Answer to Question 1 2 5 Answer to Question 4 8 Answer to Question 4 8 Answer to Question 5 8 Answer to Question 4 8 Answer to Question 5 8 Answer to Question 4 8 Answer to Question 5 8 Answer to Ques

7 2 7 Answer to Question 4 8 Answer to Question 5 8 Reference 13 Answer to Question 1 In the process, of capital budgeting decisions to be conducted by the company, the concepts of present worth, internal rate of return and the annual worth hold special significance: Present Worth- It is of utmost importance that the revenue or the cash flow that is going to be accruing in respect of the company from the project should be discounted using a suitable discounting rate.

Running head: PLANT PURCHASE, INSTALLATION AND REPLACEMENT
Plant purchase, Installation and replacement
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Authors Note:

1PLANT PURCHASE, INSTALLATION AND REPLACEMENT
Table of Contents
Answer to Question 1......................................................................................................................2
a)..................................................................................................................................................3
b)..................................................................................................................................................4
c)..................................................................................................................................................4
Answer to Question 2......................................................................................................................5
Answer to Question 3......................................................................................................................7
1...................................................................................................................................................7
2...................................................................................................................................................7
Answer to Question 4......................................................................................................................8
Answer to Question 5......................................................................................................................8
Reference.......................................................................................................................................13

2PLANT PURCHASE, INSTALLATION AND REPLACEMENT
Answer to Question 1
In the process, of capital budgeting decisions to be conducted by the company, the concepts
of present worth, internal rate of return and the annual worth hold special significance:
a) Present Worth-
It is of utmost importance that the revenue or the cash flow that is going to be accruing in
respect of the company from the project should be discounted using a suitable
discounting rate. The reason behind this is that the cash flows that are expected to arise
from the project are needed to be adjusted for the fluctuating inflation rate of the
economy, the return that is expected by the stakeholders in return of the risk undertaken
by them and several other factors. Calculation of the present worth of the inflows gives
out the real value that is going to accrue in favour of the company at the end of the
project.
b) Internal rate of return-
The percentage of the real return that is generated by the project in respect of the
company is demonstrated by the internal rate of return. The internal rate of return
generated by the project must always be above the cost of capital of the project. The cost
of capital is termed as the amount that the company will have to pay the investors in
terms of the interest and the repayment of the amount invested by the third parties (Baum
et al., 2017). It might be possible that the net present value of a project is positive but the
internal rate of return for the same is less than the cost of capital of the firm. In such a
situation, the company will fail to repay the interest and the principle amount to the third
parties from whom the company has taken the loan.

3PLANT PURCHASE, INSTALLATION AND REPLACEMENT
c) Annual worth-
The annual worth represents the amount that is generated by the project annually. This
information is very crucial in respect of the capital budgeting analysis to be conducted by the
company in respect of the project. This is because of the fact that using this information the
company will be able to ascertain the number of years it will take to get the entire investment
back from the project in the form of cash flows.
a)
Annual Worth of different Alternatives
Particular A B C D
Supply units 5000 5000 5000 5000
Sales price per unit $3.00 $3.00 $3.00 $3.00
Sales (1) $15,000.00 $15,000.00 $15,000.00 $15,000.00
Fixed Cost $10,000.00 $14,000.00 $20,000.00 $30,000.00
Capital Recovery Factor
0.2296073
8
0.2296073
8
0.2296073
8
0.2296073
8
(A/P,I,N) (2) $2,296.07 $3,214.50 $4,592.15 $6,888.22
Salvage value $500.00 $700.00 $1,000.00 $1,500.00
Sinking Fund factor
0.1296073
8
0.1296073
8
0.1296073
8
0.1296073
8
(A/F, I, N) (3) $64.80 $90.73 $129.61 $194.41
Annual Labor cost (4) $9,000.00 $7,500.00 $5,000.00 $3,000.00
Annual Power and maintenance cost
(5) $500.00 $800.00 $1,000.00 $1,500.00
Annual Worth (1-2+3-4-5) $3,268.73 $3,576.22 $4,537.46 $3,806.19
The Annual worth of alternative C is the highest and Alternative A is the lowest.

4PLANT PURCHASE, INSTALLATION AND REPLACEMENT
b)
Present Worth of different Alternatives
Particular A B C D
Sales $15,000.00 $15,000.00 $15,000.00 $15,000.00
Less:
Annual Labor cost $9,000.00 $7,500.00 $5,000.00 $3,000.00
Annual Power and maintenance cost $500.00 $800.00 $1,000.00 $1,500.00
Depreciation $1,583.33 $2,216.67 $3,166.67 $4,750.00
Taxable Income $3,916.67 $4,483.33 $5,833.33 $5,750.00
Less:
Tax Payment $1,175.00 $1,345.00 $1,750.00 $1,725.00
Net Income after tax $2,741.67 $3,138.33 $4,083.33 $4,025.00
Add:
Depreciation $1,583.33 $2,216.67 $3,166.67 $4,750.00
Annual Cash inflow after tax $4,325.00 $5,355.00 $7,250.00 $8,775.00
Present value factor of Annuity 4.3553 4.3553 4.3553 4.3553
Present Value of cash inflow after tax $18,836.50 $23,322.42 $31,575.64 $38,217.41
Salvage Value $500.00 $700.00 $1,000.00 $1,500.00
Present value factor
0.5644739
3
0.5644739
3
0.5644739
3
0.5644739
3
Present value of salvage $282.24 $395.13 $564.47 $846.71
Fixed Cost (initial Investment) $10,000.00 $14,000.00 $20,000.00 $30,000.00
Present Worth $9,118.74 $9,717.55 $12,140.11 $9,064.12
The present value of alternative C is the highest and the present value of alternative D is
the lowest.
c)
Calculation of IRR of different Alternatives
Particular A B C D
Year 0 -$10,000.00 -$14,000.00 -$20,000.00 -$30,000.00
Year 1 $18,836.50 $23,322.42 $31,575.64 $38,217.41
Year 2 $18,836.50 $23,322.42 $31,575.64 $38,217.41
Year 3 $18,836.50 $23,322.42 $31,575.64 $38,217.41

5PLANT PURCHASE, INSTALLATION AND REPLACEMENT
Year 4 $18,836.50 $23,322.42 $31,575.64 $38,217.41
Year 5 $18,836.50 $23,322.42 $31,575.64 $38,217.41
Year 6 $19,336.50 $24,022.42 $32,575.64 $39,717.41
Internal Rate of Return 188% 166% 157% 126%
The IRR of alternative B is the highest. The lowest IRR is of the alternative D.
Answer to Question 2
The numerator and the denominator in case of conventional benefit cost ratio, contains the net
benefit that has arisen from the project and the cost that has been incurred by the entity for the
project respectively. In case of modified benefit cost ratio the operating costs of the project and
the maintenance cost of the project are being deducted from the net benefits that has arisen for
the users of the analysis. Due to this, the net revenue generated by the company is received in the
numerator and the denominator represents only the initial cost that has been incurred in respect
of commissioning of the project.
The recommendation or the result that is obtained regarding the acceptability of the project is
always same in case of both the formulas irrespective of the changes that the formulas of the
method carry. For the same project under consideration, the value given out by both the formulas
will be either above one or below one simultaneously (Crosby & Henneberry, 2016).
For conducting the cost benefit analysis these methods are used in the capital budgeting
processes. If the answer given out by the method is greater than one then the project is to be
accepted and if the answer given out is, less than one then the project will have to be discarded
by the entity. The reason being that in the numerator, the revenue of the project is carried and in
the denominator the expense or the outflows of the project is represented. If the revenues of the

6PLANT PURCHASE, INSTALLATION AND REPLACEMENT
project is more than the expense of the project the result will be more than one and if the expense
are more than the revenue generated by the project then the result will be less than one.
Conventional Benefit cost ratio value using Present worth method
Calculation of Conventional B/C Ratio Value using Present Worth method
Particulars Machine A Machine B
Fixed Costs $20,000.00 $30,000.00
Salvage Value $2,000.00 $0.00
Annual receipt $150,000.00 $180,000.00
Annual Disbursement $138,000.00 $170,000.00
Present worth Factor of Annuity 6.144567106 6.144567106
Present worth Factor of Single payment 0.385543289 0.385543289
Present worth of benefit $921,685.07 $1,106,022.08
Present worth of annual disbursement $847,950.26 $1,044,576.41
Present value of salvage $771.09 $0.00
Initial Cost $20,000.00 $30,000.00
B/C Ratio value 1.06 1.03
Modified B/C Ratio value using Present worth benefit
Calculation of Modified B/C Ratio Value using Present Worth method
Particulars Machine A Machine B
Fixed Costs $20,000.00 $30,000.00
Salvage Value $2,000.00 $0.00
Annual receipt $150,000.00 $180,000.00
Annual Disbursement $138,000.00 $170,000.00
Present worth Factor of Annuity 6.144567106 6.144567106
Present worth Factor of Single payment 0.385543289 0.385543289
Present worth of benefit $921,685.07 $1,106,022.08
Present worth of annual disbursement $847,950.26 $1,044,576.41
Present value of salvage $771.09 $0.00
Initial Cost $20,000.00 $30,000.00

7PLANT PURCHASE, INSTALLATION AND REPLACEMENT
B/C Ratio value 3.83 2.05
Answer to Question 3
1.
Calculation of the After Tax Cash flow of the Leasing alternatives
Particulars 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Lease Cost 80000 60000 50000 50000 50000 50000 50000 50000 50000 50000
Other costs 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000
Total Costs 84000 64000 54000 54000 54000 54000 54000 54000 54000 54000
Tax savings on expenses 25200 19200 16200 16200 16200 16200 16200 16200 16200 16200
After Tax Cash Flow 58800 44800 37800 37800 37800 37800 37800 37800 37800 37800
2
Calculation of Equivalent Annual cost for the alternative ($)
Particulars 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
After Tax Cash Flow 56000 42000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000
PV factor 0.9091
0.826
4
0.751
3
0.683
0
0.620
9
0.564
5
0.513
2
0.466
5
0.424
1
0.385
5
PV of Cash flow 50909 34711 26296 23905 21732 19757 17961 16328 14843 13494
Net Present Value 239936
Annuity Factor
6.14456710
6
Equivalent Annual Leasing Costs 39048
Other costs 4000
Equivalent Annual Cost 43048
Answer to Question 4
Calculation of equivalent Annual cost of alternative options
Particulars Keep X Replace X with Y Replace X with Z

8PLANT PURCHASE, INSTALLATION AND REPLACEMENT
Initial Cost $0.00 $100,000.00 $160,000.00
Annual Maintenance and Operating
cost $90,000.00 $70,000.00 $60,000.00
Salvage Value $0.00 $30,000.00 $50,000.00
Pv Factor 0.3855433 0.385543289 0.385543289
PV of Salvage $0.00 $11,566.30 $19,277.16
Net Initial Cost $0.00 $88,433.70 $140,722.84
Annuity Factor 6.1445671 6.144567106 6.144567106
Equivalent Annual Cost $90,000.00 $84,392.18 $82,901.99
The table above indicates the Equivalent Annual cost of different alternative options. It
can be seen that the equivalent annual cost of replacing x with Z is low so this option should be
selected.
Answer to Question 5
Introduction:
The company under consideration is the Australian telecommunication giant Vodafone
Hutchison Australia. The company is concerned with the provision of the telecommunication and
broadband services to the mass of the country. The company is currently conducting its
operations in around 26 countries and hence the requirement of maintaining its operations is
immense.
The present report is focussed on explaining the relevance of life cycle costing as a tool and the
way its integration in the operation of the entity ensures that value is created for the stakeholders
of the company, as the management of the company is able to manage the costs of the company
more effectively and efficient lee. The various gaps that have been found in the implementation
of the same in the operations of the Vodafone Company will be discussed in detail. It is very

9PLANT PURCHASE, INSTALLATION AND REPLACEMENT
crucial to understand the gaps that are present in the implementation process of this system. It is
necessary because only after developing an understanding regarding the gaps present in the
system it will be possible to alleviate the same (Idowu et al., 2016). Subsequently, some
recommendation will be made to the management concerning the due consideration that must be
given by it to the cost implications of the decisions taken by it in respect of the operations of the
entity.
Gaps that have been identified in the system:
It is very difficult to completely eradicate the gaps that are presented due to the implementation
or usage if any accounting toll or management tool by the company for monitoring its
procedures. The gaps and the inefficiencies of the systems are the result of the carious feature
and the characteristics that may be and may not be same for the operations of the Vodafone
Company. The gaps present in the implementation procedures of the tools should not at any cost
refrain the company from making use of such a good tool. Instead, the company must endeavour
to look for ways for alleviating the gaps that are present within the system with respect to the
application of the tool. The main purpose of identification of the gaps in the process is not to
determine whether the tool is useful for the management or not. Rather the main purpose is to
find out ways in which the gaps present in the system can be alleviated. Some of the gaps that
have bene discovered in the application of the life cycle costing process of the company are as
follows:
a) Nominal yield rates must be adopted by the company for determining the nominal cash
flows arising in respect of the company. For making use of the actual rates by the
company, it must be ensured that the cash flows generated or accruing in respect of the

10PLANT PURCHASE, INSTALLATION AND REPLACEMENT
company must be adjusted for the variations in the price level index. The effects of the
annual fluctuating inflation rates must also be factored in by the management.
b) There are significant amount of systematic risks that are being incurred by the fund
providers the same must be adjusted against the costs. This is done because the investors
investing their money in the project FO the company also demand certain justifiable and
good returns out of the investment that is being made by them.
c) The market value of the wider angel of the financial sources that are being used by the
company must form the basis of the weights that are being chosen by the company for
this purpose. The present accounting information available with the entity must be used if
information pertaining to the market value FO the resources is not available due to some
reasons with the company.
d) It is also observed that the discounting rate that is being used by the Vodafone Company
is always subjected to change. Several factors affect the rates on a continuous basis.
These factors may or may not be in the hands of the management. These factors include
the capital structure of the company, the amount of systematic risk involved in the
project, the changes that might occur in the inflation rate of the economy and the changes
in the forecasted cash flows of the project.
The various recommendations to the management in respect of cost/ benefit and risk
management:
The continuous monitoring of the cost incurred by the company in respect of its operations
and the revenue generated by them is very crucial for ensuring that the company is able to
generate significant amount of revenues on a sustainable basis. If the monitoring of the costs
will not be conducted by the company then the process of revenue generation by the

11PLANT PURCHASE, INSTALLATION AND REPLACEMENT
company will become so inefficient that the stakeholders will never be able to receive the
returns they were expecting to get. Hence, it is of utmost importance that the company
undertakes the maintenance and the upkeep of all the internal control systems and the control
mechanism installed by the company must be monitored on a regular basis. Some of the
recommendations that can be made to the management are as follows:
a) For the purpose of identification of the risks present in the environment of the Vodafone
both externally and internally, the company must undertake the adoption of the policy of
recruitment of the best financial advisors present in the market. The management must go
through the papers that are big published by the firms and the companies providing the
financial services to the entities all across the globe (Mulley et al., 2016).
b) The management must make sure that for the purpose of capital budgeting decision it
must make use of such discounting rates that takes into account the variation in the
inflation rates of the economy, the factors that affects the future cash flows of the
company and elements that are present in the environment of the entity that can affect the
company internally and externally.
c) The market values of the financial sources used by the company should form the basis of
the weights to be used by the company.
Conclusion:
the revenue generated by the company and the future expected cash flows of the entity are
greatly influenced by the cost implications of the decisions that are being taken up by the
management. The management of the company also needs to factor in the returns that are going
to be generated by the decisions that are going to be taken by the management in respect of the
projects that are going to be taken up by the management. The company makes use of the various

12PLANT PURCHASE, INSTALLATION AND REPLACEMENT
fixed assets acquired by it or hired by it for the generation of cash flows in the future. Therefore,
all the decisions regarding the acquisition of such fixed assets form a significant part of the
company’s future revenue generation capability. Therefore, for the purpose of decision making
by the management of the company it is required that the right kind of tools are used.
Management and accounting tools such as life cycle costing helps the management immensely in
these decisions.

13PLANT PURCHASE, INSTALLATION AND REPLACEMENT
Reference
Baum, A., Mackmin, D., & Nunnington, N. (2017). The income approach to property valuation.
Routledge.
Crosby, N., & Henneberry, J. (2016). Financialisation, the valuation of investment property and
the urban built environment in the UK. Urban Studies, 53(7), 1424-1441.
Idowu, A. M., Kamarudin, N., Achu, K., & Solomon, I. A. (2016). A Review of Valuation
Impact on Property Tax. Sains Humanika, 8(4-3).
Mulley, C., Ma, L., Clifton, G., Yen, B., & Burke, M. (2016). Residential property value impacts
of proximity to transport infrastructure: An investigation of bus rapid transit and heavy
rail networks in Brisbane, Australia. Journal of Transport Geography, 54, 41-52.