Anatomy of the Human Body

This assignment delves into the fundamental structures of the human body, focusing on three key systems: skeletal, muscular, and cardiovascular. It provides information about the bones, muscles, and circulatory system, highlighting their roles in movement, support, and transportation of nutrients and oxygen.

Physiological Principles for
Health and Social Care

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Define primary anatomical attribute of the human body..................................................1
1.2 Describe how body system communicate to assure the body role and grows..................6
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................8
2.1 State average body consequence to routine activities......................................................8
2.2 Discuss how body consequence explained by cellular and tissue construction and
physiology..............................................................................................................................9
2.3 Justify how body collaboration its internal activities.....................................................10
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................11
3.1 State the recording and usage of regular measures in HSC............................................11
3.2 Measure how regular measures render data about body working..................................12
3.3 Analyse how data about body working may alter care planning for individuals...........13
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................13
4.1 Explicate how age may have impressed body construction and working......................13
4.2 Evaluate the effect of average disorders on body construction and working.................14
4.3 Consequence of communal disorders and infection to the aid routinely granted to
individuals impressed by them.............................................................................................15
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16

INTRODUCTION
Health and social care provider performs the work of making availability of various
integrated services. Such facilities consists along with health and social care factors. It involves
various elements such as sociology biology law, nutrition and ethics. The physiological health
and social care comprise with different services which aim is to carry out better improvement in
the common functions of human body. Along with this, neural system, muscular, contract,
metabolism system are the leading midpoint parts of the manlike body. The disturbance in some
muscles, nervous system and other body parts can create issue for the other organs. Human body
can effect in different manner in the cellular and tissue construction. In human body; veins,
arteries and organs are interacted with each other and perform effective functions and growth in
better manner. The project main aim is to provide information about structure as well as
functioning of different organs of body (Sheldon, 2011). Also explain the use of routine
measures while conducting care planning of an individual. The present report is concentrate on
different function of human body. On the other hand, explain about recording and use of routine
measures in health and social care.
TASK 1
1.1 Define primary anatomical attribute of the human body
The scientific study of morphology has been explained in the human anatomy and it is
divided into two main levels. They are microscopic and macroscopic level. In macroscopic level,
the anatomy is also called as gross anatomy and it consist with head and neck, upper limbs,
abdomen, pelvis, thorax and perineum, bones and organ systems. Along with this, organ system
is concern with cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, immune, respiratory, muscular, endocrine,
reproductive system. There are three anatomical features of human body which are described as
under:
The skeletal system is the body which composed of bones, ligaments, tissues and
cartilages which perform various important functions for the human body (Purdie, Dudgeon and
Walker, 2010). The bone tissue or osseous tissue is a hard, dense connective tissue which
develops most of the adult skeleton for the support of internal structure of the body. The bony
skeleton provide framework and shape because of which human body is designed and functions
effectively. It protect vital organ that contain bone narrow that is the main functioning unit of the
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hematopoietic system. This provide attachment and anchorage to the muscles, connective tissue
and joint capsules. The skeletal system in human body is the mineralised internal framework and
it contains bones, joints and integrated cartilages. An adult individual has 206 bones in their
body and different type of joints. The skeleton can be categorised into two components that
includes axial and appendicular skeleton. In axial skeleton, it is formed around central axis of the
body and it includes skull, spine and ribcage. Along with this, it prevent human heart, lungs,
spinal cords, brain, esophagus and main senses of organs such as nose, eyes and tongue
(Aveyard, 2014). The appendicular skeleton is associated with limbs and it consist with bones of
the legs and arms, shoulder and hip girdles.
In the area of skeleton where all the bones move against each other, semi rigid formulate
connective tissue provide flexibility and smooth surfaces for the movement. The main function
of skeletal system is to protect and support the body while providing it shape and form. This
system is comprised with connective tissues which includes bone, tendons, ligaments and
cartilage. In this, nutrients are provided with the help of blood vessels that are restrained within
canals in bone. The skeletal system mainly store minerals, fats and also produces blood cells. On
the other hand, the main role of this system is to render mobility.
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Muscular system is liable for the motility of the human being. The attached bones of
cadaverous system are around 700 which is known as muscles which form approximately half of
the individual physical structure weight. Every muscles is discrete organ that has been formed
skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, nerves and tendons. There are mainly three types of
muscular system anatomy which includes visceral, cardiac and skeletal (Weare, 2010).
Most of the skeletal muscles are formally connected with two bones through tendons. In
this, tendons is the hard bands of heavy day-to-day conjunctive tissue which is powerful collagen
fibers that mainly attach with musculus to bony. Muscles are move by reduction in their length,
pulling on tendons and movement of bones are closer to each other. In this, one bone is totally
move towards another bone which remain stationery. The position on the stationery bone is
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Illustration 1: Skeletal System, 2018
(Source: Skeletal System, 2018)

attached through tendons to the muscles which is named as origin. On the other hand, the place
of bone movement is related to the muscle through tendons are known as insertion.
The main function of muscular system is the motion of human being body. In the body,
muscle is the only one part which has ability to contract and therefore move other parts of the
body. It help in maintains the posture and body position of the human being. The muscles is
responsible for the body postures which have biggest endurance of all body muscles through this
they are hold up body whole day without being tired (Johnstone and Dallos, 2013). The cardiac
and visceral muscles are mainly liable for transporting substance such as food or blood from one
part to the another of body.
Cardiovascular system is defined as the transportation system of the human body. There
are mainly three elements of cardiovascular system which includes heart, blood vessel and
bodily fluid itself. In this, heart is the system's pump and blood vessels are like the delivery
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Illustration 2: Muscular system, 2018
(Source: Muscular system, 2018)

routes. Liquid body substance can be consider as fluid that contains oxygen and nutrients which
required body and carry out wastes that need to be removed. The function of cardiovascular
system is to help in transporting the nutrients throughout the body and remove all metabolic
wastage. This assist in protecting the body and also regulating the body temperature as a whole.
The heart is the centre of cardiovascular system. It is cavernous muscle which pumps blood
through blood vessels into whole body and this procedure happen in less than 60 second. The
circulation of blood is not only provide tissues and organ with oxygen and nutrients but also it
get rid of waste material that includes carbon dioxide (Sarafino and Smith, 2014). The
cardiovascular system is divided into two components such as pulmonary circulation and
systemic circulation and these two systems are connected with each other as well. The
cardiovascular system includes superior vena cava, pulmonary ateries, aorta, heart, hepatic veins,
pulmonary veins, inferior vena cava and rental veins.
As per the described image, pulmonary circulation is accountable for exchanging carbon
dioxide for oxygen so blood can easily flow throughout the body. Veins are liable for carrying
out oxygen poor blood towards the heart so that this procedure can take place. On the other hand,
systemic circulation begin in the left atrium in which fresh oxygenated blood is brought from the
lungs. The aorta has various branches which provide route to the smaller vessels known as
arteries.
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1.2 Describe how body system communicate to assure the body role and grows
The cardiovascular system consist with spreading of blood by the heart through veins,
arteria and capillary tube. It will take active part in the transit of oxygen, immune cells, fuel,
waste commodity, nutrients and hormones from one part to the another part of the body. The
blood mainly carries cells from lymphatic tissue, bone narrow, electrolytes and nutritious which
move around outside or inside of tissues and also immune cells to the necessary areas.
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Illustration 3: Cardiovascular system, 2018
(Source: Cardiovascular system, 2018)

The skeletal system features has all structure of the skeletal body which includes
muscles, bones, tendons, cartilages, bone narrow, ligaments in which new blood cells are
produced and on the other hand, joints are liable for general movement of the human being body.
The bones are stores calcium and phosphates for the body which assist in manufacture and
upkeep of the whole bones. For this, children consume more calcium products for their higher
growth and some amount for maintaining them in developed time of life. This will protect
osteomalacia in old age (Moule and Hek, 2011).
The muscular system is a body part which contains skeletal, smooth and cardiac
muscles. It provide proper movement of the body which keep the postures and circulate the
blood end-to-end the body. The muscular system in vertebrates is regulated and controlled
through nervous system in this similar muscles can be completely independent or autonomous.
The skeletal and muscular system are very crucial in every day activities and operation.
These two body systems are totally interrelated in different manner which create a healthy day
life. For example, each muscle is attached with two or more bones so that when muscles contract
then it produces perfect body movement. Skeletal musculus hold up around 40 percent of the
body weight. The skeletal system is very strong but flexible as compared to muscular. It includes
206 bones in the human body and these are perform work for protecting their body muscles and
organs. On the other hand, muscular system has many layers which assist in cover the bones of
the skeletal system and helps in covers the vital organs in the human body such as brain, kidneys,
lungs and heart.
The cardiovascular and skeletal system are totally interrelated with each other that will
play a vital role in managing the human body. The bone marrow within the bones forms new red
and white bodily fluid cells which removes the dirty blood cells (Andrews and Bonta, 2014). If
the cardiovascular and skeletal system did not interrelate so if the body will not be able to
function properly due to blood would not able to flow to our heart and throughout the whole
body.
The muscular and cardiovascular system interrelated on the regular basis to maintain such
system flushed. The cardiovascular system assistance the muscular system by pumping blood
and oxygen for effectively working of muscles or organs. This system helps the muscular system
because it allow musculus to acquire oxygen through which they are perform function properly.
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Along with this, the muscular system assist in circulating the liquid body substance towards
organs which help in free flow of body fluid and reach with heart and veins.
TASK 2
2.1 State average body consequence to routine activities
The present case is based on case of a 30 year old average man who undertakes 90
minute of running in the temperature of 29 degrees. Also he ate rice in lunch 2 hours earlier. This
case shows that an individual is engaged in physical activity. During the physical activity his
body will respond in the following manner:
Respiratory system – In the response to the physical exercise that a person in the give
case undertakes, respiratory rate, oxygen transport and heart rate will increase. When he is
running for 90 minutes after taking huge lunch so he become so tired in few minutes, carbon
dioxide will increase, there will take place in enhancing in the respiratory rate (Macdonald,
2013). The power of respiratory musculus will be increased along with critical capability and
oxygen diffusion rate.
Musculo skeletal system – There are various types of contractions that includes
concentric, eccentric and isometric concentration are developed when the muscles undertake at
the time of exercise. Such are taken place for production of lactic acid that perform function of
inhibiting these contractions. It can be observed that there is an increment in the size of the
muscle fibers. It is necessary for an individual to survive in this affable condition. In this
situation, all the systems and organs functions properly such as liver, urinary organ, heart and
primarily neural structure along with involuntary neural system. In addition to this, endocrine
system are performing role without any divergence from average scope.
Cardiovascular system – In respect to the physical activity by the volunteer, the
cardiovascular system releases neurotransmitters that includes epinephrine and norepinephrine. It
can be observed that there is proportionate increasing in the rate of heart during the continuous
exercise (Corrigan, 2011). This increase will taken place when heart rate is maximum while
reached. Physical activity will make blood flow to the areas which have greater need of oxygen.
For protecting from heat loss, the blood is directed towards the skin of the human body. The
volume and heat mass will be increase and by this blood supply is received by the skeletal
muscles.
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2.2 Discuss how body consequence explained by cellular and tissue construction and physiology
The body's incorporated effect in accord with cellular and tissue structure and physiology
can be mentioned as under:
Voluntary muscles – The human body has various forms of musculus that execute
different kind of motive activities and functions. There are three types of human muscles such as
smooth, skeletal and cardiac. Skeletal muscles are immediately attached with skeleton and spinal
anesthesia bones that provide somatic nerves under the intentional control of rapid stimuli. Such
type of muscles respond promptly and sometime react in fast manner as compared to brain. They
are basically known as highest nerve controller and managed from Cerebral Cortex. The tissue is
also able to burn sugar and fat and it will make the stronger muscles in limited time period. ATP
provides energy that are required for musculus to contract (Andrews and Bonta, 2010). The
energy stored in the ATP is enough for only 1-2 seconds of work but during the physical exercise
muscles need immediate energy. Various reaction are taken place such as increased triglyceride
hydrolysis and phosphocreatine which effectively meet the enhanced demand of energy at the
time of exercise. It can be observed that man should take different therapies and medication for
improve their health but avoid to do exercise before eaten food such as rice.
Blood – It is necessary for human body to maintain body internal environment at the
optimum level. Blood play an important role in a body. It consist with various blood cells,
plasma and protoplasm that will show a vital function in supply oxygen to tissue, decreasing the
inappropriate ingredients, transporting carbon dioxide, render nutrients and maintain strong
immune system within the body.
Kidney function – The centre body part of the human excretion system that outflows the
wastage from blood and also maintain homeostasis situation. Sometime it is known as
powerhouse of human body because it is multifunctional action. The main function of kidney
that are described as under:
 Waste excretion
 Water level balancing
 Blood pressure regulation
 Red blood cell regulation
 Acid regulation
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Muscle Action and Locomotion – Locomotion define the motor movement of muscles
interactions which allow individual to collect or gather food, escape, shelter for endure in the
surroundings. Muscles are the essential type of connective tissues that gives respond towards
reflexes command by Autonomic Nervous system. There are some reflexes such as sucking,
rooting, spiking and stepping.
2.3 Justify how body collaboration its internal activities
There are various kinds of internal activities which coordinated by the body by making
use of various kinds of systems and processes. These activities can be classified like Body
temperature, blood glucose, blood pressure, heart rate etc. All these activities are required to be
conducted by a body in a proper manner so that functioning can be done appropriately
(Fledderus and et. al., 2010).
Homoeostasis is the optimal internal condition of body and to balance this internal
condition, regular function of body is required. Some functions that coordinate with body
response are:
Nervous system is a complex structure that is made up of numerous neurons which help
in process of neurosensory information from sensorial structure of human body. The neural
system of human body is divided into two concept key neural system and peripheral nervous
system.
Central nervous system is a difficult system that manage the primary role of mind and
human body. This system defines brain and spinal cord where brain can be further define as a
centre of sensational data processes. Brain can explain extrinsic surroundings according to the
condition as well as control body actions and reactions. Whereas the spinal cord acts as a
communication bridge between sensory receptors and brain. They react more faster than brain
while body get in touch with any danger or harmful situation. Nervous system is made up of two
nerve fibres, afferent nerve fibres and efferent nerve fibres (Rutledge and et. al., 2011). Central
nervous system can't improve itself afterward harm as some cells and cords present in this
nervous system can not get split and divided into fresh cells and cords. Synapses and
Neurotransmission helps in communication in nervous system.
Peripheral nervous system have Somatic nervous system and Autonomic nervous system
(ANS) where ANS take stability in intrinsic surroundings and needed alteration according to the
condition. It acts involuntarily to maintain smoothness in reflexes of body and cardiac muscles.
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ANS can be further classified as Sympathetic nervous system and Parasympathetic nervous
system.
The Endocrine system: It refers to the aggregation of organ which erects endocrine to
allow muscle relaxation, perform functions in reproduction cycle, monitor tissue functions and
control mood swings (Greene, 2017). This method is develop up of pituitary glands, thyroid
glands, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands and pancreas. When level of hormones fluctuates in
body, this system get disturbed, due to which anger, depression, stress and diabetes take place.
TASK 3
3.1 State the recording and usage of regular measures in HSC
As per the given scenario, an weighty business man who is 55 year old feel headache and
chest pain so he going for the routine check up to the hospital. There are various ways of
recording condition which are explained as follows:
Temperature – The body temperature is measured with the help of five bases such as
orally, armpit, rectally, by ear and by skin. The average human body temperature is 97.8 degree
to 99.1 degree. When temperature is cross the 100 degree so it is called as fiver. On the other
hand, “Hypothermia” specify when body temperature is downs to 95 degree or less. A person
reporting fever such as symptoms, temperature that can be used as a routine measures. The
deviation from the normal temperature is 98.6 degrees will assist in confirming whether an
individual has high fever or not. It can be recorded with the help of thermometer.
Pulse rate – The pulsation rate states that the amount of heart viscus to implement blood
dissemination and metabolism system. When an ordinary aged person pump 100 beats per
minute so it is respect as average pulse rate.
Respiratory rate – The average respiratory rate of an grown up individual is 15-17
breathing/minute. But when an individual endure from any viral or fiver condition so its motor
movement is automatically increased (Tew and et. al., 2012).
Blood pressure rate – For an average individual, perfect blood pressure rate is below
120/80 that means if BP is below 120 and over 80 so it can be considered as a possibility of
stroke and any form of heart diseases. It can be said that blood pressure is higher when it comes
from 135/85 beats. The recording of blood pressure will assist in analysing the circulation of
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blood which has been taken place at normal rate. On the other hand, sphygmomanometer will
help in knowing the systolic and diastolic pressure.
Electro cardiogram ECG – The average ELECTROCARDIOGRAM periodicity level
of a normal person compass from 60-100 beats/minute. It is actually 82 bpm interval rate. This
can be measured the rate and rhythm of the heart beat and also provide indirect evidence of
blood flow to the heart muscle.
Usage of these in the HSC – Hemodynamic monitoring is very essential in human body.
It can be said that it is critical path of human body along with correct bodily information
(McKee, 2013).
Blood mass index (BMI) – It is the measurement of extent through which weight of an
individual departs for the weight that is normal in respect of height. Therefore, the routine
measure will assist in ascertaining that whether the person aged is 65 years old which is
overweighted or obese.
3.2 Measure how regular measures render data about body working
Temperature, pulsation, BP and ELECTROCARDIOGRAM are the hemodynamic
evaluation of humanlike body. Such tools help in measure physical state from various angels and
perspective. Body temperature is based on five bases that includes rectally, orally, armpit, by ear
and by skin. The normal human body temperature is 97.8 degree to 99.1 degree. The appropriate
information is provided by routine measures about the 55 years old individual in this case
scenario. The body mass index will inform that how many person is over weighted and it can be
measured as reduction in his weight. The recording of body temperature provided the
information about an individual who is suffer from headache and chest pain. If the body
temperature is more than 100 degree so the person is reporting as flu like evidence (Allen and et.
al., 2014). Blood pressure measurement inform that probability of a person is develop
cardiovascular diseases. As the individual is obese and he is likely to form high blood pressure.
If the person blood pressure rate is above 115/75 mm Hg so the chances to develop
cardiovascular illness is increased. When a person has fever so his pulse rate is shows as higher.
Therefore, recording of pulse rate will assist in informed if an individual is suffering from high
fever.
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3.3 Analyse how data about body working may alter care planning for individuals
According to this scenario, it can be analysed that a physically weighty business man
who is suffered from intense headache and chest pain. This can be assumed that hemodynamic
states that are described as under:
Body temperature – It can be analysed that an individual who are habitual to emphasis
and mental state, the homeostasis level of their body is being discontinuous in poor manner. The
temperature of body is going critically in higher way than average human's body temperature.
Blood pressure – The normal blood pressure of an average age individual is 120/80
beats/second. As per this scenario, a man is incessantly emphatic and depressed. It can be
assumed that daily BP of a individual is either broad or devalued because of stress. The extra
strain can lead towards form of heart affluence and brain stroke (Woolf and Braveman, 2011).
This type of aberrant Blood Pressure by unexpended in constant stress that would not do any
good thing to the business man.
Respiratory rate – The normal respiratory rate of the ordinary average age people is 15
to 17 internal respiration per minute. From the scenario, it can be estimated that an individual
respiratory rate is not normal. It is likely too high at the time of stress and it is too slow during
relaxation time.
TASK 4
4.1 Explicate how age may have impressed body construction and working
Mary's age may impressed her body structure and operative specific on Nervous system
and Respiratory system that are described as under:
Nervous system – On central nervous system, the brain function is the variable with
property. With aging, Mary tends to learn material tendency, verbal capability and major
intelligence performance that comes from wisdom and experiences. Through aging Mary's
response instance in such condition that reduces past. Because of the spinal cord started to
weakening and this part of body controls and manage the required reaction time in accordance
with bodily environment. When the blood circulation goes down then the Synapse and
neurotransmission being high, lower sensation, reduces the reflexes that can be determined in
Mary's behaviour (Luxton and et. al., 2011).
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Consequence on Respiratory system – The outcome of ageing in respiratory functions
and activities that is healthy and exhaling which directly effect on aging of other organs. Gas
exchange and inhaling become slower, respiratory reflexes also being slower and weaker. In
exhaling system of defence mechanism is become weaken and it has critical capability for
protective air started to reduces at the minimum level. Sometime, influeneza (FLU),
pneumococal infections, etc. airborne disease may happen to a person.
4.2 Evaluate the effect of average disorders on body construction and working
The effect of described condition on Mary's physical construction and function that can
be mentioned as follows:
Hypertension condition in Mary's body – Mary is an aged women who is miserable
from high blood pressure which is note a sincere suit. Hypertension can rapidly harm the body
and it can be caused of multifaceted heart diseases such as Ischemic, stroke and gap in the heart.
Along with this, hypertension can be harm and damage the arteries that can seriously origin
Aneurysm. Basically, the cell sheet of the internal physical structure will become so elastic that
limits the oxygen and blood which flows over the body (LEVENTHAL and IAN, 2012).
Hypertension will create most damages to the heart. As per the scenario, Mary has a immense
measure that she is troubled from Coronary artery diseases, increasing left heart musculus heart
happening is the main diseases. For the current situation of Mary, it can be assumed that blood
does not flow freely with the help of arteries and veins. In the time of Mary that will determine
the difficulty in her heart and broad blood pressure can caused the weakening Cardiac muscles.
Apart from this, high blood pressure can create major issue to brain multifarious which is seen as
deadly disease such as TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack), dementia, mild cognitive impairment
and stroke. Along with this, hypertension can also harm kidney and interrupt urine and organic
process cycle. There are various risk which are fed by Mary. Eventually, she should reduces the
data and information that can cause higher Blood pressure in the body.
The nervous system disorders may develop her forgetful and hypertension lead towards
headache, light-headedness and buzzing in the ears. There are two types of diabetes which are
present and it make her fat, muscles and liver cells are functioning in abnormal way. Along with
this, nerves are damaged due to diabetes that can develop her unable to feel injured. Arthritis
causes pain in the joints that can become strong and swollen through which she can feel creaky.
The irregular cells of the integumentary system that can lead towards slow healing of wound.
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4.3 Consequence of communal disorders and infection to the aid routinely granted to individuals
impressed by them
As per the scenario, Mary has pathology from last some long time and she tells her health
aid professional about her consent thought of symptom that has accelerative her anxiety to fall in
this moment. In this, Mary does not attend to leave her housing because of threats of failing.
Also she avoids to going outside as the result of being isolated. Mary has a intense Height Phobia
(Acrophobia) that incessantly devising her so isolated from the community or society. It can be
assumed that she has huge experienced regarding impressive injury incident regarding falling
and there are certain evolutionarily aspects which can be observed that she is born under the
anxiety of peak. She can take various therapies and medications for improving her current
situation and condition. Exposure, Edenization medical aid, cognitive behaviour Therapy (CBT)
are sure ways of dealing with her acrophobia. If she does not take her disorder severely so she
will be ended up the separated as now always (Coker, Austin and Schuster, 2010). The condition
can be well associated with the routine care. Owning to the age, the lady does not recommended
to engaged in physical exercise that includes regular walk is required for her and she suffer from
diseases. Because of this, her routine exercise will reduced due to old age and arthritis and her
routine care is affected. For taking relive from pain caused by arthritis, she can be given pain
killers. For dealing with hypertension, the lifestyle and diet of Mary can be changed. The impact
of age on nervous system, she will not feel the dangerous injury. Hence, appropriate care should
be taken that wound does not get infected.
CONCLUSION
As per the preceding described report it can be analysed that health and social care
provider performs the work of making availability of various integrated services. Such facilities
consists along with health and social care elements. Along with this, organ system is concern
with cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, immune, respiratory, muscular, endocrine, reproductive
system. In this assignment, describing about blood which mainly carries cells from lymphatic
tissue, bone narrow, electrolytes and nutritious which move around outside or inside of tissues
and also resistant cadre to the necessary areas. It is necessary for an individual is to survive in the
amiable state. In this situation, all the method and variety meat purpose properly such as liver,
kidney, heart and primarily neural structure along with involuntary neural scheme. Homoeostasis
is the optimal internal condition of body, and to balance this internal condition regular function
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of body is required. In human body; veins, arteries and organs are interacted with all other and
execute effectual role and development in amended way. There are mainly three form of
muscular system anatomy which includes visceral, cardiac and skeletal. The human body has
different forms of muscles that are execute various types of motive activities and functions.
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