PSYCHOLOGY 3
continuing delay or manifold delays in attainment of the developmental milestones, as in this
case can be a mark there Missy will face several challenges later in life, if not provided help
immediately.
Under normal circumstances, most children are able to life up their head by three
months, are able to sit without assistance by six months, and generally walk properly prior to
24 months. Likewise, the language learning procedure commences when an infant is able to
communicate hunger by crying. By the age of six months, most infants are capable of
identifying basic language sounds and by they are 12-15 months old they are expected to
speak three or more simple words (Morse & Cangelosi, 2017). Child development generally
persists on a continuum and the development of most kids can be aligned to the middle of the
continuum. A child is most commonly described to be showing atypical development if one
of the two circumstances arise namely, (i) reaching developmental milestone after children of
same age, or (ii) reaching developmental milestone prior to children of same age (Simic &
Rovet, 2017).
It is imperative to focus on children who demonstrate development, slightly different
from the normal course. They are generally referred to as ‘gray area’ kids since they show
typical development in several domains. This prevents them from qualifying to obtaining
services in developmental domains where they face challenges, particularly during the
formative years (Mody, 2019). This calls for the need of monitoring their progress and
particularly supervising the areas where the kids lag behind the peers. Therefore, it can be
suggested that the maternal use of drugs at the time of pregnancy is the most significant
factor that has triggered atypical development in Missy. This can be associated to the
complex interaction between a range of neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine and
glutamate, differential neuronal circuit maturation, and inadequate expression of delta and
kappa opioid receptors (LaRosa & Aponte-Patel, 2019).

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