Physiological Principles for Health and Social Care

Physiological Principles for Health and Social Care INTRODUCTION 1 TASK 11 1.1 Gross anatomy of skeletal, muscular and cardiovascular systems 1 1.2 Functions of skeletal, muscular and cardiovascular systems along with their working together 6 TASK 28 2.1 Response of body to physical activities 8 2.2 Role of voluntary muscles, joints & gaseous skeleton exchange within context of aerobic activity 9 2.3 Maintaining homoeostasis during the action in given scenario 10 TASK 312 3.1 Ethical considerations of routine measurement of temperature, pulse, BP, ECG and their

Physiological Principles for
Health and Social Care

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1 ...........................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Gross anatomy of skeletal, muscular and cardiovascular systems...................................1
1.2 Functions of skeletal, muscular and cardiovascular systems along with their working
together...................................................................................................................................6
TASK 2 ...........................................................................................................................................8
2.1 Response of body to physical activities............................................................................8
2.2 Role of voluntary muscles, joints & gaseous exchange within context of aerobic activity..9
2.3 Maintaining homoeostasis during the action in given scenario......................................10
TASK 3 .........................................................................................................................................12
3.1 Ethical considerations of routine measurement of temperature, pulse, BP, ECG and their
use in healthcare...................................................................................................................12
3.2 Information about functioning of body through Temperature, Pulse, BP and ECG......13
3.3 How such information helps in care planning of a person.............................................14
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................15
4.1 Impact of Mary's age on body structure and functioning...............................................15
4.2 Impacts of her medical condition on body structure and functions................................16
4.3 Evaluate effective routine care delivered to Mary favourable for her overall physical
condition...............................................................................................................................16
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................17
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................18

INTRODUCTION
Physiology refers to a branch of science which deals with functions and mechanisms that
perform within a living system. It involves several physiological principles for health and social
care relevant to different functions such as digestion, respiration, circulation and excretion.
However, it is necessary to gain balanced amount of various chemicals and hormones in body
which provide support to conduct overall functions in human body properly (Aveyard, 2014).
Moreover, digestion has certain key primary procedures like ingestion of food, secretion of fluids
& digestive enzymes, mixing & movement of food, digestion of food in smaller pieces,
absorption of nutrients and excretion of wastes. It involves use of several hormones for
regulating digestion including motilin, gastrin and secretin into relevant stages like oral phase,
gastric phase, intestinal phase and regulation of digestive fluids. The other different functions of
body also consists their own processes and hormones for conducting them properly so that an
individual will remain healthy. This assignment will focus on interaction between skeletal,
muscular and cardiovascular system including their functions. It will also includes roles of
voluntary muscles, joints and gaseous exchange within the context of aerobic activity along with
concept of homoeostasis. The routine measures including temperature, pulse, blood pressure,
ECG and their utilisation in health & social care is also covered in this report.
TASK 1
1.1 Gross anatomy of skeletal, muscular and cardiovascular systems
There are different types of systems in body which plays their own role to ensure proper
functioning of body. It involves skeletal, muscular and cardiovascular systems which conduct
their roles along with working together so that physical activities of can be carried out by an in
individual in appropriate manner (Barr, 2014). These systems has their own special anatomy and
physiology including several essential parts for functioning properly. Moreover, the Anatomy of
skeletal, muscular and cardiovascular systems is described below –
Gross Anatomy of Skeletal systems – The skeletal systems includes overall bones,
cartilages and ligaments which provide support to body in order to give an appropriate shape to
body and body structures. An adult consists of 206 bones in their skeleton whereas younger
individuals or kids have higher amount of bones. The primary function of skeleton is to render a
rigid internal structure in respect of supporting weight of the body against gravitational force. In

addition to this, it is helpful to provide structure upon muscles which facilitate to produce desired
movements of the body in terms of conducting may physical activities in daily routine of people.
Moreover, it can be divided into two parts such as axial and appendicular skeleton (Corin, 2017).
(Source: Skeletal System, 2017)
The Axial Skeleton
The axial skeleton consist of vertical central axis of the body including overall bones of
head, neck, chest and back (Davis Boykins, 2014). It will provide support to protect brain, spinal
chord, heart and lungs along with serving an attachment site for those muscles who plays an
important role in movement of head, neck, back and muscles of hip points in order move their
corresponding limbs. However, an axial skeleton contains 80 bones which includes skull formed
Illustration 1: Skeletal System

by 22 bones, vertebral column and thoracic cage. The vertebral column contains 24 bones known
as vertebra along with sacrum & coccyx. Finally, thoracic cage consist of 12 pair of ribs, sternum
and flattened bone of anterior chest.
The appendicular skeleton
The appendicular skeleton involves overall bones of upper and lower limbs along with
these bones which are helpful to attach each limb to axial skeleton. However, there are 126 bones
in appendicular skeleton in an adult (Enthoven, 2014).
Gross Anatomy of Muscular systems – The muscular system is helpful in movement of
human body including different types of muscles such as visceral, cardiac and skeletal. However,
it has been observed that most of skeletal muscles are attached to two bones with the help of
tendons. The tendons refers to bands of dense regular connective tissue having strong collagen
fibre which firmly attach muscles to bones. Moreover, muscles move by shortening their length
and pulling on tendons and moving bones closer to one another. A single bone is pulled towards
the another bone which remains stationary and the place in stationary bone that is linked with the
help of tendons to the muscles known as origin. In addition to this, the area on the moving bone
which is associated to muscle through tendons is considered as an insertion. Meanwhile, belly of
muscles is a fleshy part of muscle in between the tendons that does the actual contraction.
Visceral Muscle - Initially, visceral muscles are usually found outside the organs
including stomach, intestines and blood vessels. However, visceral muscles are responsible to
make organs in order to contract to move substances through the specific organ. These muscles
are also known as involuntary muscles because they are controlled by unconscious mind and it
cannot directly controlled through conscious mind (Eyles and Woods, 2014).
Cardiac Muscle – Secondly, cardiac muscles are found in heart which conduct an
important function of pumping blood throughout the overall body and it is also a kind of
involuntary muscle. While, hormones and signals from brain adjust rate of contraction and
cardiac muscles stimulates themselves to contract. The ability of self stimulation, cardiac
muscles are known as auto rhythmic or intrinsically controlled.

(Source: Muscular System: Facts, Functions & Diseases, 2016)
Skeletal Muscle – Moreover, the skeletal muscles can be considered as one and only
voluntary muscle tissue in human body as they are controlled by conscious mind respectively.
There are various actions which perform by an individual physically including speaking, walking
Illustration 2: Muscular System: Facts, Functions & Diseases

or writing requires skeletal muscles. However, most of skeletal muscle are connected with two
bones across the joint which facilitate to move parts of body whose bones closer to one another.
Gross Anatomy of Cardiovascular systems – This can be described as a transport
system which consist three components such as heart, valves, blood vessel and blood. It is
helpful in pumping of blood and the blood vessels plays an important role of delivering routes
(Gardner, Pearce and Mitchell, 2017). However, it consists of conical hollow muscular organ
having four chambers i.e. right & left atria and ventricles along with inter atrial as well as inter
ventricular septum. Additionally, it contains carotid arteries, renal arteries, mesenteric artery,
hepatic artery, coronary arteries and femoral arteries.
(Source: The Cardiovascular System, 2018)
Illustration 3: The Cardiovascular System

1.2 Functions of skeletal, muscular and cardiovascular systems along with their working together
The functions of skeletal, muscular and cardio vascular system are responsible for normal
functioning of overall body which facilitate to make an individual healthy and comfortable.
However, they play their own functions which together balance the amount of nutrients and other
fluids in order to make human being healthy. The functions of those systems are given below.
Functions of skeletal system
Support, Movement and Protection – The skeletal system basically consist of bones
which provide support to the human body and conduct movement of the sane. It is helpful to
move body parts in order to carrying out various physical activities of body in regular routine of
life (Golightley and Goemans, 2017). However, it is also helpful to protect soft organs of body
and save them from outside damage or injury. Moreover, bones facilitate the movement by
serving as points of attachment to muscles and they protect internal organs like ribs save lung,
vertebral column protect spinal cord as well as skull save brain of human body.
Mineral Storage, Energy Storage and Haematopoiesis – This includes the functions of
bone in respect of working as reservoir for certain essential minerals in body such as calcium and
phosphorus. Bones are also considered as site for fat storage and blood cell production. In
addition to this, it has been analysed that the connective tissues fill interior part of bones is
known as bone marrow. It is of two types i.e. yellow and red bone marrow for their different
functions respectively. Moreover, yellow bone marrow consists of adipose tissues and
triglycerides which is essential for providing source of energy to other tissues of the body.
Furthermore, red bone marrow is responsible for production of blood cells including red blood
cells, white blood cells and platelets (Greene, 2017).
Functions of muscular system
Mobility – This can be considered as main function of muscular system to allow
movement in human body and their contraction facilitate gross & fine movements. Meanwhile,
gross movement refers to large and coordinated movements such as walking, running and
swimming whereas fine movement involves writing, speaking & facial expressions. However,
the muscle movement is controlled by conscious mind and they are reflexive sometimes like
withdrawing hand from source of heat.

Stability – This includes about stretching of muscles tendons over joints which helps to
stable the joints and knee joint & shoulder joints are crucial in stabilisation. However, the core
muscles are found in abdomen, back and pelvis which provide support to stabilize body along
with assisting in activities or tasks including lifting weights.
Posture – The skeletal muscles are helpful to keep the human body in correct position
including sitting and standing which is called specific posture of body. In addition to this, long
term bad posture may lead to joint and muscles pain in shoulder, back, neck and elsewhere
(Keleher and MacDougall, 2015).
Circulation – The heart is a kind of muscles which is responsible for pumping the blood
in the whole body which controlled by conscious mind. However, heart muscles contract
automatically at the time of stimulating through electric signals accordingly. Moreover, arteries
and veins also consist of muscles which plays previous role in circulating blood in overall body
parts. Additionally, these muscles are helpful in maintenance of blood pressure and circulation in
case of blood loss or dehydration.
Respiration – This process involves the diaphragm muscle which is located below lungs
and when diaphragm contracts, it causes chest cavity to get bigger so that lungs will fill with air.
Meanwhile, when diaphragm relaxes then it will push air out of the lungs which is known as
process of respiration. Moreover, when an individual want to breathe deeply then it needs help
from other muscles such as abdomen, back and neck.
Digestion – The smooth muscles in gastrointestinal tract provide support to conduct
digestion process. It includes food moves with a wave like motion through digestive tract known
peristalsis and muscle of walls contract and relax to facilitate movement of food particles
(Krieger, 2014). However, upper muscle of stomach relaxes to allow food for entering and lower
muscles are plays role of mixing the food with hydrochloric acid and other enzymes.
Furthermore, digested food move out to intestine by peristalsis and some of muscles help to pass
the remaining food outside the body as stool.
Urination – This involves muscles of bladder, kidneys, penis or vagina, prostate, ureters
and urethra which performs together to hold or release urine from the bladder.
Functions of cardiovascular system
The function of cardiovascular system is to transport nutrients, oxygen and hormones to
cells in overall body along with removing of metabolic waste including carbon dioxide &

nitrogenous wastage. Moreover, it has another important role of protecting body with the help of
white blood cells, antibodies and complement proteins which circulate in blood along with
defending the human body against foreign microorganisms as well as toxins. In addition to this,
the mechanism of clotting is also remain present which is helpful to save the human body from
the problem of blood loss after various kinds of injuries accordingly. Furthermore, there is one
more important function which involves regulation of body temperature, fluid PH and water
content of cells respectively (Le Grand, 2018).
Interrelation of muscular, cardiovascular and skeletal systems
For example, muscular system helps to cardiovascular system in order to flow blood
throughout the body because arteries ad blood vessels consist of muscles which provide support
to push blood in all the parts of body. However, muscular system also support to skeletal system
by providing help in connecting the bones and joints in order to make human body move
properly. Moreover, skeletal system needs help of cardiovascular system because bones need
blood and oxygen for their functions which are provided by heart through blood vessels and
arteries.
TASK 2
2.1 Response of body to physical activities
The human body plays may physical activities in regular routine of life in proper manner
by having appropriate health. According to the given case scenario, a 30 years old man undertake
90 minutes in a summer sunny day. However, at 3.30 pm, the outside temperature was 29
degrees and he has eaten rice- based lunch 2 hours earlier. Now, the body response of man to
physical activities are given below –
Muscles – The muscles of body needs ATP for contraction and movement and in order
to generate more ATP, oxygen is required so that breathing increased due to running and heart
will begin for pumping more blood. Moreover, in case of lack of oxygen, lactic acid formation
take place and then tiny tears in muscles make them grow bigger as well as stronger as they heal.
Lungs – When muscles requires more oxygen due to physical activity them the breathing
rates increases but in case, the muscles which are surrounded the lungs cannot move faster then it
means that a person have reached the VO2 limit. However, VO2 limit refers to maximum capacity

to use oxygen which depends upon fitness of an individual. Moreover, higher the fitness of a
person then higher will be the maximum capacity of using of oxygen.
Heart – It is observed that due to running, the heart rates increases in order to supply
more oxygenated blood to muscles of human body (Liaw and et. al., 2014). A heart of fit person
be can effectively do the same response to physical activity and allow it to work out harder &
longer. Moreover, physical activity like running results into increase in blood pressure, heart rate
and breathing rate which is considered as response of body due to improve in demand of
oxygenated muscles.
Brain – The physical activity is responsible for increasing blood flow which facilitate the
brain to perform its function more immediately. It is also helpful to improve focus of an
individual after doing exercise respectively. However, hypothalamus of brain is responsible for
thermoregulation which is applicable when external environment is very hot. Moreover, physical
activity like running in given case rise temperature which cause hypothalamus to send signals to
cells of skin for sweating in terms of regulating body temperature.
Joints and bones – A physical activity or running facilitate to place as much as five or
six times more weight on joints & bones of human body. However, it has been analysed that
peak body mass is achieved in adulthood which can be maintained through regular exercise for
remaining healthy. Additionally, more physical exercise or activities are responsible for reducing
blood glucose level.
2.2 Role of voluntary muscles, joints & gaseous exchange within context of aerobic activity
The aerobic physical activity requires pumping of oxygenated blood through heart in
order to deliver desired amount of oxygen to working muscles accordingly. It is responsible for
stimulating heart rate and breathing rate in terms of increasing in such as manner which can be
appropriate sustained for overall session of any physical activity. However, it is analysed that
aerobic means to involve oxygen to conduct specific physical activity which involves cardio
machines, spinning, running, swimming, walking, hiking, aerobic classes, dancing, cross country
skiing and many more (McGorry and et. al., 2014). Moreover, the voluntary muscles, joints and
gaseous exchange in aerobic activity which are explained further –
Voluntary muscles – This involves skeletal muscles which plays an important to role for
altered an acute and chronic workload induced by aerobic activity. However, these muscles are
responsible for immediate change of contractility to structural adaptations in order to manage the

demands of aerobic activities of human body. Moreover, the aerobic physical exercise requires
high volume of low intensity muscular contractions. In addition to this, the muscle fibres, the
cells located within muscles called as mitochondria which provide support in terms of providing
energy through energy forming compound known as adenosine triphosphate i.e. ATP.
Joints – This includes physical activities involving running which encourages circulation
of fluid which facilitate to move joints. Moreover, the joint is surrounded by a soft tissue which
is known as synovial membrane and that provides support to bones in order to move past each
other in more smooth manner (Parahoo, 2014).
Gaseous exchange – The gaseous exchange takes place in the whole body with the help
of respiration process through using alveoli present in lungs. However, it involves the transport
of oxygen to every part of human body in order to conduct physical activity including running
whereas carbon dioxide should be released outside to avoid damage of cells.
2.3 Maintaining homoeostasis during the action in given scenario
Homeostasis refers to feature of system which regulates the internal environment and
tends to maintain stable, relatively constant and condition of properties. Moreover, it is basically
a capability to tendency in respect of maintaining internal stability to compensate for
environmental changes. However, the mechanism of homoeostasis involves three components
such as receptor, control centre and effector. In addition to this, maintenance of homeostasis
during running action of given case study of 30 years old man is given below –
Maintenance of homeostasis
Type of homeostasis Homeostatic process Hormones and other
messengers involved
Tissues, organs and
organ systems
involved
Osmoregulation
(Excretions)
It includes the
procedure of water,
salts and urea expelled
from the human body.
The antidiuretic
hormone (ADH),
aldosterone,
angiotensin II and
carbon dioxide in
terms of maintaining
homeostasis of body.
The osmoregulation
involves urinary
system with kidneys,
urinary bladder &
ureters and endocrine
system including
pituitary gland as well

as respiratory system
along with lungs.
Thermoregulation This involves
sweating, shivering,
dilating or constriction
of blood vessels at
skin surface, insulation
by adipose tissues
along with breakdown
of the same in order to
produce heat.
It includes only nerve
impulses to maintain
homeostasis.
The thermoregulation
consists skeletal
muscle from muscular
system, nerves of
nervous system, blood
vessels from cardio
vascular system, skin
& adipose tissue of
integumentary system
and hypothalamus
from endocrine
system.
Chemical regulation
(glucoregulation)
It includes the release
of insulin and
glucagon into blood in
response to rise or fall
of blood levels in
respective manner.
Moreover, it includes
the increase in
breathing rate due to
improved levels of
carbon dioxide in
blood whereas release
of the same into
exhaled air from lungs
as well as secretion of
erythropoietin by
The chemical
regulation utilise
insulin, glucagon,
cortisol, carbon
dioxide, nerve
impulses and
erythropoietin (EPO).
It consist of several
organs and organs
systems such as
pancreas & adrenal
glands of endocrine
system, liver of
digestive system, lungs
from respiratory
system, brain of
nervous system and
kidney of urinary
system.

kidneys to stimulate
formation of red blood
cells.
In the given scenario of 30 years old man, thermoregulation method should be consider
as he is running in sunny summer day which facilitate sweating in order to maintain homeostasis.
TASK 3
3.1 Ethical considerations of routine measurement of temperature, pulse, BP, ECG and their use
in healthcare
The ethical considerations can be described as ethical rules and norms which are required
to be followed by medical profession while measuring temperature, pulse, blood pressure etc.
However, ethical consideration includes, several factors including dignity, individual rights &
privacy which should be considered at the time of conducting routine tests of a person (Sheldon
and et. al., 2014). It is useful to analyse the about present health condition of an individual along
with defining specific disease from which they get suffered in order to give accurate medication.
As per given case scenario, an obese business man with age of 55 years develops severe
headache and chest pain. It is necessary to consider dignity, individual rights and privacy along
with following legal rules to measure temperature, pulse, BP & ECG in order to make correct
decision of medication.
Temperature – This involves the criteria of measuring temperature with the help of
thermometer with considering dignity by safety and quality policies. It involves that thermometer
should remain dipped in chemical and use it properly along with ensuring its bacteria free state to
utilise for different person so that infection can be prevented (Stoddart and Evans, 2017).
Moreover, it is required to provide information about measured body temperature to patient and
maintain privacy of the same.
Pulse – The pulse rate includes the number of heart beats of an individual in single
minute which also helps to decide about correct medical situation of them. It is necessary to
consider individual rights of people and provide them information about the machine to be used
for measuring pulse. Moreover, it is used to monitor about progress for maintaining dignity in
health of person through evaluating outcomes of given medication. Additionally, it involves to

utilise advanced equipments for measuring pulse by maintaining dignity and abnormality about
pulse rate should be remain private.
Blood Pressure – The blood pressure refers to a situation of flowing blood with force
will become more high than normal due to which a pressure is generated in blood capillaries. It is
necessary for an obese person to be measure blood pressure in order to determine the reason of
developed chest pain as it is helpful to provide correct medication. However, abnormality in
pulse rate should be conveyed to patient and prescribe precautions & medication to maintain the
same along with balancing privacy.
Electro Cardio Graphy (ECG) – The electrocardiography refers to process of recording
electrical activity of heart over a specific duration of time with the help of applying electrodes
over the skin respectively. However, ECG should be carried out in given situation to evaluate
actual cause of headache and chest of obese business man so that appropriate medication can be
provided immediately for his well being (Stuart, 2014). Moreover, it is necessary to first provide
information about particular test and its results as well. Additionally, it is essential utilise correct
machines or devices and do not share about particular information about patient to others except
professionals associated with same case.
3.2 Information about functioning of body through Temperature, Pulse, BP and ECG
There are several primary check up aspects including to measure temperature, pulse, BP
and then conduct ECG which facilitate to evaluate actual medical situation of an obese business
man. Moreover, these methods are helpful to monitor the the progress of medication given and
ensure about recovering fact of patient. In addition to this, the factors ate also facilitate to analyse
about problem of high body fat and other issues which are responsible for improper functioning
of body.
Temperature – The routine measurement of temperature of an individual helps to
determine actual situation. It includes that when temperature is high then it is symptom of fever
and if it is low than normal which indicates about hypothermia. Moreover, it can be measured in
several way such as orally, rectally, axillary, by ear and skin. Additionally, the normal body
temperature is 97.8 degrees Fahrenheit or 36.5 degrees Celsius for a healthy adult.
Pulse – This involves the measurement of heart beat in one minute and taking pules rate
is also facilitate to analyse about heart rhythm along with strength of pulse. However, the normal
pulse of a healthy adult is ranges form 60 to 100 beats per minute which facilitate to evaluate

actual cause of present health issue because it can fluctuate due to some disease or injury
(Taggart and Cousins, 2014).
Blood pressure – This refers to force of blood pushing against the artery walls at the
time of contraction and relaxation of heart. However, BP get high when heart contract whereas it
will falls due to relaxation of heart so that two numbers are recorded. Moreover, the higher
pressure is known as systolic and lower one is called diastolic which are recorded in “mm Hg”
(millimetres of mercury) through using an equipment i.e. mercury manometer or
sphygmomanometer. The normal blood pressure is (120/80) and recording the BP of obese
business man helps to analyse about his situation of excess fat, cholesterol and abnormal
functioning of relevant organs.
ECG – The ECG is helpful to monitor electrical activity of heart in terms of analysing
through displaying moving line of peaks and dips respectively. However, it basically record
electrical current that runs through an individual's heart as everyone has unique ECG trace but
the displayed patterns facilitate to evaluate various heart problems and arrhythmias. In given
case, it will help to evaluate the block arteries and other heart problems in order to analyse
actual cause of headache & chest pain which supports to provide accurate treatment to make him
well being (Tilley and Cameron, 2014).
3.3 How such information helps in care planning of a person
As per given case study, the obese business man was suffering from headache and chest
pain which is required to be diagnosed in proper manner in respect of determining correct health
problem. It will provide support to make an appropriate care planning along with making correct
decision of medication to follow the same for making him well being. Some of steps of care
planning which are applicable for given patient those are as follows –
Monitoring course of health/disorder/disease – This includes the criteria of conduct
several tests such as measuring temperature, pulse, blood pressure and ECG to monitor particular
health problem. For example, pulse rate and blood pressure remain high in obese person then
appropriate medication can be provided to maintain the same which facilitate to remain well
being. Moreover, evaluate several symptoms like sweating, dizziness, squeezing, tightening,
feeling anxious and many more. It includes to determine actual cause of disease and also
facilitate to understand about progress of prescribed medication further.

Care planning – The care planning should involve effective pathological tests to
evaluate actual disease and organise a team of professionals to deal with the same. For example,
temperature, pulse rate and ECG should be carried out to analyse abnormal functioning of heart
and render desired treatment to improve the same along with applying practices to maintain
normal blood pressure & pulse rate. However, analysis of abnormal functions of body should be
analysed and decide to provide accurate medication along with considering risk management
techniques for well being of given obese patient. Moreover, it includes to consider excess fat
situation while making decision about treatment procedure to be carried out to make person
healthy. Additionally, care planning basically includes assessing, diagnosing, planning,
implementing, and evaluating.
Care routines – The care routines includes to measure and maintain records of
temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure and ECG records which helps to ensure about
overcoming situation of patient. However, it also includes to maintain records of measuring
Body Mass Index (BMI), fluid balance, nutritional health in terms of evaluating the variations.
For example, appropriate mediations are required to be given in order to improve abnormalities
in measured rates of temperature, pulse, ECG and blood pressure.
Professionals involved – This patient requires a pathologist, nurse, specialists and
Endocrinologists in order to analyse correct health issues and then provide appropriate treatment
respectively (Townsend and Morgan, 2017).
Reporting data to professionals – The data about recorded measures of body
temperature, pulse rate, ECG reports and blood pressure should be accurately communicated to
different medical professional involves in this case so that chance of confusion will be avoided.
It involves the fact that correct information of all team members will capable to conduct accurate
medicating process to make patient healthy.
TASK 4
4.1 Impact of Mary's age on body structure and functioning
As per given scenario, Mary is 78 years old woman suffering from osteoporosis and due
to recent fall, she avoids leave her apartment which results her isolated situation. Moreover,
impact of her age on body structure and functioning due top ageing cells, tissues & organs are
explained below –

Brain and nervous system – The ageing may leads to memory loss of an individual in
which several symptoms are observed due to certain mental disorders. It includes memory loss,
vascular dementia, silent stroke, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Due to
improper or less functioning of cells are responsible for improper functions conducted by organs
of body. The Mary is always feeling dizziness which increase her fear of falling at any moment
due to that she become isolated in her apartment.
Musculoskeletal system – This involves that over a long period of time, several cracks
will be developed and facilitate into weak musculoskeletal system which results into several
health problems. It involves low density of bones and joints which is responsible for remaining
in specific posture like standing or sitting. In context of Mary, she is suffering from osteoporosis
which can be described as loss of calcium in bones which is responsible for contributing to
development of osteoporosis. However, it will leads to boost up number of fractures so that
prevention of injuries including falls of patient is very important.
4.2 Impacts of her medical condition on body structure and functions
As per given case scenario, Mary is suffering from osteoporosis which is a situation of
decrease in bone density which effects body structure. However, less in bone density is
responsible for increasing risk of fractures specially in certain body parts including hip, spinal
vertebrae and wrist. In addition to this, it has been analysed that osteoporosis basically affects the
structure and strength of bones along with developing fractures more likely which impacts
negatively in functioning of body.
Isolation – This involves the problem of weak body structure because of osteoporosis
which facilitate improper functioning of body. Meanwhile, the falls at any moment of life create
fear in mind of Mary due to she do not want to leave her apartment and go outside. However, she
always feel dizziness and fearful about falling which make her remain in apartment and get
isolated in the same.
Loss of mobility – The health problem of osteoporosis results into weakness of bones
and a fall happened by her, she reduce her ability to move. However weak bones impacts
negatively on body structure or muscles which helps in moving and those are not functioning
well so that a fall was took place.

4.3 Evaluate effective routine care delivered to Mary favourable for her overall physical
condition
Mary have majorly problem of osteoporosis and fell of dizziness & fear regrading falls at
any moment due to which she so not want to leave her apartment. It is necessary for her care
profession to make an appropriate nursing plan in order to maintain favourable physical
condition. Moreover, a routine care for Mary is given below –
Activities of daily living
 It include to render range of motion exercises in every shift which helps to prevent joint
contractures and muscles atrophy.
 Implementing trochanter rolls and/or pillows to maintain joint alignment which provide
support to prevent musculoskeletal deformities.
 Encourage increased fluid intake to 2000–3000 mL per day (within cardiac tolerance),
including acid or ash juices for reducing risk, urinary infection, stone synthesis and
constipation.
 Increase calcium rich diets and vitamin D in order to maintain bone density which is
helpful in movement of body.
General consequences for care
 Initially, bisphsophates can be implemented as they reduce breakdown of bones, preserve
mass and increase bone density in few cases.
 Secondly, Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) which are mostly applicable
for women but required to be avoided in case of uterine or breast cancer.
 Thirdly, Teriparatide can be used for both man and women as it facilitate reduce high risk
of fractures.
CONCLUSION
From the above report, it is conclude that physiology can be described as an area of
science that focus on functions and mechanisms which perform in a living system. It involves
gross anatomy of skeletal, muscular and cardiovascular systems along with their functions
including movement, mineral storage, stability, posture, respiration & digestion. However, it
includes maintenance of homeostasis by osmoregulation, thermoregulation and chemical
regulation with help of required organs.

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