Phenomenological qualitative research PDF

Running head: PHENOMENOLOGICAL QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
PHENOMENOLOGICAL QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Chapter 3
3.1 Introduction
The study is focused towards the essential analysis and evaluation of qualitative data
analysis. The focus will be towards understanding the essence of qualitative analysis for
evaluating research subjects. The technique used in the research is empirical phenomenological
analysis. The study has been made to understand how qualitative analysis can help towards
effectively understanding a given subject matter. Empirical phenomenological analysis is the
basic focus of the study. Phenomenological analysis is essentially an approach towards
qualitative research that is psychological with a focus that is majorly ideographic. Thus, the
research essentially analyzes the perception of a phenomenon by a person developed in a certain
phenomenon. The study has effectively analyzed how people can make sense of a given situation
through this type of qualitative research. Various empirical studies have been consulted to
understand the significance of phenomenological research. The personal aspects of
understanding a research has been essentially focused through the study. The study has made
extensive use of theories and relevant literatures to effectively analyze the topic. Qualitative
analysis of the subject has been given preference as the research is completely focused towards
the essential presentation of implications that are derived from previous studies and related
literature (Smith 2015). The broader concepts that are related to the concept of empirical
phenomenological analysis have been evaluated through the study. The previous literatures have
pointed towards the various aspects of phenomenological analysis that serve to elaborate on the
psychological foundations of this type of research approaches. The psychological aspects of
phenomenology have been given preference in the study.

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3.2 Research Methodology
Qualitative analysis is given preference over quantitative analysis in the study. This is
mostly because qualitative analysis can help towards gathering effective information in regards
to the relevant perspectives that exist. An observational process has been utilized for the clear
understanding of the subject matter. Various problems can be observed through the process of
qualitative research and the researchers can compose ideas to solve the problem. Qualitative
methods were employed across educational institutions to develop an effective method for
making and presenting projects by extensively using the methods of IBS.
In a qualitative research deeper investigation of research topics are possible. It provides
an essential framework for more exploratory work to take place. Exploratory research help the in
depth analysis of a topic and the research is not limited by the constraints of the general
understanding of a topic (Van Manen 2016). This makes it easier to gather better information
from a wide range of sources. The gesture and the posture of the topic can be essentially
understood through the work.
The study is utilizing qualitative research as the work is dependent on results that are
genuine and not dependent onany pre conceived information gathered from previous literary
sources (Miles, Huberman and Saldana 2013). The voices that cannot be otherwise represented
are being represented through the research. Thus, predetermined information has not been given
much preference in the work.
Qualitative research has been deemed to be the most effective approach for carrying out
the study. This is more so because these type of research procedure has effectively helped
towards gathering information from sources that are the most important considering the study

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(Yin 2011). Moreover, through this research technique effective voice has been provided to the
people that form the core information sources for the research. The research questions have been
developed in order to help in the extensive understanding of the subject matter. The research can
hence be able to elaborate on the stories that were known from the previous research. The
aspects of power that often tends to affect the relationships between the interviewee and the
researchers have been minimized through the implementation of the research. Thus, the
participants were able to provide their free opinions in regards to the subject. The complex
structure of the study was required in order to help the extensive research concerning the topic. A
population group needs to be essentially studied through the research study (Miles, Huberman
and Saldana 2013). This requires the study to rely on information that is more than
predetermined through previous literature.
The study has utilized qualitative research approach optimally in order to ensure that each
of the significant aspects in focus for the research have been essentially covered (De Felice and
Janesick 2015). As a significant aspect of the research approach for the study, the participants
will be given the opportunity to review the research questions that have been formed. Qualitative
research will help towards the better understandings of the situations. The interpretation of the
research will be done in a better way as interpretation often depends on the information that was
essentially gathered. The settings in which the problems are addressed by the participants are
essentially analyzed through qualitative research (Marshall and Rossman 2014).
Mixed methods of research were used majorly to conjoin effective qualitative research
with quantitative research. The two approaches thus, complement each other in order to help
bring forward implications that are effective and conclusive. The qualitative research has been
used in order to understand the viewpoints of the participants and the corresponding reasons

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behind them having those viewpoints in regards to the topic in focus.The theories can only
partially describe a situation. The ground level significance of research topics depend on the
ways in which the responses from the participants are affected by their real experiences. The real
experiences can further help towards the effective evaluation of situations and the contexts in
which theories can be applied can be more clearly identified.
The research utilizes a process of inquiry in order to analyze the factors that can lead to
the success of the rebuilding process of a dilapidated school building. The school is to be rebuilt
through the IBS methodby the project manager. The perspectives of the project manager will be
essentially evaluated. The study will predominantly use the phenomenological interpretation
analysis as a crucial research design. Empirical phenomenological research will be utilized
towards gathering essential data in regards to the research. More emphasis is given towards using
face to face interview methods that are semi structured (Lewis 2015). This has been used as a
guidance for the better research of the topic. Audio tape interviews are taken and are reproduced
as written transcripts and analyzed subsequently.
3.5 Research Design tests for empirical phenomenological analysis
The usage of multiple methods of research in order to enhance the effective
understanding of the gathered data is used as method triangulation. This method has been
significantly in the research as it increases the effectiveness and reliability of a given data. The
purpose for using this technique was to make the research completely based on real situations
and their understanding (Miles, Huberman and Saldana 2013). The validity of the gathered data
has been effectively enhanced through these techniques (Marshall and Rossman 2014).

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The data will be essentially sourced from face to face interviews that are open ended. The
observations will be compared to each other. The method triangulation process will be used
towards effectively enhancing this process. The process will help towards effective data
gathering concerning the project. The complexity of the project can be effectively evaluated
through this system (VanScoy and Evenstad 2015). Interviews will help towards gathering data
that will be much qualitative in nature. The pre-existing concepts concerning the research will be
further enhanced through the usage of method triangulation.
Data triangulation process is an effective process towards validating information and
information sources. The process requires the evaluation of data collected from a number of
sources and their effective evaluation through the present study. Thus, a lot of cross checking of
data takes place that naturally limit the error factors that might affect the study. The process can
be used to complement both the qualitative and quantitative studies. Hence, it is quite flexible
when used with any research study.
The process involves various researchers in the processes for validation of information. A
single topic can have many researches that are conducted on it. Hence this type of research
process essentially help towards gathering validation of the information through the consultation
of widely available researches on the same research topic. This allows for the effective validation
of information as a large number of consulted sources help towards more efficient evaluation of
the implications that are gathered from the study.
Data triangulation
The method involves the essential collection of data from various sources concerning a
single topic of research. The data is gathered from various sources and subsequently analyzed

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and evaluated to reach significant conclusions. The most relevant solutions are considered to
reach the conclusive results of the study.
Methodological triangulation
In this kind of research various qualitative and quantitative methods are used to for
essential analysis of the research topic. Various tools like surveys, interviews, research of
previous documents and other essential works are used in order to gain data. The various sources
of data help towards effective analysis of the topic.
Theory triangulation
This method utilizes the various perspectives of study in order to gather essential
information. Different sources of theoretical works are consulted in order to gain efficient
knowledge of the subject matter. The various theoretical perspectives are taken into
consideration to form conclusive results. The researchers can also utilize professional sources
that are outside the field of study. The various perspectives are much essentially considered for
the studies.
In this study methodological triangulation has been used more than any other research
methods. This is because usage of this methodology helps the efficient and effective evaluation
of the aspects that are intrinsically connected to the study. This type of study approached has
been deemed to be the most effective for the study as it helps the thorough analysis of the
subject. The various studies consulted can help towards the effective analysis of the subject.
The study will utilize the methodological triangulation process optimally. Information
will be gathered through tools such as interviews, analysis of documentation and site visits. The
interview process will be optimized through focus on gathering essential information. This

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information will be focused towards gathering relevant knowledge. The extraction of information
will also be effectively done from the various other sources such as documents. Moreover, cross
analysis of the documents and interviews can help toward efficiently discussing and presenting
the data. Validation of the content will be done through referring to more relevant documents.
Moreover, the study will focus on extracting data that is most crucial towards the proper
evaluation of the subject. Comparative study of the research topic will be made in order to
enhance the reliability of the collected data. This is the main reason behind selecting the
methodological triangulation of data. Data analyses have been done in a way to help the detailed
analysis of the topic. Significant consideration has been made for employing tools and
techniques that can provide the core ideas connected with the subject. The problem analysis has
been done in a way to increase the prospects of future researches that will be done in regards to
the focus subject of the research.
3.6 Empirical Phenomenological Analysis design
Empirical phenomenological Analysis takes into consideration the various psychological
perspectives that come into play while generating a perception in regards to a given subject
matter. This kind of research is mostly used for mixed method analysis of the given research
topic. The basic elements in this kind of research is the essential consultation of a wide ranges of
sources in order to generate a clear conception of a subject. Phenomenology is concerned with
the effective consultation of data. This is because it is believed through this type of research that
all the essential researches in regards to a topic have certain similar grounds through which the
topic itself can be greatly evaluated. Moreover, this type of research focuses on the fact that
perception in regards to a certain topic is as important as the scientific assumptions that surround
it. This type of research approach also crucially considers the value of theories towards the

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determination of value concerning a research. The contributions off all the previous researchers
towards a research is given due credit while evaluating a subject. This also essentially helps
towards the cross examination of the research topic. The psychological aspects that work towards
people developing particular perceptions about certain occurrences or facts are strongly
considered. The researches are essentially aimed towards understanding the various perspectives
regarding a research that are available and the basic elements of their conception among the
previous researchers. This kind of design has hence been employed to enhance the discussion of
the research topic and its effective presentation. This has great been greatly effective towards
gathering the most important conclusions from the research.
3.7 Empirical Phenomenology protocol
The empirical phenomenological processes have been used due to the systematic analysis
of the subject that can be made possible through the utilization of this process (Mayoh and
Onwuegbuzie 2015). This has also helped towards the essential assembling process and the
establishment of guidelines in regards to the descriptions and their textual structuring. The study
makes sure that the problems are examined in the best possible ways through the implementation
of phenomenological process. Essentially the study utilizes the experiences of the various
individuals and commoners towards establishing a system for enhancing the discussing and
implicational procedures. Deeper understanding of the large research topic was bound to be only
made possible through the implementation of the empirical phenomenology (Yin 2011). The
philosophical concepts concerning phenomenology are having been considered. This means that
the perception of the experiences of individuals has been evaluated on the context of the
objective scenarios that are present. Objective reality and its relationship with experiences of the
individual have been focused in the study. Questions have been asked to the participants on the

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basis of two broad aspects. They are what is the phenomenon that they have faced? And which
are the situational contexts that have influenced the experienced phenomenon? There were other
questions that were asked however the two questions served as the principal basis of the
questions.
3.8 Documentation Inspection and secondary data collection
The usages of documents are essentially to corroborate or extend upon previous
researches. Phenomenological research method makes this even more critical as it effectively
considers the crucial experiences of the subjects. Documents can be effectively used towards the
verification of titles, names, organizations and other important elements that are connected to a
specific research. In case of phenomenological research documents have to be used a bit
differently and along with the identification of significant information the contextual evidences
are required that can provide essential data. This data will be in regards to the psychological
effects of the situations on the respondents in which the data collection procedures took place. In
bringing forward the study secondary sources have been consulted essentially. This has included
data from books, journals and also relevant websites. Not many difficulties have been endured in
the process of data collection for the study.
3.9 Semi-structured face to face interview
The interview has been made through open ended questions. Interview process has been
conducted by adhering completely to the interview guidelines that suit the phenomenological
research process. The study has utilized face to face interviews for gathering essential data from
the respondents. The interviews have been taken through open ended questions that can help the
respondents to give clear descriptions of their experiences and the phenomenon that have
affected them. The interviews have been conducted in a friendly manner and comfortable

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environments (Bevan 2014). The questions have focused on the essential experiences of the
respondents. The questions have been asked in a way in order to remove any bias or situational
pressure that might affect the respondents (Gentles et al. 2015). Language barrier that are present
in regards to the Malay language have been effectively addressed. Emphasis has been given
towards finding the heart of the stories. Thus, a non-threatening simple conversational technique
has been utilized in order to gather truly authentic data concerning the experiences of the
respondents. The questions were designed in cause effect manners in order to simplify them for
the respondents.
3.11 Data Analysis strategies
The data analysis strategy has been to count the data that is preliminary and the codes and
various patters and themes have been noted. The data analysis scope are much greater in
extended texts are concerned as there are much more room for the comparison, differences and
detection in those texts (Callary, Rathwell and Young 2015). The various categories that have
been utilized in order to classify and present information can lead to the formation of even
further categories. The noting of patterns of information has been extensively done in the
research. Abstraction strategies of analysis have been crucially used.
Another effective process of data analysis is spiral data analysis. In this approach no
fixed linear approach is used and the process involves moving in circles of analysis. This is thus
an ongoing process of analysis. The reflection is given though essential analysis of data. The
interview results will be re-discussed with more insight in chapter 4 and chapter 5. The detailed
outline of the topics will be given. Confidential information like the names, designations and
other particulars of the respondents will not be provided. Tools like records, audio tapes will be
kept at secure locations before being provided.

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The study focuses on the analysis of how dilapidated schools of Malaysia are rebuilt
through the usage of the IBS systems. The interview has been conducted among the project
managers. Multiple cases have been used as reference in the analysis of the project.
3.12 Empirical Phenomenological Analysis methods
Phenomenological analysis methods utilize the aspects such as speech, quotes and
sentences to determine the experiences of the interviewees. These are then used to create
phenomenological understandings of the research aspects. The questions are asked to understand
the essential experiences of the respondents. A significant analysis is then done on the basis of
the various experiences related aspects of the interviewees. Emphasis is then given towards the
significance of those experiences in the psychological and contextual background of the subject.
The perspectives of the respondents are essentially analyzed.
Moving forwards the researcher analyzes his own conception of the issue and the
perspectives that were formed. The influences that affect the perception of the phenomenon of
both the interviewee and the researchers are both essentially studied. The description of the
context in which the participants faced the issues is also essentially analyzed in accordance with
the responses. In all, the psychological perceptions of certain cause effect oriented phenomenon
are considered for bringing about the crucial implications of the research.
Challenges
The challenges to these types of researches are in relation to finding the exact experiences
of the respondents. Hence, another crucial challenge is finding the right interviewees. This
requires strong research work in relation to the analysis of the research. Thus, interviewees have

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to be selected on the basis of people that will be able to provide the most valuable insights into
the psychological perception of the contexts of the research.
3.13 Transcription and translation
Qualitative research was done with the help of effective coding in the research. The
narrative document was transformed into data that was partially processed. The audio was
essentially codified into transcript documents. The transcripts were coded through the use of
themes related to the analysis of the subject. The method of analytic abstraction has been
essentially used for providing the data. The interviews have been effectively coded. The cross
analysis of the codes were done along with the codified analysis of multiple cases. Qualitative
data has also been transformed into numerical data that also involves frequency. A theory
building program called the NVivo software has been used. Effective coding has been used in
order to properly structure the study and data retrieval has been made easy. Step by step
processes of effective analysis through effective use of coding have been used. Re- labeling of
information have been done as and when required.
3.14 Systematic Codification of themes
Various types of coding have been used for the effective research of the given topic. The
researches have focused towards indicating that at various levels of the study various coding can
be used. At different times of the research codes are used in various ways. The codes that have
been used in the research are astringent. The ongoing data analyses of the research have been
done with the help of the codes.
A systematic process of coding has been effectively utilized in the work. Initially the
codes have been created at the very beginning of the data collecting process through the

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conceptual frameworks. The pre-development of the codes have helped towards the effective
analysis of the various aspects related to the study. The codes have essentially helped towards the
better analysis of the study. Codes are symbols that can be used to add meanings or assign value
to the descriptive information that is available (Miles, Huberman and Saldana 2013). Information
is generally gathered through various audio or video recordings of the respondents that are
interviewed or questioned in regards to the research topic. The field notes are collected and need
to be effectively processed before being reproduced in the form of analysis. Essentially the study
utilizes the experiences of the various individuals and commoners towards establishing a system
for enhancing the discussing and implicational procedures. Deeper understanding of the large
research topic was bound to be only made possible through the implementation of the empirical
phenomenology. The philosophical concepts concerning phenomenology are having been
considered. This means that the perception of the experiences of individuals has been evaluated
on the context of the objective scenarios that are present. Objective reality and its relationship
with experiences of the individual have been focused in the study. For this to effectively take
place codification is used.
Coding can basically classified as an analysis. Many times coding is regarded simply as a
technical aspect. However, the usage of coding can be effectively done in order to bring out the
more interpretative aspects of the research (Miles, Huberman and Saldana 2013). The primary
usage of codes is towards the retrieval and categorization of data. This helps to find, cluster,
collate and systematically reproduce the data for further analysis. The first cycle of coding
involves the formation of chunks of data from the available research information. The second
cycle of coding is concerning how the first cycle of coding can be utilized and further analyzed.
The research utilizes mainly descriptive coding in order to produce data. Various labels are

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assigned to summarize into a word or short phase. Since the study is done with a wide variety of
data, this kind of coding has effectively helped the purpose of the coding functions. The coding
is also compatible with social environments. Hence, the coding have been used in the research.
This has helped towards providing an effective description of the environment and the
phenomenon that are discussed. After summarizing through the first cycle of codes, the second
cycle of codes have been utilized to group the summarizing into sub-categories in order to
systematically divide the analysis procedure
3.15 Analysis documentation and Secondary Data collection
Memorandums and listings have been essentially analyzed and evaluated in order to
identify the stakeholders that are involved in the re-building project of the dilapidated school.
The relevant documents contain the essential milestones, timeframes and other important
information that can help toward the better understanding of the project. The summarized form
of the information has been used for the project. However, due to confidentiality the names of
the people involved have not been provided. Some confidential information has also been
concealed due to ethical issues (Pietkiewicz, and Smith 2014). A listing has been provided for
the better understanding of the research topic and connected milestones.
The secondary sources have been gathered through websites and credible news sources.
Checklists have been formed in order to categorize the information. The annual reports
containing the budgets and policies have been essentially considered for the work. The MoE
have been consulted for gathering further information and related documents.

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3.19 Chapter Summary
The chapter has examined all the possible aspects that will be considered for the research.
The introduction to the subject matter of the project and related aspects were given. The research
methodology of empirical phenomenological qualitative analysis was given. Phenomenological
analysis was defined and discussed for the ease of understanding its significance concerning the
research. The research methodology was given in order to provide a substantial analysis of why
qualitative research has been chosen over quantitative research. Empirical phenomenological
research and its various essential dimensions were mentioned and discussed subsequently. This
helped to form an essential understanding of the research procedure as an important tool for the
psychological and contextual analysis of researches. The strategies utilized for the research have
been provided. Moving forward the various ways in which empirical phenomenological analysis
have contributed towards the effective analysis of the subject have been discussed. The analysis
of the research has helped in the understanding of the effective frameworks that have been
incorporated within the study to make it more informative. The face to face interview methods
that have been utilized were analyzed in accordance with their significance towards bringing
forward the most important conclusions. The research design and its essential incorporation
within the research framework have been effectively provided. More emphasis has been
provided in justifying the elements that are related to the aspects that can govern the reliability
and validity of the research. The data gathering methods for both primary and secondary data
have been essentially provided. Moving forward the coding functions and coding related
elements of the research have been essentially discussed. The study has essentially considered
coding as an effective means for effective analysis of the research. The interview techniques
have been discussed. Moreover, the information gathering and the information sources have been

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effectively provided through the study. Essential data have been provided in relation to the
effectiveness of the study.

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