Philosophy: Tacit Knowledge, Common Sense, Natural Law Theory, Relativism, and Cosmopolis

This text discusses various philosophical concepts such as tacit knowledge, common sense, natural law theory, relativism, and cosmopolis. It explores the views of Polanyi, Lonergan, and other philosophers on these topics.

Running head: PHILOSOPHY
PHILOSOPHY
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Answer 1
Significant to Polanyi’s philosophy, was the belief that creative acts of discovery are
charged with well-established individualistic feelings and dedication. However, arguing in
opposition to the then prevailing position whereby science was regarded to be value-free, Polanyi
exhibited his determination in materializing creative anxiety with rational as well as critical
interrogation with more ‘tacit’ forms of knowing (Chuang, Jackson, & Jiang, 2016, p-525). Tacit
knowledge is typically considered as know-how and refers to intuitive which is significantly
experience based. Thus, tacit knowledge is frequently context reliable and individualistic in
nature. According to Allen (2016, p-10), implication of tacit knowledge relies in the nature of
tacitness expected. However, in real world context it is typically an excuse for unawareness or
incapability of proper articulation or further lack of knowledge. Thus, an elusive perimeter
between tacitness alongside ‘ignorance’ tends to uncertainty. However, in the view of Chuang,
Jackson, & Jiang (2016, p-525), if tacit knowledge is devised to persuade innovation
performance in business enterprises, it is highly productive. The contextual nature of innovation
leads to a distinct delineation between ideas which can be signified formally and knowledge
which is tacit. Thus Polanyi speculated that individuals have greater ideas than they can
articulate. Such factors influence certain individuals to show creativeness, relying on their
intuition and further modifying cultural patterns of organizations around them (Chuang, Jackson,
& Jiang, 2016, p-525).
Answer 3
According to Lonergan, majority of individuals perceptive necessitate comprehensive
knowing process. However, common sense is identified as a modified and bespoken version of it
to accumulate time (Kelly, 2017, p-224). Bova et al. (2018, p-78) are of the opinion that

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individuals exhibit a propensity to obtain comprehensive knowledge and ideas and are
considered to be highly realistic. Individuals rather than scientific or theoretical explanations
tend to associate to other scientific explanations. Outlook of common sense is constrained as it
primarily uses standard and customary language resulting it to be undefined or ambiguous. Allen
(2016, p-10) state that outlook perspective is curtailed as individuals require additional insights
to comprehend which one of the standards tends to be applicable. If common sense constitutes
immense accuracy, efficiency and comprehensiveness, individuals fail to achieve what they
demand. Furthermore, in the view of Kelly (2017, p-224), the primary distinguishing attribute of
theoretical understanding relies that if offers systematic understandings of elements regarding
relations comprised by their standardized interactions with each other which essentially surpass
imaginative-centric perspective of shifting outlooks along with common sense illustrations.
Answer 5
Bova et al. (2018, p-78) have stated that a statistical intelligibility has been grasped by a
significant inverse insight claiming that there is no direct insight available. A genetic
intelligibility has been grasped by direct and unswerving insights into specific single stimulating
factor which sustains the development shifting through developmental stages. These phases
according to Allen (2016, p-10) have further been found in developmental models of stars,
human intelligence as well as morality. A dialectic transparency has been attracted by an inverse
insight which signifies no single stimulating factor which tends to sustain the progress of the
development. Furthermore, in the view of Bova et al. (2018, p-78) seeking that there is not a
specific outline it emerges as comprehensively random. Consequentially an inverse insight has
the propensity to progress individuals to attain a higher perspective. An inverse insight greatly
abridges patterns of studying as well as explaining motions. As a result, it has been claimed that

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insights and inverse insights are positioned in such a manner that a minimum of two dynamic
and motivating factors which alter each other while at the same time modifying the emerging
entity (Kelly, 2017, p-224).
Answer 9
General bias is identified as a deeper, highly pervasive bias, whereby the counteractive or
reversal of which unlike group bias can no way be ensured. According to Lonergan, the general
bias is related to common sense because of its incidence, frequency as well as insidiousness.
These factors however lead general bias to generate a prolonged cycle of decline. For Lonergan,
humanity tends to turn into common sense in order to distribute it from individual and group
biases which typically are enthused by self-interest (Gyori, Fekete & Herczeg, 2018, p-45).
However Cariani, F. 2016 (p-398) have essentially noted that common sense shows
incompetence to emerge above this general bias. Accordingly, studies by Lonergan have
indicated that common sense must be advanced at a more comprehensive level by human
science. Common sense exhibits a propensity to rationalize areas of its own constrains in which
by rationalizing insufficiencies individuals get poorer. Such incompetence on the part of
common sense is not regarded only as a deficit of ability, it is also a refusal (Gyori, Fekete &
Herczeg, 2018, p-45).. The general bias related to common bias tends to cumulatively
depreciates social contexts. In addition to this, Henriques (2016,p-220) have stated that general
bias prevents common sense from supporting as well as embracing ideas which takes into
consideration the longer perspective or a superior outlook.
Answer 10
Cosmopolis aims to refer to the universal community whereby all individuals have
explanations to develop integrity and harmony in the society. Cosmopolis in the view of Gunn

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(2018, p-27) further signifies to insignificant number of individuals further constituting of no
standardized organization who show immense commitments and dedication towards unbiased
and objective intelligence. However, four significant facets of Cosmopolis relates to the idea
instead of emphasizing on force that is common sense is highly focused on authority and
influence, further to this factors related to Cosmopolis fundamentally positions appropriate as
well as constructive ideas which would if not be ignored (Gyori, Fekete & Herczeg, 2018, p-45).
These situations intend to evaluate the relative contexts and further attempts to advance them.
Furthermore, according to Henriques (2016,p-220), vital dynamics of Cosmopolis shows certain
criticality related to an ingenuous and sincere assessment of societal contexts further facilitating
the society to successfully encounter certain societal impediments present within the society.
Lastly, Bova et al. (2018, p-78) are of the perspective that determinants associated with
Cosmopolis tends to act self-critical resulting to greater number of challenges for the society. As
Cosmopolis is chiefly concerned to create functioning appropriate and constructive ideas it
fundamentally surpasses the basic significance of common sense. At this juncture, Allen (2016,
p-10) have claimed that purposed at the foundation of general bias related to common sense and
also at the permanent source of the longer sequence of decline, there can be positioned the
conceptualization implying that ideas are supported by certain forms of evidences which can be
functional.
Answer 11
Bova et al. (2018, p-78) have stated that all forms of natural law theory aims to dedicate
to the Overlap Thesis, which further affirms certain form of non-conventional linkage between
law and morality, However, in accordance to this view, concept related to law show inability to
pose comprehensive articulation without any indication to moral perspectives. While, the

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Overlap thesis tends to reflect lack ambiguity, there can be identified range of varied ways
through which it can be easily interpreted. Henriques (2016,p-220) have claimed that natural law
has been primarily accentuated through studies of Strauss which signified the concept of natural
law. However, natural law cannot be reconciled with historicity or historical consciousness
signifying that the approval of historical realization is ispo facto, which is a capitulation towards
relativism (Pound & DeRosa, M.L. 2017). Thus for Lonergan, supporting historical
understanding has been observed in the standards inherent in the transcendental recitation of
human spirit which seeks greater degree of intelligibility, sincerity, truthfulness and the superior
(Strang, 2016, p-259).
Answer 17
Relativism is recognized as the observation signifying that truth along with falsity, norms
of reasoning as well as procedures of rationalization are products of varying conventions and
outlines of evaluation along with their authority that is restricted to the perspective giving rise to
them. Significantly, relativism entails perceptions which sustains at a superior level of
abstraction or certain segment of elements comprise the properties which are précised or
abounding (Pound & DeRosa, M.L. 2017). Griffis (2017,p-30) are of the perspective that
relativists typically persevere that if something is exclusively relative, there can be identified no
specific outline-independent vantage point whereby the emergence of question can be efficiently
established. However, Fleay (2018, p-1356) have stated that local form of relativism tends to be
susceptible to various forms of criticisms as it does not involve its own statements in the
significant dimension of what needs to be rationalized. Furthermore, Griffis (2017,p-30) have
essentially noted that local instead of global relativism show greater degree of universality within
modern discussions. At this juncture, comprehensive studies have identified a query on

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assumptions related to the successful implementation of relativism to all areas of truths in a
completely unconstrained way. For instance, authors have argued such assertions such as an
element is immensely attractive and not attractive or a specific element is indistinguishable to
itself require to be barred (Pound & DeRosa, M.L. 2017).
Answer 18
In accordance to the view of Griffis (2017,p-30), in order to treat politics greatly in a
formalistic approach, in relation to constitutional processes, judicial along with typologies of
administration appear to be superficial. Furthermore, the form of polity, in the studies of
Lonergan is considered to be good of order. However, there are additional questions of superior
and good as value along with the criterion of values, standards and norms gradually emerge.
Zhao, & Untea (2017, p-159) have claimed that these factors are thus consequential to the
transcendental precepts as the fundamental law and further as the important norm of authenticity.
As a result, individuals constitute the foundational principle of legitimacy and authority.
Furthermore, by contradiction a sincerely juridical solution to legitimacy furthermore even that
signifies that Grotius on natural rights and authorities show significant inabilities on principle.
However, according to Gyori, Fekete & Herczeg (2018, p-45), Lonergan language reflects high
peculiarity to the nature of judgement or explanation regarding transcendental precepts being
integrated in affection, divergences as well as pneumatic variation which is completely crucial.
In addition to this, authors have identified certain transcendental standards ingredient in
historicity itself whereby according to Lonergan, the standards related to self transcending
inquiry has been formulated in the transcendental precepts (Gunn, 2018, p-27).

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References
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