A Case Study of Renewable Energy Technologies in South Africa: A Case Study of a Northern KwaZulu Natal Municipality

RESEARCH 28 RESEARCH The policy opportunities and growth of Renewable Energy Technologies in South Africa: A case study of uMhlathuze Municipality, Northern KwaZulu Natal, South Africa Author’s Note: Chapter 1: Introduction 3 1.1 Background of the Study 4 1.2 Problem Statement 5 1.3 Research Aims and Objectives 5 1.4 Research Question 6 1.5 Significance of the Study 6 1.6 Limitations of the Study 6 Chapter 2: Literature Review 8 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2 The municipal dilemma 8 2.3 Review of the Literature 9 2.4 A

Running head: RESEARCH
The policy opportunities and growth of Renewable Energy Technologies in South Africa: A
case study of uMhlathuze Municipality, Northern KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author’s Note:

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................3
1.1 Background of the Study.......................................................................................................4
1.2 Problem Statement.................................................................................................................5
1.3 Research Aims and Objectives..............................................................................................5
1.4 Research Question.................................................................................................................6
1.5 Significance of the Study.......................................................................................................6
1.6 Limitations of the Study........................................................................................................6
Chapter 2: Literature Review...........................................................................................................8
2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................8
2.2 The municipal dilemma.........................................................................................................8
2.3 Review of the Literature........................................................................................................9
2.4 A complex system approach to understanding the municipal dilemma..............................11
2.5 Characteristics of a complex system....................................................................................13
2.6 Energy Policies of South Africa..........................................................................................15
2.7 The legal jargon...................................................................................................................17
2.8 Energy Legislation of South Africa.....................................................................................17
2.9 Summary of the Literature...................................................................................................19
Chapter 3: Research Methodology................................................................................................21
3.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................21

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3.2 Research Approach..............................................................................................................21
3.3 Research Design..................................................................................................................22
3.4 Data Collection Process.......................................................................................................22
3.5 Data Analysis Plan...............................................................................................................23
3.6 Ethical Consideration...........................................................................................................23
Reference List................................................................................................................................24

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Chapter 1: Introduction
The effort that has been made globally with respect to the changes that are taking place in
the climate is discovered in several forms and this is done with the help of reclamation of the
land, restoration of the soil and use of other alternate sources (Scarlat et al. 2015). Every member
country of the worldwide group adds to this exertion in its own specific manner, and while
undertaking this action faces to some degree remarkable challenges. South Africa, a signatory to
the “United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)” and the “Kyoto
Protocol”, is a kind of a member. As a signatory to these worldwide duties, South Africa must
discover methods for accomplishing feasible improvement and even rectifying certain harms and
failures that has come about because economic development that has taken place due to the use
of the fossil fuels (Luthra et al. 2015). The discovery of the alternative, continuous sources of
energy is looked upon to be one of the processes and thereby stays certain threats related to the
country South Africa as the nation looks to incorporate the use of technologies that are related to
renewable energies.
To actualize national endeavours, the grass-root level of administration must be brought
locally available by entering the municipalities. Schandl et al. (2016) show that at the municipal
level "renewable energy source programs confront various general difficulties and obstructions
that restrict critical extensive deployment". These difficulties are inclusive of what is defined by
Polzin et al. (2015) who explain the terms social, technical, institutional and political barriers.
The indication of these different hindrances is frequently interlinked and cannot be completely
represented by concentrating on a solitary restriction. This idea of 'a set of restrictions” will

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illuminate the ensuing meetings on beating restrictions to RET incorporation at the municipal
level.
1.1 Background of the Study
The background of the paper relates to the city of uMhlathuze, which is known to be a
local government that is located at the north-eastern province of KwaZulu-Natal and the city is
about 180 kms away from Durban. The municipality of the city has coverage of 795km and has
an extensive coastline. The municipality is segmented into 30 wards and has of more than 60
councillors, who take the decisions on the basis of the members of the community. The
municipality like any other ones have the intention of taking care of the society and therefore
takes extensive measure with the help of which they would be able to take care of the city.
The country as well as the municipalities has been facing several issues and dilemmas
and Inglesi-Lotz (2016) explained that revenue from the electricity and the financial survival of
the city is related closely with all the municipalities of South Africa as traditionally the
municipalities had the task of the distribution of the electricity. The rise in the use of electricity
has been an issue for the municipalities as it is seen that the rise in the demand generates the
issue of generating electivity. The central government as well as the municipalities have
generated the need for saving the non-renewable sources and therefore they have been taking
measures with the help of which the country would be able to reduce the use of non-renewable
sources and the development of the use of the renewable sources of energy.
Bilgili et al. (2015) explained that the non-renewable sources have been used extensively
in the past and this created an issue as it was having an impact on the environment. The
development of the use of the renewable sources has been possible with the creation of

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awareness and therefore several rules and regulations have been created with the help of which
the use of renewable technologies can be developed.
1.2 Problem Statement
Obama (2017) has explained that in order to discover the actual problem of the research,
it is essential for the researcher get to know the need for the study related to this topic. The most
essential and the immediate requirement has been to assist the municipalities explain their issues
and dilemma, which would act as an effort that would have positive, several and extensive
impacts, which would actually explain the needs seen in the higher level like the attainment of
sustainable development. Therefore the problem of the research that has been taken into
consideration has been the dilemma that is existent within the uMhlathuze municipality.
1.3 Research Aims and Objectives
This section has the idea of specifying the distinct aspects and the areas in accordance to
which the research would move forward and accordingly specific measures and steps can be
taken that would be influential in order to discover the actual results. The objectives are
constructed in order to provide a clear idea in accordance to which the researcher would find the
aspects and the elements that are essential with the help of which an understanding of the results
can be attained. Accordingly, the objectives of the research have been constructed in the
following manner:
 Discover energy and municipal management rules and legislation favourable to the
incorporation of the renewable energy technologies.
 Ascertain the vital restrictions to the incorporation of RETs in South Africa

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 Ascertain the mindset of the municipality regarding the restrictions to municipal
incorporation of the generation of renewable energy.
 Ascertain precise knowledge on the flourishing incorporation of renewable energy
creation from the use of domestic and international scenarios
 Ascertain effective advice that can be used by most of the South African municipalities,
in order to make their way forward towards development
1.4 Research Question
The research questions in accordance to this thesis are:
Q1. What are the opportunities and growths associated with the successful incorporation of the
renewable energy technologies in the municipality of uMhlathuze?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The current topic that has been taken into consideration has a vital role to play in the
development of the use of the renewable energy by the municipality of uMhlathuze because of
the fact that the municipalities do not have adequate knowledge and understanding of the
techniques and the tools that would be used for the use of renewable energies. The municipalities
are always on the move for better ways of developing the renewable energies. However, there
has been an idea that the technologies that are used for the purpose of the generation of
renewable energies are costly and therefore are not taken into consideration by the municipalities
and the other government bodies (Ellabban, Abu-Rub and Blaabjerg 2014). This research would
therefore look to explain the opportunities and the benefits that the municipalities attain with the
use of these technologies and accordingly how these technologies can be helpful in the
sustenance of the environment can be maintained.

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1.6 Limitations of the Study
The paper that has been taken into consideration has several issues and limitations as it is
seen that the topic is a complex one and everyone has their own idea and point of view related to
the use of the renewable energy technologies. The observations have stated that some personnel
have viewed the fact that use of renewable energy technologies leads to rise in the expenses and
costs and therefore this may create pertinent issues. On the other hand, the other limitation that
has been discovered in accordance to this paper has been the feeble knowledge about the rules
and the regulations that are existent in South Africa in accordance to the use of these
technologies and therefore creates a dilemma.

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Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The topic on which the literature review would be prepared is based on the development
and opportunities that renewable energy technologies have on the municipalities in South Africa.
The literature would provide an idea about the aspects and the remedial on the basis of which
several researchers as well as the municipalities have point their views and thereby an extensive
idea has been attained with the help of which assessment on the current topic would be done by
the researcher. The literature would therefore confront and focus on the several aspects and the
idea on the basis of which the opportunities and the growth related to the use of the renewable
energy technologies would be known in a better way.
2.2 The municipal dilemma
The municipal dilemma refers in the direction of the nodes between: (a) community
mandates on the road to offer fundamental services; (b) the probable fiscal risks of implementing
renewable energy technologies (RETs); (c) the dogmatic ambiguity surrounding electricity
origination then supply jurisdiction; (d) the needed arrangement, by municipalities, with RETs
with solving the danger in the increasing risk of revenue cost due to condensed sales of
electricity ,which is occurring because the clients are installing their own RETs, along with (e)
being a benefaction to the national climate change mitigation efforts. The long period problem of
the South African minerals-energy-complex (MEC) which sees impressive forces, truly vested
now the country’s coal plus mineral deposits dependence, influencing management action, is the
situation inside which the civic dilemma is embedded. Before embedding the crisis record inside
a better context, it is recognised to facilitate the municipal dilemma is influenced by, along with

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influencing new parts of the South African context (Lo 2014). This has influenced the
acceptance of difficult systems including the study problem. This is further explained in this
paper, with an effort to properly explain the system and show relationship between the
municipality and municipal dilemma.
2.3 Review of the Literature
There are many forms of a literature review. According to Jebli and Youssef (2015) in the
present research methods there are two types of literature reviews, and they are traditional and
systematic. Again there are divisions in traditional literature review and they are (a) conceptual
reviews; (b) state-of-the-art reviews; (c) expert reviews; and (d) scoping reviews, but systematic
literature review has no such divisions. Jebli, Youssef and Ozturk (2016) explained that
traditional literature review is flexible, and helps researcher to have their own ideas and explore
them, but at the same time it is also subjective, whereas the systematic review is mainly based on
scientific methods. In systematic review a clear aim of the research has to be stated along with a
correct question, well explained search method, giving all the criteria. This gives a qualitative
evaluation of the study (Smith et al. 2016)
After developing a proper research problem, a near about literature map also can be
called as a complete thematic map was developed so as to have a proper guidance for the
research’s literature finding. This map is explained in the diagram below. The first step was to
use systematic method to help in getting related literature on the different subtopics as explained
in the map, and there after join all the collected data.

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On the other hand Bilgili, Koçak and Bulut (2016) talks about the idea of “radical
looking”, which is done when a researcher find out the research topic which is not familiar,
removing the complex programme and open to new discoveries and also counter-arguments.
The reference materials from the author’s PGD (Post Graduate Diploma) programme
helped to understand radical looking, which further open doors to online and library databases,
and helped in understanding topics as different as understanding policy Scarlat et al. (2015), then
for knowledge management system thinking is done.
Radical looking opened doors for online and library database findings on the contents as
different as understanding policy, applying system thinking for knowledge management, difficult
system explanations and economies related to political system in South Africa. The overall
outcome of this type of working was to get a complete understanding of the contents in the

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research problem and after that also the research. Finally, so the literature review was done on
the traditional approach.
2.4 A complex system approach to understanding the municipal dilemma
Of the three-tier system being the national, provincial and the native government the
municipality is the lowest structure of the South African administration. The municipality’s job
is to (a) take decisions for the two higher tiers along with the politics in them; (b) also the
demands of the citizens; and finally (c) the important deliveries in the constitutional service.
Thus the municipality is has an overabundance of these different contradictory forces. The
provision of the elementary services given to the citizens may sometimes compete with the
national government programme’s demands. According to Abdmouleh, Alammari and Gastli
(2015) the growth of RETs is hindered by this “web of bureaucratic barriers”. This web as
mentioned earlier in the study is the plethora of the different contradictory forces. This makes the
municipality as a complex system having operation in a large basis. Therefore it seems
appropriate and helpful to use complex system method to form the research problem, as
explained in the section below. In the figure below an attempt was made to explain the different
complexities in the municipal dilemma.

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It should be taken into account that the above figure is merely an effort to explain the
different factors that has its impact upon the municipality, and so it is incomplete. Upon adding
the effects of the municipality on its surroundings will make the figure above complete. In the
next section it is explained how these different parts of the system has influence on each other,
on the whole system and also on the system environment. According to Dai et al. (2016) the
relationship between the different parts of the system is explained by systems thinking, and
therefore gives a proper background to the research efforts. On the other hand Abdmouleh,

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Alammari and Gastli (2015) disagrees on the use of complex system to control organization. He
says that there is no hope in understanding the functions of an organization with the help of
complex system. Thus the use of complex system in there is done to have a clear understanding
of the research problem. Again Pacesila, Burcea and Colesca (2016) also says the same and notes
that it is only once “…one abandons the arrogance of order and disorder and accepts the
humbling limits of knowledge and uncertain potential which complexity implies then a new
politics emerges: a politics of uncertainty, but also of openness, of mistakes and learning, of
failure and adaptation”.
Therefore to have a unique viewpoint into the research problem, the system thinking and
complex system theory is used in the research paper. This approach gives a clear understanding
of the relationships between the start of RETs, the municipality and the national policies and
regulations and finally explaining the municipal dilemma. The above statement by Alshehry and
Belloumi (2015) is just an acknowledgment of the different boundaries of complex system
theory. Thus different forms of research are still needed for the study. A complex system
method is incomplete and does not give a complete understanding, but this method useful in
combination with others.
2.5 Characteristics of a complex system
Many authors like Kousksou et al. (2015), explains the same characteristics of a complex
system. With the help of these characteristics the complex system is understood properly in
context to the South Africa as the research study is based on it. According to () the characteristics
of complex system are as follows:
There are huge numbers of elements in a complex system.

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These elements continuously interact in dynamic, rich, non-linear interaction with their
closest components.
 As the result of these interactions which are circulation throughout the system, there are
direct and indirect, positive and negative feedback loops, thus gives the system’s
performance.
 Complex system functions away from equilibrium as they the entire time share and
receives energy and information and is open to their environment.
 Complex system has a history that is important for their performance, which is gathered
by their experience.
 The performance of complex system depends on the numerous, non-linear interaction
among its components, thus forming ‘emergent’ properties.
 Complex system having an open environment, vigorously interacts with each other, they
are flexible and can reorganise themselves. This is due to the response of stimuli that are
externally internal
Nejat et al. (2015) explains the emergent properties and writes that the “presence of emergent
properties does not provide an argument against causality, only against deterministic forms of
prediction”. However it mainly an expression for “novel and coherent structures, patterns, and
properties during the process of self-organization in complex systems” as said by Aguirre and
Ibikunle (2014). According to Chen, Kim and Yamaguchi (2014) these emergent properties of
complex systems is out of existence when broken down into small parts, thus giving rise to a
complete method to the system.

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Dawley et al. (2015) gives emphasis and notes that “adaptive systems change in response to
changes in the system to better achieve the goal(s) or purpose of the system”. An easy
interpretation of this idea is used in the municipal dilemma, which explains that the system
which is the South African context has the ability to change. The change is the result of the
response to the combined efforts of the municipal and RETs. Taking into consideration of
different influences as explained along with the contribution of RETs on municipal dilemma, this
simple idea is good-looking and practical. Finally it can be said that the complex theory makes
the background of the resulting discussion, mainly the idea of association and influence in-
between different components within a system like this.
2.6 Energy Policies of South Africa
The assessment and the overview of the current legislation in South Africa relating to the
energy and the management of the municipal have been essential. The main aim has been the
legislation related to the municipal management and it comes from the goals that have been
constructed from the study in order to explain the dilemma faced by the municipalities and
observed inadequate inclusion of the legislation related to the municipal management in the
energy database of South Africa and this has been in spite of the provision of the electricity
being a mandate of the municipality (Engelken et al. 2016). Furthermore, since the legislation is
a part of the relationship among the other elements and the municipalities in the context of South
Africa, a fundamental understanding of the key items of the legislation and their applications for
the municipality is required.
The participation of South Africa in the space of renewable energy is actually at the
initial stage, with the development of the “Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer
Procurement Programme” in the year 2011 and this was the proclamation of the bidders who

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were successful in the 3rd bidding procedure at the end of the year 2013. The fast incorporation of
the undertaking related to the renewable energy was mainly because of the huge number of
power cuts all over the country. It was due to this issue that led to the development of the
international pressure on the country being a signatory to the “Kyoto Protocol” and even a
member of the “UNFCCC” and therefore a scene was constructed for moving towards the use of
the renewable energy. The renewable energy generation capacity has been 3.725 GW and this
forms a part of less than 10% of the overall power generation in the country.
There have been several facets related to the crisis if energy in South Africa that is
inclusive of the national fronts in which the economy has been extensively impacted by the rise
in the power cuts and the limitations related to the capacity and the national extent where the rise
in the prices of electricity is creating an additional burden on the household of the country.
Raven et al. (2016) explained that there has been a need for a complimentary attempt to the
renewable energy endeavour on the part of the national government which could be headed by
the municipality, who have been placed close to the citizens of the state and the country and
therefore are aware of the threats and the issues that are confronted by the consumers and this
can be useful in additionally enhancing the capacity to incorporate the technologies related to
renewable energy. There have been several restrictions and barriers that are related to the
incorporation of the renewable energy technologies and after considering these aspects the
municipalities have proposed an ideal plan in order to lead an alternative, renewed and a
“bottom-up” endeavour to develop the renewable energy technologies (Ghaffour et al. 2015).
This kind of approaches makes the municipalities to look for the clarity for the regulations,
constructing by-laws that are conducive towards the incorporation of the renewable energy

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technologies and even actively getting engaged with the national government to assist in the
municipal implementation of the creation of renewable energy.
2.7 The legal jargon
Even before undertaking an explanation of the energy legislation of South Africa, a
general overview is given with respect to the terminologies that are associated to discovering the
differences among the policies, acts and regulations. Kammen and Sunter (2016) explained that a
policy is known to be a document that addresses the factors that are looked upon by the
ministries in order to attain and the processes it would make use of in order to reach their goals.
Therefore, it can be said that the policy document cannot be looked upon as a law, but may
recognise the requirement for the fresh laws or the alterations of the laws that are already existent
in order to attain their desired objectives. During the time when the policy goes through a precise
process the public alignment and the comments with the current “Acts” and the “Constitution”,
the president provides his signature and thereafter it becomes an act which is recognised to be an
obligation to the law.
After a law is passed, it would go through amendments and alterations in accordance to
the present international and the national growths. These acts have the accountability to inform
the several other plans that are already existent in the economy and the aspect of conflicts and
postponements in these aspects are sustainable and generally the sloth law constructing method
and the revisions and the enforcements are the main factors for these kinds of attributes.
2.8 Energy Legislation of South Africa
There are several bills and rights that are present within the Constitution of the country
and the Bill of Right, in Section 24 of the Constitution addresses the fact that all the personnel

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have the power and the authority towards a nature that is safeguarded from pollution and other
dangerous utilisation for the future and the current generations. It is therefore anticipated that the
policies that have been implemented by the government inclusive of and those with an extensive
level of environmental impact like the regulations and the policies related to energy will be
coursed by this path. The Constitution of the country even addresses the “National Energy Act
34 of 2008 b”, which upholds the utilisation of the renewable energy in order to diversify the
energy supply of the nation and thereby becomes a contributor for the sustainable development.
The Act even performs as a guide for the purpose of integrated planning for the supply and the
demand for the management in order to make sure that all their associated stakeholders from
several sectors from the government and the community are well informed about the integrated
strategies and plans (Abas, Kalair and Khan 2015). This explains that the municipality can
essentially have a hand in the development of these strategies and plans as the municipalities
have the access the grass root knowledge that is associated to the failures and the successes of
the concerned programmed and events. In accordance to the complex process that is always
functioning far from the balance, the nation has sustainably gained knowledge from the
knowledge that has been attained by the municipalities.
The “National Energy Regulator Act 40 of 2004” which is even known as NERSA, who
has the responsibility of regulating the piped gas, electricity and the petroleum companies of
South Africa. It is their responsibility to function with the municipalities in their endeavour to
incorporate the renewable energy technologies. Aliyu, Dada and Adam (2015) explained that the
“bottom-up” process is advocated, the accountabilities of NERSA can be limited probably to the
strategic monitoring of the renewable energy creation sector, on the other hand the local bodies
are accountable with the incorporation and the functioning of these programmes. In this aspect,

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the municipalities are again precisely ideal for taking a lead in constructing and monitoring these
domestic and efforts that have been made in a coordinated manner. The main aim of the
“Electricity Regulation Act 4 of 2006” has been to facilitate more and more investments in the
electrical sector and to enhance the diversification of the sources of energy. This Act has been
twice altered and the first case has been to bring in a section explaining the electricity
reticulation by the municipalities and thereafter a span of four years, an “Electricity Regulation
Second Amendment Bill” that was produced in order to bring in the promotions of the renewable
energy sources and the effectiveness of energy and thereafter to give a proper direction for the
production capacity (He et al. 2016). It has been interesting to take a note of the fact that the time
among the first and the second alterations when the shortages in electricity were experienced in
the year 2008. The second amendment therefore addresses the identification of the government
of the requirement for investment in order to enhance the generation of electricity capacity, but
one of the interesting aspects has been the addition of the function of renewable energy in this
identification.
2.9 Summary of the Literature
The literature for the concerned paper has looked to address the several aspects that are
related to the development of the need for renewable energy technologies and the need for the
discovery of the dilemmas that are present within the municipalities. The relationship among the
national government and the municipalities in accordance to their role in the incorporation of the
technologies related to renewable energy has even been highlighted. The legislations and the acts
that is available in the constitution of South Africa in accordance to the use of the renewable
energy technologies have even been put forth in order to create a clear and precise idea about the
changes and the developments that would be made within the framework of the municipalities in

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order to incorporate these technologies. The literature has therefore addressed the growth and the
opportunities of renewable energy technologies that have been influential for the municipalities
to reduce their dilemmas.

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Chapter 3: Research Methodology
3.1 Introduction
The paper has explained earlier has the simple purpose of addressing the growth and
opportunities that the municipality of uMhlathuze would attain with the incorporation of
renewable energy technologies. In order to undertake the analysis related to the same, it vital for
the researcher to recognise the precise and the valid data with the help of which the assessment
for this thesis can be undertaken. Therefore, this section of the paper would explain the kind of
data that would be used, the approach and the design that would be followed by the researcher in
order to gather the data and the method that is essential for the purpose of the collection of the
data. The plan in relation to the data analysis would be highlighted so that the reader can have
effective knowledge about the entire procedure that would be undertaken by the researcher.
3.2 Research Approach
Wesseh Jr and Lin (2016) cited that it is important to take note of the theories and the
models that would be taken into consideration during the time of the collection of the data and
the process within which the data would be recorded in order to undertake the process of
analysis. The researcher has two kinds of approaches to choose from and one of them includes
the deductive approach and the other one is the inductive approach. It is already known that the
researcher would be taking responses from the employees who are working within the
municipality and their knowledge and idea on this topic. Therefore, the researcher would make
use of the theories and models that have been utilised previously by other researchers. Therefore,
the researcher in this paper would be making use of the deductive approach because of the fact
that the theories that have been laid down previously relating to the use and the benefits of

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renewable energy resources would be used and models that are already in the environment would
be used for the purpose of data collection and analysis.
3.3 Research Design
The researcher would be making use of a design and a guideline in accordance to which
the data collection process as well as the analysis of the same data would be undertaken. In this
manner, it is seen that most effective design for the pertinent topic would be taken into
consideration. Renn and Marshall (2016) addressed that there three sorts of designs that are
available for use and they are descriptive, exploratory and explanatory research design. In this
manner, according to the desire of the research, the researcher has decided the use of exploratory
research design simply because of the fact that the cause and effect relationship would be known
in an effective manner. In this way the answers that would be necessary from this paper would be
attained in an effective manner.
3.4 Data Collection Process
The researcher in this paper has decided to make use of primary data because of the fact
that the researcher would be looking to take the responses of the selected respondents who are
chosen for the employees who are working in the municipality of uMhlathuze. The researcher
would be making use of quantitative data as it is seen that responses that would be attained
would be transformed into figures and values and thereafter analysis of the same would be
undertaken. Simple random sampling has been applied by the researcher and thereby 30
respondents have been selected from a large group of employees (Kumar et al. 2016). The
researcher in order to attain the answers from the respondents have prepared questionnaire and
the questionnaire has been a close ended one in order to motivate the respondents to answer to
freely and provide true answers with the help of survey analysis.

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3.5 Data Analysis Plan
The researcher with the help of the data collected would be undertaking quantitative data
analysis with the help of which the results from the respondents would be recorded in the SPSS
software and accordingly with the help of SPSS extensive analysis would be done in order to
attain the effective precise results. This would be helpful in creating the answers that are required
by the researcher.
3.6 Ethical Consideration
The data that has been collected by the researcher has been from true and valid sources as
the researcher has maintained the ethical codes so that no false means has been applied in order
to collect the data and this indicates the results that would be attained will be true and fair
(Bergek et al. 2015).

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