Public Services in Contemporary Society: Police Struggle for Policing by Consent and Response to Black Lives Matter Protest

This report discusses the struggle of police in achieving policing by consent, their response to Black Lives Matter protest, and its impact on public confidence. It also covers the structure of police, sources of funding for Black Lives Matter protest, and its implication on austerity police.

UNIT 4: PUBLIC SERVICES IN
CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Source of publication...................................................................................................................1
Tone used in post.........................................................................................................................1
Applying policing by consent......................................................................................................2
Investigation of police service struggle to achieve the policing by consent since inceptions in
1829.............................................................................................................................................2
Assess of the police response to Black live matter protest across United Kingdom in 2020 and
it impact on public confidence.....................................................................................................3
Structure of police with focus on accountability.........................................................................4
Presenting the sources of funding for Black Lives Matter protest and its implication of
austerity on police........................................................................................................................5
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Public Services in Contemporary Society outline the development of selected public
organisation for benefits of people living in the society. Metropolitan police act has been
introduced in 1829 that unified and centralised police system in England. Furthermore, it states
that power of police is derive from common consent of public so it is known as policy by
consent. So, this report has consisted of crucial information related to investigation of police
service struggle that lead in achievement of policing by consent. It has also explained about
response of police to black live matter protest and its impact on public confidence. At last it has
covered information pertaining of structure of police, source of funding and its implication on
austerity police and response to Black live matter protest.
Source of publication
In process to conduct the whole study there are multiple sources that is used by the
scholar. Sources are the key areas that derive the information to the scholar for delivering a
particular study or topic area. Publication is different platforms that allocate the information to
the reader and the researcher. In the existing project sources like books, journals, articles, online
sources and such like sources has been explored by the scholar (Chowdhury, 2021). All these
sources are authentic and identified feasible to go through in process to conduct the whole study.
The role of the sources has been crucial in order to deliver the entire project. Credibility of the
sources has been verified by the scholar that could provide reasonable support to the scholar for
delivering the entire study. Sources are very significant part of the entire study that is conducted
by the scholar.
Tone used in post
Tone of the post that is been refers in process to conduct the whole study is very
professional. In context to the academic perspective the tone of the post is very professional and
informative. All areas are covered in the post which could favour in the face of proper
knowledge and guidance about the topic of study that is conducted. This can precisely detect that
the tone of study is informative enough so that scholar get the clear background about the study
topic and the different areas and perspectives of the study conducted.
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Applying policing by consent
In case of the black lives matter different alligation has been imposed over the authorities
and the roles that policy officials play. All claims related to racism, discriminations and all other
could mark a question over the application of the policing of consent. Policing of consent
provided rights and authorities to the police officials in order to tackle down al the
responsibilities assigned to the officials. With support of proper structure this entire process of
policing of consent can apply easily (Sikka and et.al., 2019). This rue is very essential and
supported the officials to meet up the assigned roles and responsibilities in the best way possible.
The application of the policing by consent is very much required in favour of the police so that
they can control the entire situation. The sources and literary work also project that with the
proper base of infrastructure and the strategies this can apply very easily. Segregation of power
will also be a key strategic choice under this practice.
Investigation of police service struggle to achieve the policing by consent since inceptions in
1829
Policing by consent is a concept in which the public gives consent to the while idea or
support in development of policies and procedure so that all task can be completed. Likewise,
the police officers are public servants that put their life in danger in order to keep citizens safe
and secure. So, both the police services and public need to put efforts to build strong community
based relationship through applying the policing of consent (Innes, 2019). Police has struggle a
lot in achieving the consent of public as they think the power, authority needs to be decided by
the state rather than people living in the society. Along with it, there are police that are often
hard and bullying and are physically and mentally unfit.
The police were struggling in gaining the trust and building relationship with public as
they have different perception towards the law or legitimate of police. Such as it is facing issue
in treating all people fairly and respectfully in terms of listening to their point of view or what
they want to say. Along with it, the police are also facing issue in relation with making a fair
decision and procedure to promote fairness and justice in society. So wield of power in just and
fair manner can contribute in creating the public trust and generate institutional legitimacy. It
has also been understanding that most of the people believe that police and legal system are
operated in accordance with accepted principle of fair and right process or hold legitimate power
(Thompson and Payne, 2019). In addition to this the police were also struggling in pathway of
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instrumental compliance since inceptions in 1829, as individuals are not self-interested to the
way policies need to be made in terms of reward and punishment.
Another struggle face by police is related to morality of the act that as people refrain from
behave in certain manner or they act morally thus they avoid reporting things that are considered
as immoral. Moral alignment with the police is another challenge face by the police to achieve
the policing by consent since the Metropolitan police act or inceptions has been introduced. So,
all these are basic struggle that are face by police (Cairney and Wellstead, 2021) . So, on people
that like to follow order and security are more trusting and accept the right of police to exercise
their respective power and comply with laws. Thereby, these people are more motivated to be
positive, consent to police or trust them.
Assess of the police response to Black live matter protest across United Kingdom in 2020 and it
impact on public confidence
Black Lives Matter protests has been firstly initiated in United states in 2013 by three black
women such as Alicia Garza, Opal Tometi and Patrisse Cullors in against of George
Zimmerman who killed Black teenager Trayvon Martin. In 2016, this matter has lead in national
shutdown. The protest was held across United Kingdom on 25 May 2020, as an police officer
murder African American man who is 46-year-old named George Floyd when it has been
arrested. So, after its death the protest across number cities in United States has started that went
internationally. There are lots of images and messages of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor
with police office has been posted on the social media of being accused for death (Greig-
Midlane, 2019). In addition to this, 2020 that Black people have experience injustice around the
world which grow as mass movement. Likewise, there are around 1000 people that have
marched from D. C to call for the police brutality and injustice. Furthermore, at 11:30 more
intense protest has been taking place in D. C police, Secret services and other place. So the
police officer makes use of tear gas, pepper spray, batons, horse mounted charges and
rubber bullets on the protestors to cover the demonstration. It has also identified that the police
do not have appropriately respond to the situation as most of them were untrained. At the same
time there are heavily militarized and not prepared to handle large number of people that are
protesting.
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After the set of action or response that police have taken against the Black live matter,
protest, they have claim police has ill-treated black and the social institution, criminal justice
were general. They have not much confidence and trust on police that it will take action to
protect them or avoid discrimination so that they can also have safe and secure life. So, all these
response of police has impacted on public confidence level as they have loss confidence and
trust (Stephens Griffin, 2021). They think that the police only make use of power that they fit
right they only take consideration of people view to some extent. So, all these has resulted in
loss the trust of police in mind of public. Therefore, efforts need to be made to build trust among
the people or follow the policy by consent.
Structure of police with focus on accountability
The overall structure of the police in United Kingdom is divided into different
designations. The overall power is segregated in between all different officials appointed at
different positions. On the basis of the designation role and position all thee powers are
segregated in between the officials. The structure of police department in United Kingdom that
is further segregated into multiple departments that look at all different areas. The legislation on
the other hand also support the police to perform all the roles and responsibilities at the official
level (Bacon, Loftus and Rowe, 2020). The structure of the Police is such that Chief Constable
sits at the top positoons in the police. The Chief Constable is a career police officer. The law
allows the people to join the police force at a lower level and on the basis of the capability and
potential the officials promoted at higher positions. Ranks are also allocated to each official on
the basis of the designation and power allocated to the respective individual. The police
department at the United Kingdom hold different ranks which fundamentally denote all different
designations hold by the officials. Ranks like superintendent, chief inspector, inspector, sergeant
and such like ranks. With the progress of time and experience promotions are allocated to the
officials at all different ranks and designations in the United Kingdom.
The overall structure of the police department at the United Kingdom is suggested on the
basis of the needs and demand of police department. This is important for the officials that the
designations hold the complete power which favour te respective authority to support the best
level of accountability and responsibility. All these are the different designations and posts
associated with the United Kingdom police involve accountability to be hold so that all roles and
responsibilities can be meet in the best way possible. All the ranks like superintendent, chief
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inspector, inspector, sergeant and such like require strong accountability and responsibilities to
meet. The accountability of the police officials is also opposed with the laws and legislations
applicable over the police officials (Bates, Cinar and Nalepa, 2020). This is essential that all
officials manage all the assigned role with support of power so that best level of control could
have been established at the United Kingdom.
The highest police rank is Metropolitan Police that also consume the highest level of
responsibility and delegation of accountability at its utmost level (Vestby and Vestby, 2021).
This is fundamentally important that police officials favour all the roles and responsibilities by
showing the complete accountability against the decisions taken and steps take forward to
control the respective situations. This is an accountability of the police officials that all actions
and steps they take must also deal with all different legislations applicable on the country.
Accountability is an important part of the job role of the police officials which allow and support
the respective designated officials to meet up all assigned roles and responsibilities based on the
rank and position in the police department. The role of the police department is very significant
in nature in order to maintain the code of conducts in a best way possible. This is important for
the police officials that they show the complete accountability against all the steps they take or
the actions they undertake in process to meet up the assigned responsibilities. Law also direct the
police officials for showing up complete responsibility while performing any of the role at a
designated rank.
Presenting the sources of funding for Black Lives Matter protest and its implication of austerity
on police
It has been cleared that Black Lives Matter is a political and social movement that protest
against the incident of police who brutality violence against black people. For that, Black Lives
Matter Global Network is that organization who support such movements in order to provide
valid conclusion. The movement also need cash to build a self- infrastructure, that is why, there
were many political reformers who took participation in this by raising the funds (Dunham and
Petersen, 2017). Thus, to run the movement successfully, it is necessary to get the sources of
funds. Such that Politico report about Democracy Alliance who collect Democratic-Party donors
where different leaders meet in order to sanctioning the Black Lives Matter Movement. In this,
Leah Hunt- Hendrix who was a core member of protest donated more than $200,000 in 2015.
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The person who donated the same is an activist, political theorist and also provide range
of funding to social movements. Whereas, he belongs to Democracy Alliance who also
coordinate their political donation to groups so that they can raise enough amount as well. Also,
there were many people involved within this protest who contribute their best in order to engage
people for long till the results will not come. With regard to the same, billionaire financier
George Soros and Taco Bell heir Rob McKay also build a permanent infrastructure where total
contribution of $500 has made to engage the people within protest. Thus, this organization and
people recognized one of the major contributor in order to generate the best outcomes and
provide the participants a comfort zone as well.
In addition to this, as per The Economist, Black Lives Matter get a donation of $10.6
billion. This is due to Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation who is actually the main
organization coordinate as well as mobilize the efforts within it. The efforts are related to
funding where the organization raise the fund of $90 million in 2020 which was one of the high
number of individual donation with an average of $30.76 (Olusanya and et.al., 2021). Thus, the
selected organization has a brand image in order to provide range of funding towards the
national movement. After funding to BLM, it is recognized by the protest name itself that helps
black people against the incident of police. Along with this, the organization (doner) keep trying
to provide best facilities to the people so that they cannot faces any issues and fight against
police.
Apart from this, the implication of austerity on the police can be identified by
participation of 4000 people during a protest in between 201 and 2019 where police kill one less
person. In addition to this, due to involvement of many people into the protest, it results in
reduction in lethal use of force by police officers where around 300 police homicides that saw
BLM protest. However, it has also increase the number of murders in that particular area. The
reason behind the same is to drops the police morale and also leading officers to reduce their
efforts and thereby encouraging criminals. Thus, it reflected the negative impact of BLM upon
police where police homicides rates widen between places with as well as without protests. As a
result, police department further reduce the use of force and did not make any changes in
reforms that increased the commitment to holding officers.
Therefore, this in turn reflected that the protest against police brutality reduce office
morale as well as efforts due to deepened inspection from community and media. In other
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words, it can be stated that officers stop doing their jobs in aggressive manner and also lead to
reduce the arrests as well as decrease the number of crimes within a place. However, on the
other side, it has been also observed by Hargons and et.al., (2017) that due to BLM protest,
police also reduce their efforts by following the officer-involved fatalities and theft arrests also
fall by 7% as well as quality of life crimes. Overall, it can be stated that due to misconduct
among Black people by Police lead to strictly adhere with new reforms so that different change
can be opt. Also, it can be stated that there was a global response identified due to BLM Protest
because society gain overwhelming impact of these typologies of violence where different
implication identified.
Along with this, it can be also stated that campaign isolates people with their negative
attitude and towards a society because the power of police has lethal with an aim to reduce the
chances of crime by offering better service and benefits by enhancing the resources offered for
public use (Maharawal, 2017). Therefore, it can be stated that the BLM protest provide a broad
view to the people so that they can understand regarding the wrong deed performed for black
people. Nevertheless, there are many political reformers also involved or took participation
within a protest in order to decrease the misuse of police powers.
CONCLUSION
By summing up above report it has been concluded that BLM protest is all about
community-police relationship. However, policy related to this protest also highlights different
issues regarding to discriminatory, disproportionate use of force and institutional racism
apparent etc. On the other side, through the above report it has been further concluded that there
was a negative impact identified upon people because they release a tear gas, pepper spray,
batons, horse mounted charges which affect people negatively and this in turn increases the
overall protest negative outcomes. Apart from this, the investigation also summarized the
structure of a police which includes superintendent, chief inspector, inspector, sergeant who
have their own specific roles and accountabilities. They also play an important role when
country faces any protest i.e. Black Lives Matter Protest. Lastly, the protest get sources of
funding from two organization i.e. democratic Alliance and Black Lives Matter Global Network
Foundation in order to provide proper infrastructure to fight against police who brutally hurt
black people.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Bacon, M., Loftus, B. and Rowe, M., 2020. Ethnography and the evocative world of policing
(part I).
Bates, G., Cinar, I. and Nalepa, M., 2020. Accountability by numbers: A new global transitional
justice dataset (1946–2016). Perspectives on politics. 18(1). pp.161-184.
Cairney, P. and Wellstead, A., 2021. COVID-19: effective policymaking depends on trust in
experts, politicians, and the public. Policy Design and Practice. 4(1). pp.1-14.
Chowdhury, M., 2021. A Broken system? examining the perilous state of quality assurance in
crime scene practice. Science & Justice.
Dunham, R. G. and Petersen, N., 2017. Making Black lives matter: Evidence-based policies for
reducing police bias in the use of deadly force. Criminology & Pub. Pol'y. 16. p.341.
Greig-Midlane, J., 2019. A mixed-method exploration of neighbourhood policing reform in
austerity era England and Wales (Doctoral dissertation, Cardiff University).
Hargons, C. and et.al., 2017. Black lives matter: A call to action for counseling psychology
leaders. The Counseling Psychologist. 45(6). pp.873-901.
Innes, M., 2019. Wicked policing and magical thinking. Critical Reflections on Evidence-Based
Policing.
Maharawal, M. M., 2017. Black Lives Matter, gentrification and the security state in the San
Francisco Bay Area. Anthropological Theory. 17(3). pp.338-364.
Olusanya, J. O. and et.al., 2021. Transforming global health through equity-driven
funding. Nature Medicine, pp.1-3.
Sikka, P. and et.al., 2019. Regulatory Architecture to Enhance Democracy and Business
Accountability.
Stephens Griffin, N., 2021. ‘Everyone was questioning everything’: understanding the derailing
impact of undercover policing on the lives of UK environmentalists. Social Movement
Studies. 20(4). pp.459-477.
Thompson, J. and Payne, B., 2019. Towards professionalism and police legitimacy? An
examination of the education and training reforms of the police in the Republic of
Ireland. Education Sciences. 9(3). p.241.
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Vestby, A. and Vestby, J., 2021. Machine learning and the police: asking the right
questions. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice. 15(1). pp.44-58.
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