Physics: Study of Energy, Motion, and Matter

This report provides an overview of the principles of physics, including velocity, acceleration, Newton's laws, different forms of energy, conservation laws, wave motion, reflection, refraction, magnetism, and electric circuits. It covers the basic concepts and their implications in various contexts. The report also includes examples and explanations to enhance understanding.

Physics

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Section 1:.........................................................................................................................................1
Difference among velocity and acceleration...............................................................................1
Newton's law of motion and their implications...........................................................................1
Section 2:.........................................................................................................................................2
Different forms of energy............................................................................................................2
Principle of conservation of energy and their implications.........................................................2
Momentum and laws of conservation of momentum..................................................................2
Section 3:.........................................................................................................................................3
Describe waves............................................................................................................................3
Difference among transverse and longitudinal waves.................................................................3
Ways in which water and sound waves are reflected, diffracted and refracted...........................4
Section 4:.........................................................................................................................................5
Laws of reflection........................................................................................................................5
Laws of refraction........................................................................................................................5
Conditions for total internal reflection........................................................................................6
Section 5..........................................................................................................................................6
Nature of magnetism and their laws............................................................................................6
Draw magnetic field around bar magnet.....................................................................................6
Explain current as well as potential difference among them within series and parallel circuits. 7
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................8
References........................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Branch of science which is associated with properties and nature of energy as well as
matter is known as physics. It comprises of heat, mechanics, radiations, and light. Basically, it is
a science that deals with energy and matter along with processes which takes place between them
as each have their own physical properties as well as composition. This report will cover
connection among motion and force, conservation of momentum & energy and wave motion.
Apart from this, behaviour of light and magnetism as well as electric circuits are also illustrated.
Section 1:
Difference among velocity and acceleration.
Velocity refers to vector expression of displacement that an particle or object undergo
with respect to time. It denotes rate at which object alter their position. Acceleration is defined
as rate of alteration of velocity with time. It is overall outcome of forces which acts on object.
Basis Velocity Acceleration
Meaning It implies speed of object in
specified direction
Alteration in velocity of object
with respect to time
Calculated with Displacement Velocity
Determine How fast an object is moving
along with its direction
How quickly velocity alters
with respect to time
Newton's law of motion and their implications.
There are three laws which are given by Newton. They are:
Newton's first law of motion states that ”Every object is in state of uniform motion
which tends to remain within state of motion unless external forces are applied to it.” For an
example if a body is at state of motion or rest then they will continue to be in same state until
some external forces are applied on it.
Newton's second law of motion states that “When force acts on objects, it will make
object to accelerate. Larger will be the mass of object, great force will be needed to cause
acceleration. This law is given as: F = m*a.
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This can be understood by an example, if a ball is rolling down in a hill then force of
gravity will act on same direction which will accelerate the motion. But, if opposite is done then
force applied will be in opposite direction.
Newton's third law of motion states that “To every action there exist equal as well as
opposite reaction”. For an instance if an individual steps off a boat on shore then boat will tend
to move within opposite direction.
Section 2:
Different forms of energy.
There are assorted forms of energy like light, heat, gravitational, electrical, chemical,
sound and many others. But there are most specifically two form, they are:
Kinetic energy is form of energy which a particle or object possess due to motion. It can
be understood by an example like if an object is accelerated, then some force is applied to do
work. When work is done then energy will be transferred to object while moving within constant
speed. The energy which has been transferred is referred to kinetic energy.
Potential energy refers to energy which is possessed by an object due to their positions
with respect to other object. For an instance, a rock which is present at top of cliff have certain
potential energy but if it falls from the cliff then this energy will be converted into kinetic
energy.
Principle of conservation of energy and their implications
As per law of conservation of energy, energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. But
it can be transformed from one state to other. Total energy of isolated system will always remain
constant. It can be understood by an example like within electric bulb, electrical energy is
transformed into light and then to heat energy. Another example can be taken into consideration
like within bicycle pump, mechanical energy transforms to heat energy this makes pump heated
up. When gas is compressed, then mechanical work will be regenerated into heat energy. It will
lead gas to expand, it does work and temperature falls when energy is utilised.
Momentum and laws of conservation of momentum
Momentum is defined as a vector quantity which is product of velocity and mass of an
particle or object. It processes magnitude as well as direction within three dimensional space.
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Suppose if v is the velocity (which is a vector) and m is mass of object, then momentum is given
as: P= m*v
Laws of conservation of momentum states that momentum of an isolated system of two
or more than two interacting bodies will remain constant. It is defined as principle within physics
which states that some parts within isolated system remain steady as well as unchanging with
respect to time. For an example,
 Jet and rockets produce hot gases which are produced through burning of fuel with large
momentum. By this, machines acquire equal as well as opposite momentum. This will
enable them to move with high velocities.
 An air-filled balloon forms a system, when balloon was not released then system was at
rest. This means that at this moment initial momentum was zero but when it is released
then air is set free with some velocity. The air possesses some momentum then they can
conserve momentum then balloon moves within opposite direction with respect to air.
Section 3:
Describe waves
Wave refers to disruption within a medium which possess energy without particles
movement. It may be within forms of elastic deformation, electric potential, magnetic or electric
intensity, variation of pressure or temperature.
Difference among transverse and longitudinal waves
Basis Transverse Waves Longitudinal Waves
Definition In this case, particles of medium
vibrate in perpendicular direction to
propagation of wave.
When particles of medium vibrate in
parallel direction to propagation of the
wave, it is referred to transverse wave.
Formations Troughs as well as crests are formed Rarefactions and compressions are
formed
Example Light waves Sound waves
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Waves formed
Polarization This wave can be polarised It cannot be polarized
Ways in which water and sound waves are reflected, diffracted and refracted.
Water waves:
Reflection: When linear object is connected with an oscillator bobs in back and forth
direction in water then straight waves are formed. These waves cause irregular crests as well as
troughs. They will be travelling through water until any kind of obstacle is encountered, the
waves will be reflected in such a manner that angle at which barriers is approached then this is
equal to angle at which they reflect off barrier.
Refraction: It involves alterations within direction of waves as they travel from one medium
to other. Bending of the path of waves or refraction, it is accompanied by alterations in speed as
well as wavelength of waves. Water travels fastest within medium when they are deepest.
Diffraction: It comprises of changes within direction of waves as they pass through a barrier
or opening within path. Water waves possess ability to travel through obstacles and openings.
The amount of diffraction will increase with increasing wavelength and vice-versa.
Sound waves:
Reflection: When wave reaches boundary between one medium to other then portion
wave undergo reflection and this portion undergo reflection. Reflection of sound waves lead to
echo or reverberation.
Refraction: Bending of waves comprises of alterations within direction of waves from
one medium to other. It is convoyed by change within speed as well as their wavelength.
Refraction of sound waves passes via a medium with gradual varying properties.
Diffraction: It involves change within direction of waves when they pass from opening or
near a barrier within a path. Diffraction of sound waves are observed around corners and through
openings which allows an individual to hear.
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Section 4:
Laws of reflection
Principle that when radar pulse, ray of light are reflected from smooth surface then the
angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection. If ray of light is observed approaching and
reflecting off a flat mirror then behaviour of light reflects that is called law of reflection.
Figure 1 Law of reflection
(Source: the Law of Reflection, 2019)
Laws of refraction
The refracted, normal and incident rays to interface transparent media at the point of
incidence which lies within identical plane. The ratio of sine angle of refraction to sine angle of
incidence is constant for light of given colour for given pair of media. This is also referred to as
Snell law. It is given by: sin i/ sin r = constant (Refractive index) = n.
Figure 2 Refractive index
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(Source: Laws of refraction of light and refractive index, 2016)
Conditions for total internal reflection.
The phenomenon which comprises of reflection of all incident light off the boundary is
referred to total internal reflection. It occurs only if two conditions are met, they are specified
below:
 Angle of incidence is greater as compared to critical angle.
 If light is in more dense medium and is approaching within less dense medium.
Section 5
Nature of magnetism and their laws
Magnetism is group of phenomena which is associated with magnetic field. They can be
witnessed when flow of electric current exist. This arises due to certain factors like, orbital
motion of electrons, magnetic moment of atom that forms magnetic field and spin of atomic
electrons. Laws of magnetism are illustrated below:
 The basic law of magnetism states that similar poles repel each other and on the other
hand unlike poles will attract one another.
Along with this, magnetic effects are also there like when magnet is broken into pieces
then each piece becomes individual magnet with alternative poles. The law of magnetism
refers to retention a long bar magnet to retain their magnetism longer than as compared to
short bar magnet (Law of magnetism, 2019).
Draw magnetic field around bar magnet.
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Figure 3 Magnetic field of lines carrying Solenoid
Explain current as well as potential difference among them within series and parallel circuits.
Series circuit refers to a circuit in which all the elements are in series with identical
current but their voltage drops can vary.
Parallel circuit is defined as circuit where elements are in parallel with similar voltage but
their currents are not same.
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Figure 4 Series and Parallel circuits
(Source: Types of circuit, 2016)
Conclusion
From above it can be concluded that, physics is a science which deals with study of force,
motion, energy and matter. Velocity refers to speed of an object for changing their state. There
exists a diverse law of Newton which explicates certain concepts like to every action there is
equal and opposite reaction. There laws are there which explains the concept of nature.
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References
Books & Journals
Haynes, W. M., 2014. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics. CRC press.
Landau, L. D. and Lifshitz, E.M., 2013. Course of theoretical physics. Elsevier.
Lee, S. Y., 2018. Accelerator physics. World scientific publishing.
Mahan, G. D., 2013. Many-particle physics. Springer Science & Business Media.
Reed, M., 2012. Methods of modern mathematical physics: Functional analysis. Elsevier.
Seeger, K., 2013. Semiconductor physics. Springer Science & Business Media.
Serway, R. A. and Jewett, J.W., 2018. Physics for scientists and engineers with modern physics.
Cengage learning.
Will, C. M., 2018. Theory and experiment in gravitational physics. Cambridge University Press.
Wunderlich, B., 2012. Macromolecular physics (Vol. 2). Elsevier.
Fradkin, E., 2013. Field theories of condensed matter physics. Cambridge University Press.
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