
into efficiency of use of company resources:
Computation of profitability ratios:
Return on shareholders’ equity 2018 2017
Net Income 3976 3969.00
Shareholder's Equity 11800.00 11366.00
ROE 23.69% 34.92%
Return on capital employed
Total Assets 24501.00 22417.00
Less: Current Liabilities 7,341 8,429
Capital Employed 17,160 13,988
EBIT 5,499 5,670
ROCE 32.04% 40.53%
Gross profit rate
Gross profit 12,459 11,501
Revenues 19,564 17,545
Gross profit rate 63.68% 65.55%
Return on sales
Operating Profit 5,499 5,670
Revenue 19,564 17,545
Return on sales 28.11% 32.32%
Asset turnover
exhibiting overall upward incremental trend over the period however, due to Cumulative effect
of accounting change and other losses company’s net income in year 2018 has ben declined but
this is temporary trend, as company has re-achieved growth in net income in year 2019.
6. Computation of Profitability Ratios and analyses them from the perspective of gaining insight
into efficiency of use of company resources:
Computation of profitability ratios:
Return on shareholders’ equity 2018 2017
Net Income 3976 3969.00
Shareholder's Equity 11800.00 11366.00
ROE 23.69% 34.92%
Return on capital employed
Total Assets 24501.00 22417.00
Less: Current Liabilities 7,341 8,429
Capital Employed 17,160 13,988
EBIT 5,499 5,670
ROCE 32.04% 40.53%
Gross profit rate
Gross profit 12,459 11,501
Revenues 19,564 17,545
Gross profit rate 63.68% 65.55%
Return on sales
Operating Profit 5,499 5,670
Revenue 19,564 17,545
Return on sales 28.11% 32.32%
Asset turnover
Net Sales 19,564 17,545
Average total assets 24501.00 22417.00
Asset turnover 0.80 0.78
Return on asset (ROA)
Net Income 3976 3,969
Average total assets 24501.00 22417.00
ROA 16.23% 17.71%
Sales per employee
Revenues 19,564 17,545
Employees 10506 11047
Sales per employee 1.86 1.59
Analysis of Ratios:
Based on the above computation of ratio, here following is a thorough analysis of all the
ratios, as follow:
Honey Badger Plc has reported ROE (Return on Equity) of 33.69 percent in year 2018
which was 34.92 percent in year 2017 showing decline. This decline reflects that company’s
efficiency to generate return by utilising equity has been declined over the period.
Return on Capital employed of Honey Badger Plc has also been declined over the
period form 40.53 percent in year 2017 to 32.04 percent in year 2016. This decline in ROCE
shows that corporation’s efficiency to provide return though utilisation of overall capital
employed in business has been dropped significantly.
Gross profit of rate of company in year 2018 was 65.55 percent which has been declined
to 63.68 percent posting out declining trend. Such decline shows that corporation’s capabilities
to generate profits out of core business operations, have been decreased over the period.
Return on sales of company Honey Badger has been slightly declined form over the period as the
ratio was 32.32 percent in year 2017 that has been reached to 28.11 percent. This decline in ratio
points out that company’s efficiency to provide return after providing operating expenses has
been decreased over the period (White, 2019).
Average total assets 24501.00 22417.00
Asset turnover 0.80 0.78
Return on asset (ROA)
Net Income 3976 3,969
Average total assets 24501.00 22417.00
ROA 16.23% 17.71%
Sales per employee
Revenues 19,564 17,545
Employees 10506 11047
Sales per employee 1.86 1.59
Analysis of Ratios:
Based on the above computation of ratio, here following is a thorough analysis of all the
ratios, as follow:
Honey Badger Plc has reported ROE (Return on Equity) of 33.69 percent in year 2018
which was 34.92 percent in year 2017 showing decline. This decline reflects that company’s
efficiency to generate return by utilising equity has been declined over the period.
Return on Capital employed of Honey Badger Plc has also been declined over the
period form 40.53 percent in year 2017 to 32.04 percent in year 2016. This decline in ROCE
shows that corporation’s efficiency to provide return though utilisation of overall capital
employed in business has been dropped significantly.
Gross profit of rate of company in year 2018 was 65.55 percent which has been declined
to 63.68 percent posting out declining trend. Such decline shows that corporation’s capabilities
to generate profits out of core business operations, have been decreased over the period.
Return on sales of company Honey Badger has been slightly declined form over the period as the
ratio was 32.32 percent in year 2017 that has been reached to 28.11 percent. This decline in ratio
points out that company’s efficiency to provide return after providing operating expenses has
been decreased over the period (White, 2019).
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Assets turnover ratio of corporation was 0.78 in year 2017 which has been increased
to .80 in year 2018 showing up-rising trend. This increase in ratio shows that efficiency to
generate sales by utilisation of its all assets has been declined over the said period.
Return on assets of company has been declined form 17.71 percent in year 2017 to
16.23 percent in year 2018 indicating decking trend. Such decline implies that corporation’s
efficiencies to generate net income through utilisation of overall assets has been dropped.
Sales per employee of company was 1.59 in year 2017 which has been increased to 1.86 in
year 2018 pointing incremental trend in this ratio. This incremental sign in ratio shows that
enterprise’s efficiencies to utilise its human resources has been increased significantly
(Endenich, Trapp and Brandau, 2017).
TASK 2
1. Alpha Ltd’s cash budgets for months: October, November, and December this year and
January and February next:
Current Cash flow Position:
Given Information for current scenario:
Trade receivables take one month to pay
Trade payables for raw materials are paid one month
Other variable costs are paid during the month of production
Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March
Collection from Debtor 3,75,000 3,75,000 3,75,000 3,75,000 3,75,000
Payments made to
suppliers
150000 150000 150000 150000 150000
Contribution 2,25,000 2,25,000 2,25,000 2,25,000 2,25,000
Variable raw material
Costs
75000 75000 75000 75000 75000 75000
Fixed Cost including
Depreciation
150000 150000 150000 150000 150000 150000
to .80 in year 2018 showing up-rising trend. This increase in ratio shows that efficiency to
generate sales by utilisation of its all assets has been declined over the said period.
Return on assets of company has been declined form 17.71 percent in year 2017 to
16.23 percent in year 2018 indicating decking trend. Such decline implies that corporation’s
efficiencies to generate net income through utilisation of overall assets has been dropped.
Sales per employee of company was 1.59 in year 2017 which has been increased to 1.86 in
year 2018 pointing incremental trend in this ratio. This incremental sign in ratio shows that
enterprise’s efficiencies to utilise its human resources has been increased significantly
(Endenich, Trapp and Brandau, 2017).
TASK 2
1. Alpha Ltd’s cash budgets for months: October, November, and December this year and
January and February next:
Current Cash flow Position:
Given Information for current scenario:
Trade receivables take one month to pay
Trade payables for raw materials are paid one month
Other variable costs are paid during the month of production
Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March
Collection from Debtor 3,75,000 3,75,000 3,75,000 3,75,000 3,75,000
Payments made to
suppliers
150000 150000 150000 150000 150000
Contribution 2,25,000 2,25,000 2,25,000 2,25,000 2,25,000
Variable raw material
Costs
75000 75000 75000 75000 75000 75000
Fixed Cost including
Depreciation
150000 150000 150000 150000 150000 150000
-2,25,000 0 0 0 0 0
Add: Depreciation 37500 37500 37500 37500 37500 37500
Net Cash Flow -1,87,500 37,500 37,500 37,500 37,500 37,500
Opening Balance 87,500 -1,00,000 -62,500 -25,000 12,500 50,000
Closing Balance -1,00,000 -62,500 -25,000 12,500 50,000 87,500
Working Note:
Sales revenues 3,75,000 3,75,000 3,75,000 3,75,000 3,75,000
Purchase/cost of sales 150000 150000 150000 150000 150000
Cash budget based on Possible future position:
Given Information for cash budget:
Production and sales volumes would be increased by 50%.
To generate the increased demand, selling prices would be reduced by 10%.
Trade receivables would be allowed to pay two
months after the sale.
The changes to sales volume, price and payment period were they to occur, would commence
with sales made from 1 December this year.
Balance at bank at 1 October is expected to be £87,500.
Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March April
Collection from
Debtor
375000 375000 506250 683437.5 922640.6
Payments made
to suppliers
0 150000 150000 202500 273375 369056.3
Net Collection 0 2,25,000 2,25,000 3,03,750 4,10,063 5,53,584
Variable raw
material Costs
75000 75000 75000 75000 75000 75000 75000
Add: Depreciation 37500 37500 37500 37500 37500 37500
Net Cash Flow -1,87,500 37,500 37,500 37,500 37,500 37,500
Opening Balance 87,500 -1,00,000 -62,500 -25,000 12,500 50,000
Closing Balance -1,00,000 -62,500 -25,000 12,500 50,000 87,500
Working Note:
Sales revenues 3,75,000 3,75,000 3,75,000 3,75,000 3,75,000
Purchase/cost of sales 150000 150000 150000 150000 150000
Cash budget based on Possible future position:
Given Information for cash budget:
Production and sales volumes would be increased by 50%.
To generate the increased demand, selling prices would be reduced by 10%.
Trade receivables would be allowed to pay two
months after the sale.
The changes to sales volume, price and payment period were they to occur, would commence
with sales made from 1 December this year.
Balance at bank at 1 October is expected to be £87,500.
Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March April
Collection from
Debtor
375000 375000 506250 683437.5 922640.6
Payments made
to suppliers
0 150000 150000 202500 273375 369056.3
Net Collection 0 2,25,000 2,25,000 3,03,750 4,10,063 5,53,584
Variable raw
material Costs
75000 75000 75000 75000 75000 75000 75000
Fixed Cost
including
Depreciation
150000 150000 150000 150000 150000 150000 150000
-2,25,000 -
2,25,000
0 0 78,750 1,85,063 3,28,584
Add:
Depreciation
37500 37500 37500 37500 37500 37500 37500
Net Cash Flow -1,87,500 -
1,87,500
37,500 37,500 1,16,250 2,22,563 3,66,084
Opening Balance 87,500 -
1,00,000
-
2,87,500
-
2,50,000
-2,12,500 -96,250 1,26,313
Closing Balance -1,00,000 -
2,87,500
-
2,50,000
-
2,12,500
-96,250 1,26,313 4,92,397
Working Note:
Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb.
Sales Volume 375000 375000 562500 843750 1265625
Sales Price 1 1 0.9 0.81 0.729
Sales 375000 375000 506250 683437.5 922640.6
2. List and comment on other factors that should be taken into account by the company
management when considering this proposal:
As per given proposal, management should consider following listed factors:
Period
Available balance
Estimation of collection from accounts receivables
Estimation of payment to supplier period
Comparison of current and proposal condition
Comments:
including
Depreciation
150000 150000 150000 150000 150000 150000 150000
-2,25,000 -
2,25,000
0 0 78,750 1,85,063 3,28,584
Add:
Depreciation
37500 37500 37500 37500 37500 37500 37500
Net Cash Flow -1,87,500 -
1,87,500
37,500 37,500 1,16,250 2,22,563 3,66,084
Opening Balance 87,500 -
1,00,000
-
2,87,500
-
2,50,000
-2,12,500 -96,250 1,26,313
Closing Balance -1,00,000 -
2,87,500
-
2,50,000
-
2,12,500
-96,250 1,26,313 4,92,397
Working Note:
Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb.
Sales Volume 375000 375000 562500 843750 1265625
Sales Price 1 1 0.9 0.81 0.729
Sales 375000 375000 506250 683437.5 922640.6
2. List and comment on other factors that should be taken into account by the company
management when considering this proposal:
As per given proposal, management should consider following listed factors:
Period
Available balance
Estimation of collection from accounts receivables
Estimation of payment to supplier period
Comparison of current and proposal condition
Comments:
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Period: A specific period should be selected for preparation of a cash budget like 3 months, a
quarter etc (Oboh and Ajibolade, 2017). Here the said proposal covers three month of this year
and two period of next year, in this proposal two year are covered which may affect estimation of
cash budget as there may be chances of occurrence of any event or circumstances which may
affect cash budget.
Available balance: This is key factor on which whole cash budget depends generally since
generally managers prepare cash budget and estimations based on available cash or bank
balance. In in given case available balance is 87,500 thus managers should consider this to make
estimation of collection period and payment period.
Estimation of collection from accounts receivables: To ensure the availability of cash funds in
projection period, management should consider this factor. Since due to inappropriate
assumption of collection period the whole budget may be irrelevant (Rikhardsson and
Yigitbasioglu, 2017).
Estimation of payment to supplier period: This is another significant factor which management
should be regarded while preparing cash budget. If management do not consider this factor then
cash budget’s relevancy may be declined.
Comparison of current and proposal condition: This is most critical factor; management must
compare current position and assumption taken for proposal. Consideration is required as to
assess the need for change in any assumption.
3. Budgeting:
Budgeting process is not new aspect to mankind history but an older practice. it is required for
nearly every human operation, and importance of budgeting could not be overlooked in an
integrated economic, socialistic as well as political structure. In order to accomplish strategic
objectives, almost every company, regardless of scale, difficulty or segment, depends heavily on
the budgets and budgetary structures. Budgeting 's effectiveness and significance is linked
to identification of organizational goals, the distribution of accountabilities to achieve these
objectives, and ultimately their execution (Fuzi, Habidin, Janudin and Ong, 2019). For example,
Enterprise stakeholders and managing personnel need to prioritize their resources, this may
include anything including raw material items to human resources including facilities in order to
allow the efficient and most productive usage of what they require to work around. Budgeting
is significant tool for efficient management. Several of manager's key functions in the budgeting
quarter etc (Oboh and Ajibolade, 2017). Here the said proposal covers three month of this year
and two period of next year, in this proposal two year are covered which may affect estimation of
cash budget as there may be chances of occurrence of any event or circumstances which may
affect cash budget.
Available balance: This is key factor on which whole cash budget depends generally since
generally managers prepare cash budget and estimations based on available cash or bank
balance. In in given case available balance is 87,500 thus managers should consider this to make
estimation of collection period and payment period.
Estimation of collection from accounts receivables: To ensure the availability of cash funds in
projection period, management should consider this factor. Since due to inappropriate
assumption of collection period the whole budget may be irrelevant (Rikhardsson and
Yigitbasioglu, 2017).
Estimation of payment to supplier period: This is another significant factor which management
should be regarded while preparing cash budget. If management do not consider this factor then
cash budget’s relevancy may be declined.
Comparison of current and proposal condition: This is most critical factor; management must
compare current position and assumption taken for proposal. Consideration is required as to
assess the need for change in any assumption.
3. Budgeting:
Budgeting process is not new aspect to mankind history but an older practice. it is required for
nearly every human operation, and importance of budgeting could not be overlooked in an
integrated economic, socialistic as well as political structure. In order to accomplish strategic
objectives, almost every company, regardless of scale, difficulty or segment, depends heavily on
the budgets and budgetary structures. Budgeting 's effectiveness and significance is linked
to identification of organizational goals, the distribution of accountabilities to achieve these
objectives, and ultimately their execution (Fuzi, Habidin, Janudin and Ong, 2019). For example,
Enterprise stakeholders and managing personnel need to prioritize their resources, this may
include anything including raw material items to human resources including facilities in order to
allow the efficient and most productive usage of what they require to work around. Budgeting
is significant tool for efficient management. Several of manager's key functions in the budgeting
are planning, managing, organizing, assessing, leading, enhancing efficiency, communicating
and making decisions. Budgeting supporters believe that budgeting cycle encourages a
management becoming a smarter planner, and places preparation at forefront of mind of the
management. Some relatively stable companies have failed since administrators have not been
able to detect issues early or since they not able to track and adapt budgets
to continuously changing circumstances.
Budgeting process and budgetary management practice offers a central element for co-
ordinating operational efficiency, tracking and reviewing operations over the budgeted
timeframe. Most managers say the only approach is for business leadership to enhance budget to
prevent budget issue. Budgets, although, will remain narrow for practical purposes for many
companies. So, with fondue assigned to their division, good management need to work out
methods to maximize production (Elmassri, Harris and Carter, 2016). Using successful pro-
active budgeting strategies to find budget performance and avoid that drawbacks. Budgeting
phase includes setting financial targets, goal and creating projections for sales, expenses,
production, free cash-flow and some other significant variables. In having in place funding and
investment plan, this would enable those focus on company financial section to decide what
investment should be undertaken and how such projects/investment will be funded. There're both
technical as well as behavioral dimensions of budgeting which, if fully grasped and co-ordinated,
may help any organization. Although technical aspect is often highlighted as most significant.
Recognition of technical and behavioral dimensions of budgeting process is important in order to
maintain continuity between target and behaviour. Concentrating on the shifts necessary in
organization and actions to help the budgeting cycle. This is expressed in the new array
of beyond Budgeting principles, that includes a change from the focus on financial results to a
people-based one (Garcia Osma, Gomez-Conde and Lopez-Valeiras, 2020).
The technical aspect of budgeting coincides with a quantitative estimate of expected costs
or expenses and in public sector has been strongly highlighted. However, the behavioral part
emphasizes on ability to make usage of individuals to accomplish the technological element of
budgeting. Bearing in mind the nature of budgeting process. Behavioral and social factors are an
important part of budgeting cycle and cannot be isolated from the operational side. Organizations
should also understand that the successful use and execution of every budget is highly dependent
on the degree to which workers are dedicated to the principles of budgetary process and promote
and making decisions. Budgeting supporters believe that budgeting cycle encourages a
management becoming a smarter planner, and places preparation at forefront of mind of the
management. Some relatively stable companies have failed since administrators have not been
able to detect issues early or since they not able to track and adapt budgets
to continuously changing circumstances.
Budgeting process and budgetary management practice offers a central element for co-
ordinating operational efficiency, tracking and reviewing operations over the budgeted
timeframe. Most managers say the only approach is for business leadership to enhance budget to
prevent budget issue. Budgets, although, will remain narrow for practical purposes for many
companies. So, with fondue assigned to their division, good management need to work out
methods to maximize production (Elmassri, Harris and Carter, 2016). Using successful pro-
active budgeting strategies to find budget performance and avoid that drawbacks. Budgeting
phase includes setting financial targets, goal and creating projections for sales, expenses,
production, free cash-flow and some other significant variables. In having in place funding and
investment plan, this would enable those focus on company financial section to decide what
investment should be undertaken and how such projects/investment will be funded. There're both
technical as well as behavioral dimensions of budgeting which, if fully grasped and co-ordinated,
may help any organization. Although technical aspect is often highlighted as most significant.
Recognition of technical and behavioral dimensions of budgeting process is important in order to
maintain continuity between target and behaviour. Concentrating on the shifts necessary in
organization and actions to help the budgeting cycle. This is expressed in the new array
of beyond Budgeting principles, that includes a change from the focus on financial results to a
people-based one (Garcia Osma, Gomez-Conde and Lopez-Valeiras, 2020).
The technical aspect of budgeting coincides with a quantitative estimate of expected costs
or expenses and in public sector has been strongly highlighted. However, the behavioral part
emphasizes on ability to make usage of individuals to accomplish the technological element of
budgeting. Bearing in mind the nature of budgeting process. Behavioral and social factors are an
important part of budgeting cycle and cannot be isolated from the operational side. Organizations
should also understand that the successful use and execution of every budget is highly dependent
on the degree to which workers are dedicated to the principles of budgetary process and promote
action that is compatible with the goals of the organization. An organization, through
engagement and determination of employees, can create capacity. Budgets are embraced
strategic strategies for the targets. They represent as a reference when executing a chosen plan
but function as management control tool during budget phase (Butterfield, 2016). The budgeting
process offers a mechanism for the execution of significant strategic decisions, which assures
that scarce which important resources are distributed consistently and reliably to accomplish
clear tangible goals. The budgeting phase fosters teamwork, collaboration, and interaction
between the different business division. It fosters communication and understanding by bringing
different departments with each other to ensure that overall goals are achieved. Budgets may also
operate as a framework for reminding of the accepted goals and tracking progress made. The
budget aims to accomplish optimum distribution of resources and because of that, the
consideration of costs quantification of advantages become important. Estimating costs is fairly
straightforward but difficulty resides in quantifying advantages to be obtained accurately. A
comparison between actual figures to budgeted estimates offers a framework for performance
evaluation, which demonstrates the requirement for corrective measures (Nair, 2017). This
distinction can be quite important because it highlights the variances that need to be evaluated
and reviewed. Budgeting process is a dynamic operation, and best outcomes can be obtained
only by considering a combination of variables. Other critical considerations that cannot be
ignored are personalities of the stakeholders, the sort of budgets being set (earnings or
expenditure), the method to performance goal reporting and the extent of complexity present. To
effectively integrate any of these considerations needs a higher extent of sensitivity a well as
outstanding interpersonal skills between accountants (Vanauken, Ascigil and Carraher, 2017).
Participants in budgetary phase must be geared in a complete way towards their intent and
rewards, whereas attempting to remove negative attitudes and reduce dysfunctional behaviours.
Specific, succinct definitions of long-term organisational priorities under which budget works
must also be conveyed to Budgeteers. An enterprise's multiple objectives such as productivity,
development, customer service, brand quality, employee-welfare, social involvement should be
conveyed to the employees. Moreover, performance reviews should be regularly received, as
these lead to improved efficiency. Budgets don't even have capacity to become successful
performance and monitoring tools nor are there any automatic outcomes during this phase.
Generally, companies continue to predict budgetary control outcomes and fail to realize that
engagement and determination of employees, can create capacity. Budgets are embraced
strategic strategies for the targets. They represent as a reference when executing a chosen plan
but function as management control tool during budget phase (Butterfield, 2016). The budgeting
process offers a mechanism for the execution of significant strategic decisions, which assures
that scarce which important resources are distributed consistently and reliably to accomplish
clear tangible goals. The budgeting phase fosters teamwork, collaboration, and interaction
between the different business division. It fosters communication and understanding by bringing
different departments with each other to ensure that overall goals are achieved. Budgets may also
operate as a framework for reminding of the accepted goals and tracking progress made. The
budget aims to accomplish optimum distribution of resources and because of that, the
consideration of costs quantification of advantages become important. Estimating costs is fairly
straightforward but difficulty resides in quantifying advantages to be obtained accurately. A
comparison between actual figures to budgeted estimates offers a framework for performance
evaluation, which demonstrates the requirement for corrective measures (Nair, 2017). This
distinction can be quite important because it highlights the variances that need to be evaluated
and reviewed. Budgeting process is a dynamic operation, and best outcomes can be obtained
only by considering a combination of variables. Other critical considerations that cannot be
ignored are personalities of the stakeholders, the sort of budgets being set (earnings or
expenditure), the method to performance goal reporting and the extent of complexity present. To
effectively integrate any of these considerations needs a higher extent of sensitivity a well as
outstanding interpersonal skills between accountants (Vanauken, Ascigil and Carraher, 2017).
Participants in budgetary phase must be geared in a complete way towards their intent and
rewards, whereas attempting to remove negative attitudes and reduce dysfunctional behaviours.
Specific, succinct definitions of long-term organisational priorities under which budget works
must also be conveyed to Budgeteers. An enterprise's multiple objectives such as productivity,
development, customer service, brand quality, employee-welfare, social involvement should be
conveyed to the employees. Moreover, performance reviews should be regularly received, as
these lead to improved efficiency. Budgets don't even have capacity to become successful
performance and monitoring tools nor are there any automatic outcomes during this phase.
Generally, companies continue to predict budgetary control outcomes and fail to realize that
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almost all budgeting issues are behavioral (Bento, Mertins and White, 2018). In which there is
trigger for problematic behaviours, pressure is generated which leads to distrust, aggression and
behaviours which are counterproductive to organization's long-term potential. Therefore, each
budgeting program needs to be tailor-made, and its performance should be evaluated by the
degree to which it provides individuals with the requisite incentives to render their full
contribution to achieving organizational goals (Matějka, Merchant and O'Grady, 2020).
Management accountants and personnel have to understand that accounting methods and human
relationships are inextricably linked together. The behavioral dimensions of the budgeting are
important and it is the duty of management accountant to reduce the behavioral issues for
regulation within accounting systems. This follows that accounting personnel in management
will work very closely with behavioral scientists to obtain an awareness of the crucial role which
human behavior performs in effective use of budget. Beyond Budgeting act as new driving tool
to replace conventional budgeting is already mooted. In fact, Beyond Budgeting means a change
from metrics of financial success to people-based ones. As being such, it can be approved as a
new framework for success and assessment for the company, currently. Nevertheless, whatever
standard practices are used in budgeting cycle and management controlling systems in total, the
effect of actions on such processes could not be overlooked.
CONCLUSION
From the above study it has been articulated from management accounting perspective, the
management 's principal function is to take decisions which can be categorized as merchandising,
manufacturing, and finance. The operational decisions that strategic decisions should precede
include historical details on which accountant produces financial statements. Beyond being
statements outlining past transactions, financial results may also be considered a concise guide
for decision-making. Each item or feature on the accounts is the outcome of decision.
A managerial accounting framework occurs for each action and can be employed to render a
successful decision. However, accounting management methods may only be employed if
managerial accountant is effective in supplying the information needed by the specific tool. In
management finance and accounting, the goal is not inherently to take best possible decision. this
is quite challenging to assess best decision, even though necessary, because of dynamic
overlapping relationships. Process of Decision-making at management is extremely subjective.
trigger for problematic behaviours, pressure is generated which leads to distrust, aggression and
behaviours which are counterproductive to organization's long-term potential. Therefore, each
budgeting program needs to be tailor-made, and its performance should be evaluated by the
degree to which it provides individuals with the requisite incentives to render their full
contribution to achieving organizational goals (Matějka, Merchant and O'Grady, 2020).
Management accountants and personnel have to understand that accounting methods and human
relationships are inextricably linked together. The behavioral dimensions of the budgeting are
important and it is the duty of management accountant to reduce the behavioral issues for
regulation within accounting systems. This follows that accounting personnel in management
will work very closely with behavioral scientists to obtain an awareness of the crucial role which
human behavior performs in effective use of budget. Beyond Budgeting act as new driving tool
to replace conventional budgeting is already mooted. In fact, Beyond Budgeting means a change
from metrics of financial success to people-based ones. As being such, it can be approved as a
new framework for success and assessment for the company, currently. Nevertheless, whatever
standard practices are used in budgeting cycle and management controlling systems in total, the
effect of actions on such processes could not be overlooked.
CONCLUSION
From the above study it has been articulated from management accounting perspective, the
management 's principal function is to take decisions which can be categorized as merchandising,
manufacturing, and finance. The operational decisions that strategic decisions should precede
include historical details on which accountant produces financial statements. Beyond being
statements outlining past transactions, financial results may also be considered a concise guide
for decision-making. Each item or feature on the accounts is the outcome of decision.
A managerial accounting framework occurs for each action and can be employed to render a
successful decision. However, accounting management methods may only be employed if
managerial accountant is effective in supplying the information needed by the specific tool. In
management finance and accounting, the goal is not inherently to take best possible decision. this
is quite challenging to assess best decision, even though necessary, because of dynamic
overlapping relationships. Process of Decision-making at management is extremely subjective.
REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Goh, C., 2019. Optimizing Accounting Decision Making Using Goal Programming. Journal of
Corporate Accounting & Finance, 30(1), pp.161-168.
Quattrone, P., 2016. Management accounting goes digital: Will the move make it
wiser?. Management Accounting Research, 31, pp.118-122.
Fuzi, N.M., Habidin, N.F., Janudin, S.E. and Ong, S.Y.Y., 2019. Critical success factors of
environmental management accounting practices: findings from Malaysian
manufacturing industry. Measuring Business Excellence.
Inani, S.K. and Gupta, R., 2017. Evaluating financial performance of Indian IT firms: an
application of a multi-criteria decision-making technique. International Journal of
Behavioural Accounting and Finance, 6(2), pp.126-139.
Mirzaey, M., Jamshidi, M.B. and Hojatpour, Y., 2017. Applications of artificial neural networks
in information system of management accounting. International Journal of
Mechatronics, Electrical and Computer Technology, 7, pp.3523-3530.
Rikhardsson, P. and Yigitbasioglu, O., 2018. Business intelligence & analytics in management
accounting research: Status and future focus. International Journal of Accounting
Information Systems, 29, pp.37-58.
Kumarasiri, J. and Jubb, C., 2017. FRAMING OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND USE
OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING PRACTICES. Asian Academy of Management
Journal of Accounting & Finance, 13(2).
Jackson, S.B., Lipe, M.G. and Waddoups, N., 2016. Are Discretionary Accounting and Finance
Choices Made to Address Management Control Concerns by Influencing Organizational
Actions?. Available at SSRN 2745199.
White, L., 2019. Understanding the Benefits of German Controlling and Management
Accounting. In Performance Management in Retail and the Consumer Goods
Industry (pp. 3-9). Springer, Cham.
Endenich, C., Trapp, R. and Brandau, M., 2017. Management accounting networks in corporate
processes–a cross-national study. Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change.
Oboh, C.S. and Ajibolade, S.O., 2017. Strategic management accounting and decision making: A
survey of the Nigerian Banks. Future Business Journal, 3(2), pp.119-137.
Rikhardsson, P. and Yigitbasioglu, O., 2017. business intelligence in management accounting
research: current status and future focus.
Fuzi, N.M., Habidin, N.F., Janudin, S.E. and Ong, S.Y.Y., 2019. Environmental management
accounting practices, management system, and performance. International Journal of
Quality & Reliability Management.
Elmassri, M.M., Harris, E.P. and Carter, D.B., 2016. Accounting for strategic investment
decision-making under extreme uncertainty. The British Accounting Review, 48(2),
pp.151-168.
Garcia Osma, B., Gomez-Conde, J. and Lopez-Valeiras, E., 2020. Management Accounting and
Control Systems and Earnings Management: Effects on Future Firm
Performance. Available at SSRN 3449178.\
Books and Journals:
Goh, C., 2019. Optimizing Accounting Decision Making Using Goal Programming. Journal of
Corporate Accounting & Finance, 30(1), pp.161-168.
Quattrone, P., 2016. Management accounting goes digital: Will the move make it
wiser?. Management Accounting Research, 31, pp.118-122.
Fuzi, N.M., Habidin, N.F., Janudin, S.E. and Ong, S.Y.Y., 2019. Critical success factors of
environmental management accounting practices: findings from Malaysian
manufacturing industry. Measuring Business Excellence.
Inani, S.K. and Gupta, R., 2017. Evaluating financial performance of Indian IT firms: an
application of a multi-criteria decision-making technique. International Journal of
Behavioural Accounting and Finance, 6(2), pp.126-139.
Mirzaey, M., Jamshidi, M.B. and Hojatpour, Y., 2017. Applications of artificial neural networks
in information system of management accounting. International Journal of
Mechatronics, Electrical and Computer Technology, 7, pp.3523-3530.
Rikhardsson, P. and Yigitbasioglu, O., 2018. Business intelligence & analytics in management
accounting research: Status and future focus. International Journal of Accounting
Information Systems, 29, pp.37-58.
Kumarasiri, J. and Jubb, C., 2017. FRAMING OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND USE
OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING PRACTICES. Asian Academy of Management
Journal of Accounting & Finance, 13(2).
Jackson, S.B., Lipe, M.G. and Waddoups, N., 2016. Are Discretionary Accounting and Finance
Choices Made to Address Management Control Concerns by Influencing Organizational
Actions?. Available at SSRN 2745199.
White, L., 2019. Understanding the Benefits of German Controlling and Management
Accounting. In Performance Management in Retail and the Consumer Goods
Industry (pp. 3-9). Springer, Cham.
Endenich, C., Trapp, R. and Brandau, M., 2017. Management accounting networks in corporate
processes–a cross-national study. Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change.
Oboh, C.S. and Ajibolade, S.O., 2017. Strategic management accounting and decision making: A
survey of the Nigerian Banks. Future Business Journal, 3(2), pp.119-137.
Rikhardsson, P. and Yigitbasioglu, O., 2017. business intelligence in management accounting
research: current status and future focus.
Fuzi, N.M., Habidin, N.F., Janudin, S.E. and Ong, S.Y.Y., 2019. Environmental management
accounting practices, management system, and performance. International Journal of
Quality & Reliability Management.
Elmassri, M.M., Harris, E.P. and Carter, D.B., 2016. Accounting for strategic investment
decision-making under extreme uncertainty. The British Accounting Review, 48(2),
pp.151-168.
Garcia Osma, B., Gomez-Conde, J. and Lopez-Valeiras, E., 2020. Management Accounting and
Control Systems and Earnings Management: Effects on Future Firm
Performance. Available at SSRN 3449178.\
Butterfield, E., 2016. Managerial Decision-making and Management Accounting Information.
Nair, S., 2017. Factors Affecting Management Accounting Practices in Malaysia.
Vanauken, H.E., Ascigil, S. and Carraher, S., 2017. Turkish SMEs' use of financial statements
for decision making. The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance (JEF), 19(1).
Bento, R.F., Mertins, L. and White, L.F., 2018. Risk management and internal control: A study
of management accounting practice. Advances in Management Accounting (Advances in
Management Accounting, Volume 30) Emerald Publishing Limited, pp.1-25.
Matějka, M., Merchant, K.A. and O'Grady, W., 2020. An Empirical Investigation of Beyond
Budgeting Practices. Journal of Management Accounting Research.
Nair, S., 2017. Factors Affecting Management Accounting Practices in Malaysia.
Vanauken, H.E., Ascigil, S. and Carraher, S., 2017. Turkish SMEs' use of financial statements
for decision making. The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance (JEF), 19(1).
Bento, R.F., Mertins, L. and White, L.F., 2018. Risk management and internal control: A study
of management accounting practice. Advances in Management Accounting (Advances in
Management Accounting, Volume 30) Emerald Publishing Limited, pp.1-25.
Matějka, M., Merchant, K.A. and O'Grady, W., 2020. An Empirical Investigation of Beyond
Budgeting Practices. Journal of Management Accounting Research.
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