Strategies of Alexander the Great in the Battles of Issus and Gaugamela
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This article discusses the strategies employed by Alexander the Great in the battles of Issus and Gaugamela against the Persian army. It explores his tactics, positioning, and the psychological advantage he gained by targeting the Persian king, Darius.
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Philip II, Alexander the Great, and the Macedonian Empire
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1 The battle of Issus Strategies of Alexander proved to be more effective as the strategies started much before the start of the battle. The first strategy that Alexander made in this battle was to confront with the Persian army on the coastal plains that was narrow between the mountain range of Amanus and the sea (Fuller, 2018). He did so to hinder the effective cavalry deployment as he knew choosing this plain would make the battles between the infantries where he knew that his phalanx was stronger than their rivals. This strategy failed as Darius stopped on the northern plains of Syria. One night before, he chose a vantage point by Pillars of Jonah which gave them the clear vision of the campfire of the Persian who was on the lower terrains. He moved along the terrains which took lot of time because of the topology of the place and hence they got time to plan the battle. In the battle, he gave the responsibility of stopping the left wing of Persian army to their archers and he himself adjusted himself behind the centre along with allied and mercenary infantry as well as with Macedonian cavalry. His strategy in the war was to kill Darius which could have given them advantage in the psychological terms. He decided to penetrate the Persian line with the help of his cavalry and he himself with trusted man focused their attention towards the positioning of Darius. He started a slow march and once he reached closer his cavalry launched an attack on the centre of Persian defence (Strauss, 2003). He believed on the experience and skill of Parmenion to hold on the left side of the Persian army. Alexander started his movement towards Darius and killed his bodyguards which led Darius to leave the battlefield. This news demotivated the Persian army and in confusion his armies started to leave the battle ground. Seeing this, Alexander order to kill the men that was leaving the field hence more number of Persian solider got killed when compared with the numbers of soldiers that was killed in the actual battle. Battle of Gaugamela Same as Issus his strategies for battle started much before the battle actually started i.e. his plan of moving on the battle field along the east of Tigris. This ensured that enough of supply was available for their soldiers and also gave four day rest to his army. For understanding the Persian plains and lines he moved through the hills with his companion cavalry (Brosius, 2003). Darius ordered that his troops to remain awake at night which helped Alexander to notice the deployments of Persian King according to it. Alexander understood that his numbers were again less in the battle field hence he again adopted the strategy to attack
2 Darius which was successful in the battle of Issus. He positioned him facing Darius in the centre with his cavalry. Before the start of the war he moved all along his armies encouraged all his men by telling the hardship the faced individually by taking their names and said that Alexander is also same as them. When Darius chose to deploy their left wing it made a gap in the Persian line and hence Alexander stopped his advance towards right and he with his men turned toward Darius. This failed as the Sacae and Bactrian cavalry blocked the gap (Olbrycht, 2010). This strategy did not worked to kill Darius but it delayed the deployment of Scythed chariot charge and Alexander himself kept the pressure on the left flank of the Persian army which was highly powerful. Menidas were sent to launch attack against Bactrians and Sacae. The casualties kept on building and he still kept sending Menidas. Another important strategy was to order his army to move right or left when attack come from chariots. Once the chariots moved away then their backs got exposed to arrows of Macedonian archers. This reflected Alexander’s split-second timing and precision strategy (Worthington, 2014). When both the forces were engaged, Alexander found a gap and moved towards Darius with the help of his companion cavalry and infantry. Darius left the field but in this direct engagement with Persian army led Alexander to lose 60 of his companions. As suggested by the historians, Alexander knew that his strengths are outnumbered. If he aims to defeat other army he made a strategy to kill the king so as to gain psychological advantage over the other army. He used vacant gaps to attack on Darius which led to the win in both the battles.
3 References B. Strauss, 2003. 'Alexander: The Military Campaign’, in Roisman (ed.), Brill’s Companion to Alexander the Great (Leiden), pp. 133-156. Fuller, J.F.C., 2018.The generalship of Alexander the Great. Pickle Partners Publishing. M. Brosius, 2003. 'Alexander and the Persians', in Roisman (ed.), Brill’s Companion to Alexander the Great (Leiden), pp. 169-193. M. Olbrycht, 2010. ‘Macedonia and Persia’, in Roisman and Worthington (eds.), Blackwell Companion to Ancient Macedonia (Malden), pp. 342-369. Worthington, I., 2014.By the Spear: Philip II, Alexander the Great, and the Rise and Fall of the Macedonian Empire. Ancient Warfare and Civilizati.