Analysis of Entrepreneurship and Business Studies

This assignment requires a thorough analysis of various entrepreneurship and business studies, including research papers on critical pedagogies in entrepreneurship education, health information literacy among students, and negotiation strategies in online gaming. It also involves reviewing articles on topics such as television representation, wind energy conversion systems, and media startups in accelerators. The assignment aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the subject matter and prepare a well-structured report based on the provided research papers.

Pitching and Negotiating Skills

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
P1 Negotiation and involvement of key stake holders in negotiation process............................1
M1 Steps of negotiation process.................................................................................................2
D1. Critically evaluating the steps of the negotiation procedure of Mark and Spencer.............3
M2 Request for proposal and documentation and consequences for breaching agreement........4
D2. Critically evaluation of competitive tendering and contract procedure and
Recommendations. .....................................................................................................................4
D3 Developing dynamic and creative pitch ...............................................................................5
M.4. Recommend ways in which Mark & Spencer firm can fulfil their post-pitching
obligations...................................................................................................................................6
D.4.Critically evaluate the pitch and post pitch outcomes to determine potential issues and
risk management.........................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
In any business pitching and negotiation plays a critical role. Pitching and negotiation
assist in seeking the attention of stakeholders and making people accept on communal interest.
It is techniques which assist if identifying the interest of all the people who has involvement in
the function of company. Mark and Spencer company is being taken in this assessment. This
assessment will determine the qualities and skills of manager in negotiation and pitching. This
report also focus on identifying the steps in dealing and presenting problems and issues by
management of Mark and Spencer. Furthermore, the report also determine the proposal and
documentation for breaching of contact. Beside this, repost also evaluate competitive tendering
and contract procedure. More over this repost also make understand the dynamic and creative
pitch for Mark and Spenser company. This assessment also focus on implementing appropriate
documentation of contract. Mark and Spencer is the leading retail store in United Kingdom.
This study will also critically measure pitch and post pitch outcomes for determining issues
and problems and risk management in the organization.
P1 Negotiation and involvement of key stake holders in negotiation process.
In a negotiation process, where the two parties are discussed to involve in one solution
to problem with mutual interest. Effective process is IT process to implement by an
organization to helps in maintaining to involved in interest of every stakeholder with the help
of business operations (Mejía-Arauz and et.al., 2018.). Moreover, for the manager is important
to implement the use of negotiation process to appropriate because it helps in managing every
bit of detail which is essential to be divided with stakeholder. The key focus on manager of
Marks and Spencer when negotiation with key stakeholders is over their profit because it is the
only condition which help in conducting process.
In negotiation process, the key stakeholder individually get affected by change in
decision making. Overall, whatever the changes occurred in the company the manager will
consider priority to employee because in the company employers are those person who
organized and aware about the taste of users and consumer preferences. In negotiation process,
entity is important for the involve and to serve stratification of the employee. Apart from this,
shareholders are the most important part of organization because these individual are the
investors which pull companies to share their value. Changes in the company is directly
hampers their invest.

Rationale for negotiation process
Behind this all main motive implemented that the process will seek to advice from
every stakeholders about the changes in decision. It also included for the people to help in step
wise process all the details is here to agree on common interest(Tse, 2014). Moreover,
determining needs and expectation of every stakeholder are important for the managers. It is
included, that assists to managing successful business operations are considered to be
prominent. Thus the management of Marks and Spencer will focus on negotiation because of
its helps in seeking consent of every person who is relating and must be affected by the
decision making.
M1 Steps of negotiation process
In negotiation, the important part is that apply the utility of negotiation process because
it helps in to explain step wise process which involving every necessary step which need to file
negotiation agreement. Further, planning the negotiation personal assistant utilizing systematic
step wise process because it will helps in the system to outlining all the primary information
and step. Such as, negotiation process followed by manager is described in below:
Planning and Preparing: in this report, the meeting has conducted to discuss aims of making
people aware about the whole issues which are considered(Junoh, 2014). Next step, also
included that aims of manager to collect whole the information which must be arises like
expectations, need and different perception, etc. prior stage of management where Marks and
Spencer aims that outlining all the details which can be taken as part of negotiation process.
Setting around rules: In this step, to maintain the entire process is assisting to conduct a
negotiation process. Therefore, to making successful negotiation process, the manager and
assistant will focus on setting back up plan (Tse, 2014). This is a last option of negotiation to
be successful, manager and assistant will focus on setting back up plan.
Clarification and Justification: In this step, the discussion on negotiation all the time the
manager knows the discussion about all individual interest in business operations. Hence, over
all the discussion will be based on negotiation with mutual interests (Fletcher, 2018). It is
opportunity for the firm to determine the various loopholes and shortcomings to share
information and knowledge regarding changes in business organization.
Bargaining and problem savings: In this process, manager is trying to understand the different
opinions to create a discussion on over negotiation. In this manner, the management of Marks

and Spencer is responsible for examine the state on which negotiation can take place. This
process analyzing all over the consideration, clearing and discussion on which concessions can
occur in favor of all the organization (Tse, 2014).
Summarizing and Executing: In this process, the manager aim was to document the process of
negotiation where all the sudden changes are elaborate into one statement (Mejía-Arauz and
et.al., 2018). It is a last phase, to forming agreement for the common interest and signing
agreement. In the process, the important part for the manager to make sign negotiation
agreement from the every participant those are in the process which participate.
Critical evaluation of steps of negotiation process:
it is an effective process, which helps in setting in order to flow of negotiation which
helps in easy action of stakeholder. Moreover, the beneficial process is aimed to discussed the
views of every person working in the firm but in the other hand it is restricted to limited the
steps which can be altered. The process which are making ethical is discussed and argued by
the manager. The next step is discussed that sharing their interest with the help of both parties
argument. In last, the discussion and arguments are over manager summarized the basis of
negotiation which can be made on common interest of workers and trade union, etc.
D1. Critically evaluating the steps of the negotiation procedure of Mark and Spencer.
As per the author- Negotiation is the procedure for settling the disputes and conflicts
and issues in the Mark and Spencer. Negotiation is an effectual procedure as it assist in setting
systematic flow of negotiation. Sometimes negotiation leads to crack hindrance among the
people of the Mark and Spencer (Salamzadeh and Markovic, 2018). There is arguments and
commenting done when negotiation occurs because in procedure of negotiation company is
focused on changing the decision. As per the process of negotiation as in this process the views
of every one is listen and considers. The decision taken by negotiator after considering each
and every person and it is not fixed or permanent, it can be altered. Negotiation is a process
and present legal solutions for dealing with the problems and conflicts. In the process of
Negotiation pros and cons is involved. It must be followed by the parties in order to fulfil the
elementary necessity and neediness. It is also very helpful in making decisions. Proper rules
and regulations has to be follow for making effective solutions. For example, if there is any
case arises during the burden of work. Than company is planning to make holiday as working
day and increase the working hours. Than it the duty of management of Mark and Spencer to

negotiate with the employee's of the organization. For taking the favour of the employee's, the
steps and full procedure of the Negotiation is considered. Management has to pre planned the
answers given to the employee's like in employee's will be given force leave to them in future.
The manager will set solid ground rules for discussion of controversy in order to make
procedure honourable. Moreover, the management would plan recommendations and
justifications in a order to negotiate with employees (Glover, 2017). Next step would be the
solution of the issues and problems by sharing their involvement in changes. At last, the
discussion will be end up by negotiator on the basis of communal interest of company and
employee's.
M2 Request for proposal and documentation and consequences for breaching agreement.
In this process, the management is issuing for several reasons like to reduce the quality
of organizational purpose (Nic Giolla Easpaig, and Humphrey, 2017). The manger starts this
process with drafting of request for proposal (RFP), in this, bidders reviewing drafting and
advise changes for transformation. Moreover, buyers of organisation categorised buyers into
smaller group. The continuous process of negotiation on pricing it occurs and in last final
bidding keeping in mind interacting part of the parties concerted with organisational
operations. There are various steps to used by manager of Marks and Spencer to prepare
request for proposal as followed:
1- Determining consideration of customers and establishing different designs.
2- Measuring benefits and risk associated with proposal.
3- Analysing developmental of tools like hardware and software.
4- Finding project break downs and identifying over project life cycle.
Further, breaking declaration of request for proposal must cause legal implications which can
be negation of statement, losses, damage to image, etc(Belinsky, and Gogan, 2016).
Contract Terms: this contract term is defined as, is a part of law regulating contracts in
England and Wales. This is also experiencing in small stages changes because of the UK's
relationship of the European union and international organisations like Unidroit (Glover,
2017).
RFP Documents: this define as a document that request of message, frequently made through a
bidding process, by an agency or organization interested in procurement of a commodity,

valuable asset and service. It is proposed early in the request for proposal documents either at
the preliminary study, or procurement stage.
D2. Critically evaluation of competitive tendering and contract procedure and
Recommendations.
As per the author it is system introduced by United Kingdom is competitive tendering
in 1980. When both parties liable to work in the foremost accomplished manner than the task
is the successful tender. The main intention of competitive tendering is to actuation the cost
down and improvement in the efficiency of Mark and Spencer including central and local
departmental of the government. Tendering assist the management of Mark And Spencer that
determine the needs of the customers and make available of effectual quality of goods and
services. The main aim is to fulfils the needs and requirements of the customers. Competitive
tendering is the procedure to avail the resources like tools and equipments, raw material etc.
(Fletcher, 2018).
There arr many advantages of Competitive tendering which Mark and Spencer management
can discover-
Worth for money result- Competitive tendering assist the management can provide the best
possible value of the outcome of the money to customer and user. For example- company
provides several varieties of option to their customers and customers has to make choice from
the varieties.
Compliance and Regulative result- competitive tendering helps in meeting the results of
government body and legislation.
Broad scope of options- Mark and Spencer deals in variety of goods and services. Their are
broad range of goods and services accessible for the company.
Tendering procedure of public companies and private companies.
The tender procedure used by the government is bureaucratic by which many well-
qualified and full-fledged suppliers declination in bidding due to many delays that occur in the
sourcing process. Both the companies whether listed or non listed companies have more scope
to make use of customized sourcing process that suits their enterprises (Nic Giolla Easpaig,
and Humphrey, 2017).

D3 Development of Dynamic and creative pitching:
Dynamic and creative pitching is the important part of every agency that selected by
Marks and Spencer.
 Listening- Listening is important part of any organization because the agency must
listen the doubt of customer and can be solve the problem. They are allowed speaking
with confidence in front of agency and clear their confusion. The agency can be
provide the best services to the customer. It can be play important role for the learning
process is very efficient through the listening. Listening is the most important thing to
developed their pitching skill through these techniques. It can be understand the topic
and then planning according to the subject.
 Using different aids- In this way, to develop their pitching power, the organization will
provide many tools and platforms so that this tools are helpful for creative arts. Theses
platform are dynamic to improve their pitching. They company provide the new
technology to helpful for the development of skills. This is very important for the
employee to increase their understanding towards the project.
 Understanding the current trends- The organization need to understand the current trend
of pitching and then prepare according to the trends. Dynamic pitching is very
important for any organization and it is also a commination medium to interact with the
clients. Most of the people are using creative pitching so that other person easily
understand the requirement. Trends has to be change according to the requirement of
company. The organization understands the need of skill that are very useful for the
marks and Spencer.
Rejection is normal part of any firm because every client wants a good presentation so
that they can be easily understand the structure of presentation. In cooperate world, the most
important quality is communication skills because without this skill, they can't be succeed in
his life. The organization will also provide the training classes regarding pitching and
negotiating. These are very dynamic quality that play an effective role in any company
(Crassidis and Junkins, 2011). Agency will support the employee to conduct a proper pitching
workshop and they are conducting an effective presentation in proper way to get client
appreciation.

Some times, Most of the people are rejected due to lack of pitching skills that are really
very painful but the management understand their feelings and reason. They are crating an
improvement classes for certain areas to learn a pitching style in effective manner. Pitching is
an essential part because the organization are preferred those people who has an effective
pitching skill and they are helpful for innovative, trust worthy, partnership etc.
In this way, the company management would build a trust on the client to gain a profit.
Pitching and negotiating is the concept to making an effective presentation in front of client
and it can play an important role in every presentation. Firstly, they can understand the main
topic and can be presented in very effective ways. Marks and Spencer is an agency to giving
some regarding their effective pitching skills and they are very helpful for client sanctification.
M.4. Recommend ways in which Mark & Spencer firm can fulfil their post-pitching
obligations
The business can be increased through the smart pitching style at their workplace.
According to the trend, the customer are demand to sales their product in very effective way
and with the help of this trend can be increased their business.
The organization can need to improve the quality of product and services and they
provide effective services to the customers. For development of product and services to
improve their post pitching according to the client. The organization to improve the quality of
post-pitching so that to earn a lot of profit. Post-pitch obligation is that when to make sure all
the policies and proposal should be followed by the employee. It can create a good impression
on the task and the customer impress with the manager (Nancy and Padma, Modeling). They
are facing so many challenges towards the task and can be resolve the problem.
The structure of pitching is based on their skill and knowledge in which they are
representing in front of client is important things (Pollack, Rutherford, M.W. and Nagy, 2012.).
Pitching can developed a trust between company and their employee and they provide solution
to problems. Modification in product and services are changed according to the post-pitching.
Before meeting, it can be prepare effective pitching and then interacted with the client.

D.4.Critically evaluate the pitch and post pitch outcomes to determine potential issues and risk
management
Evaluation of pitching: pitch is a mechanism to communicate with other person in
which it is medium to transmit their messages from one person to another. It is an effective
process to present their ideas to the client in very effective ways. The management can be
present their product and services to the customer (vanitskaya, O’Boyle and Casey, 2006.).
However, Pitching is a process to invest some time in front of client. This is the best way to
explain the requirement of client.
Post pitch outcomes: Post-pitching is approach to effect the business process and the
performance of business depend upon the productivity. It is a new idea to used in the business
process to utilised the performance of this business. Some companies are developed risk plan
based on their experience and their past project.
These plan will helpful for identifying the specific risk in the business development.
Post-pitching is generating new plan that are effective for the sales team to explore their ideas
and new approaches. The organization will directly interact with the client through the sales
team (TUW, Abeßer, Grollmisch and TUW, D3). They are tried to convince the customer and
sharing the detail of product in very effective manner.
In the business development, the post-pitching play an important role in management
process because with the help of this pitching can be communicated to the client in very
accurate way (Flagge, 2012). It is step by step process to convenience the client in a proper
manner and the sales team interact to the client and can be share some new approach in very
efficiently. Business professional can gaining a lot of profit to the consumer. It is necessary
part of the company and every one understand the requirement of pitching. It is a way to
presented the product and services.
Risk management are involved in every stage of business process. It can generate a task
oriented to the working process (vanitskaya, O’Boyle). Risk management is a process when
every steps that would face so many problems in their business like technical issue, cost related
problem, employee issue and their past project related issues etc. it is very important to
understand the risk analysis in business process in step by step. Negotiation process are
includes many risk challenges that would affect the whole management.

CONCLUSION
As per the discussion, it can be identified that negotiation skill are very important for
the company benefits. In this way, they will achieve their target and goals. The manager is
participated important role because they provide the facility to employee to learn new things.
They are the responsible person to solve the problem of each and every employee. They always
making a new plan to fulfil the need of employee so that the process is to be very easier and
effective. It will give a new technologies and methods for beneficial for organization. In this
report, Pitching and negotiation is the best approach to ful fill their task and targets. It is useful
for the task oriented approach to handle the situation in critical condition. In this way to
identify the negotiation and its importance skill in the workplace. They always put their effort
towards the client situation. It also highlights all the potential issues and risk management in
the organization and they are also focused on the benefits of dynamic and creative pitching.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Belinsky, S.J. and Gogan, B., 2016. Throwing a Change-Up, Pitching a Strike: An
Autoethnography of Frame Acquisition, Application, and Fit in a Pitch Development and
Delivery Experience. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 59(4), pp.323-
341.
Crassidis, J.L. and Junkins, J.L., 2011. Optimal estimation of dynamic systems. CRC press.
Flagge, A.G., 2012. A comparison of short term memory performance on tests of nonword
repetition, pitch discrimination, and pitch matching in typically developing children.
University of South Alabama.
Fletcher, D., 2018. Looking to the future: how can we further develop critical pedagogies in
entrepreneurship education?. Revitalizing Entrepreneurship Education: Adopting a
critical approach in the classroom.
Fletcher, D., 2018. Looking to the future: how can we further develop critical pedagogies in
entrepreneurship education?. Revitalizing Entrepreneurship Education: Adopting a
critical approach in the classroom.
Glover, B., 2017. Alternative Pathway to Television: Negotiating Female Representation in
Broad City’s Transition from YouTube to Cable. M/C Journal. 20(1).
Ivanitskaya, L., O’Boyle, I. and Casey, A.M., 2006. Health information literacy and
competencies of information age students: results from the interactive online Research
Readiness Self-Assessment (RRSA). Journal of Medical Internet Research, 8(2).
Ivanitskaya, L., O’Boyle, I. and Casey, A.M., 2006. Health information literacy and
competencies of information age students: results from the interactive online Research
Readiness Self-Assessment (RRSA). Journal of Medical Internet Research. 8(2).
Junoh, M.Z.H.M., 2014. An integrated approach in entrepreneurship education using MAIR
framework. Advances in Environmental Biology, pp.497-501.
Mejía-Arauz, R., and et.al., 2018. Collaboration or Negotiation: Two Ways of Interacting
Suggest How Shared Thinking Develops. Current opinion in psychology.
Nancy, M.D. and Padma, K., Modeling and Control of Wind Energy Conversion Systems
under High Wind Turbulence using Conventional, Fuzzy Logic and H-Infinity
Controllers.

Nic Giolla Easpaig, B. and Humphrey, R., 2017. “Pitching a virtual woo”: Analysing
discussion of sexism in online gaming. Feminism & Psychology, 27(4), pp.553-561.
Nic Giolla Easpaig, B. and Humphrey, R., 2017. “Pitching a virtual woo”: Analysing
discussion of sexism in online gaming. Feminism & Psychology. 27(4). pp.553-561.
Pollack, J.M., Rutherford, M.W. and Nagy, B.G., 2012. Preparedness and cognitive legitimacy
as antecedents of new venture funding in televised business pitches. Entrepreneurship
Theory and Practice. 36(5). pp.915-939.
Salamzadeh, A. and Markovic, M.R., 2018. Shortening the Learning Curve of Media Start-
Ups in Accelerators: Case of a Developing Country. In Evaluating Media Richness in
Organizational Learning (pp. 36-48). IGI Global.
Tse, T., 2014. Negotiation between Fashion Marketers and Journalists in Asia. Asian Journal
of Business Research ISSN, 4(1), p.2014.
TUW, T.L., Abeßer, J., Grollmisch, S. and TUW, A.S., D3. 3 Final release of API.