Physiological Basis of Wound Observations and Antibiotic Rationale

Running head: BIOSCIENCE 2 1
Bioscience 2
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BIOSCIENCE 2 2
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1. Physiological basis of the wound observations (Total: 10 marks)
The first line of defense in a wound that is, the normal skin lining is broken. The
peril of injury contamination elevates as local situations promote bacterial
development instead of host defense. With time, wounds become seized by
microorganisms from the victim's microbial flora or other surrounding or person
(Tshikantwa, Ullah, He & Yang, 2018). Microbes have various development needs
although nutrients are available in wounds. Furthermore, they produce enzymes and
toxins which degrade tissue to acquire nutrients, deactivate host defense mechanism
to make sure of proliferation and survival in the tissue together with enabling fast
distribution in the tissue (Laver & Specht, 2016). Consequently, mere bacteria
enumeration in an injury is not the same as to developed injury contamination and
proceeding phase for bacteria to inaugurate contamination is adhesion along with
underlying structures.
The main aim in the management of wound is to redress the host bacteria
balance and is most effective through certifying that the injury is cleaned of weary
tissue and foreign bodies, the bacteria load, and swelling are managed and that
sufficient tissue perfusion is retained (Laver & Specht, 2016). Topical antimicrobic
agents continue to be utilized broadly for averting wound diseases, and present
interests are concentrated on options to antibiotics like honey, cationic peptides, and
antimicrobic moisture retentive dressings along with essential oils. To manage wound

BIOSCIENCE 2 3
microflora, unregulated tenderness caused by underlying abnormal
pathophysiological conditions along with micro-organisms is a significant factor
related to the poor healing of wounds.
Extracellular matrix proteins such as collagens, fibronectin, laminin along with
vitronectin in all wounds are susceptible together with glycosaminoglycans such as
heparin sulfate and dermatan sulfate (Kaushal, Elbein & Carver, 2018).
Microorganisms can adhere to these extracellular matrix elements through
hydrophobic and charge interactions and via receptor-like particular binding.
However, binding to these proteoglycans along with proteins has been recommended
as the initial phase of tissue colonization, and the microbial agents articulate some
surface tissues which intervene the procedure. Through binding to these extracellular
matrix elements, the pathogens occur to be more secured from host defense
mechanisms and can multiply and employ local structure harm with analytic signs of
disease (Kaushal, Elbein & Carver, 2018).
2. Possible sources of contamination and modes of transmission (Total: 10 marks)
2.1 Name one endogenous source of contamination and discuss the mode of
transmission from the source to the new host. (5 marks)
Endogenous source of infection is the victim’s flora. Typically, the cuticle is
densely inhabited with bacteria, and on average each square centimeter of epidermis
hoists up to 3 million microbes although the bacteria density varies with anatomical
location (Krismer, Weidenmaier, Zipperer & Peschel, 2017). When there is a lowering
of general, local resistance or an opening these microorganisms invade the tissue,
and such opportunistic infections are difficult to prevent and manage in vulnerable
people. For instance, the genera of staphylococci along with streptococci are typically
found in the body but can become pathogenic in particular situations (Krismer,