Population and Immigration Policies in Calgary

This paper examines the various immigration policies in Canada, their advantages, disadvantages and how they affect the population composition of Calgary city of Canada.

Running head: POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION POLICIES IN CALGARY 1
The Population and Immigration Policies in Calgary
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POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION POLICIES IN CALGARY 2
The Population and Immigration Policies in Calgary
Introduction
Over the past, numerous countries have taken a liberal position on migration and supported
residents from different states to settle in their nations. There are numerous reasons that compel
individuals to move and settle in zones from their nations of source and have been partitioned
into safety, monetary, environmental or natural and social variables. Regardless, a large portion
of the foreigners more often than not originate from the countries that are still developing to
settled and already developed nations such as USA and Canada. Globalization and tolerant
migration approaches particularly in the two nations referenced above have energized the section
and settlement of individuals from various landmasses. In particular, Canada is a noteworthy
signatory and champion on issues relating to the status of displaced people and has given
settlement to numerous haven searchers throughout the years. There is likewise a plenitude of
work and educational openings in Canada making it a mainstream goal by numerous individuals
who wish to better and improve their ways of life. Nonetheless, these proceeded with settlements
have been eagerly dismissed by local people in different nations who blame the foreigners for
taking their employments and expanding the challenge for the constrained assets.
Notwithstanding these reactions, the Canadian government has kept on empowering the
settlement of immigrants through the authorization of various policies that promote or advance
immigration. The paper therefore looks forward to examining the various immigration policies in
Canada, their advantages, disadvantages and how they affect the population composition of
Calgary city of Canada.

POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION POLICIES IN CALGARY 3
Research Questions
A number of developed research questions were used to aid in the realization of the objectives of
this research. The research questions developed for the purpose of this study include:
1. What are the population characteristics and composition in Calgary?
2. What are the immigration policies in Calgary?
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the immigration policies in Calgary?
4. What effects do the immigration policies have on the population of Calgary?
Population Characteristics and Composition in Calgary
According to statistics the Canadian population is majorly composed of people who are likely to
have been born in the overseas especially the United Kingdom. The population of Canada was
about 12 million during the World War II in the 1945.However, the rate of fertility grew after the
war and the population was on the rise coupled with the Country’s migration program initiated
with an aim of increasing the population.
According to World Population Review (2019), the Canada’s population has been on the rise
which is driven by two factors including the natural increase and the net overseas migration
(NOM) Also, according to Raymer & Baffour (2018), 60% of the total population of Canada are
immigrants. The available data show that the majority of the population is contributed by the
immigrants where 64.0 percent of growth is attributed to the NOM while the natural increase
contribute only 33.4 percent. Generally, the Canadian population stands at 36 million as at 2017,
concentrated in urban areas with majority originating from especially Asia (Statistics Canada,
2018).

POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION POLICIES IN CALGARY 4
Immigration Policies in Calgary
The Canada’s immigration policies were first witnessed as early as 1913 when the need to
expand the population arose. There was a need to increase the population of Canada with the
main focus being an increased economic growth. An immigration portfolio was therefore put in
place to develop policies and migration program for the country. It is important to note that
immigrant entering Canada increased up to 1930s during the great depression which made the
government to reduce the immigrants taken in. However, after the World War II in 1945, a lot
people from displaced from other countries more so Europe were allowed in to Canada.
The immigration policies in Canada are guided by the Canada’s Migration Program which
defines the criteria and amount of immigrants to take in every year. Canada’s Migration Program
provides different categories of migration including the family and economic immigration
programs and temporary migrations such refugees. Permanent migration includes the economic
migration and the family streams (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, 2018).
The skilled migration was introduced in the 1980s to ensure that those migrating had the
necessary skills to help them fit in the labour market for the purpose of economic growth of the
country. Through the economic migration plan, policy measures such as introduction of the skills
list and English as a requirement for eligibility to settle in Canada with candidates with higher
points invited every two weeks. Also, policies on the overseas qualifications and standards have
been introduced for use in the vetting of visa applicants. It is also important to note that under
economic migration, there are other four categories including provincial nomination program,

POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION POLICIES IN CALGARY 5
express entry, the Quebec-Selected Skilled workers, caregiver program and the startup visa
program (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, 2018).
Also, according to Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (2018), the express entry
involves selecting of migrants based on skills, age, qualifications, their ability to speak English
language and the availability of jobs in which they qualify for. Migrants falling under the
provincial nomination should have people who are ready to provide them with employment
based on the needs of the provinces while the startup visa migration program provides
opportunity for only people who are successful in business and can open new businesses. Also,
those individuals with unique skills such as in caring to the old and children are taken in under
the caregiver category. However, number of have been put in place to regulate the number of
migrants coming in under the skilled migration based on the program by the Department of
Home Affairs.
The family class was created to provide opportunities for migration to close relatives of various
migrants taken under the skill migration, Canadian citizen. The relatives must include the
immediate family members such as partners, parents, dependent children and the orphaned
relatives. This therefore brings four categories of family stream which include partner, parent,
child and other family such as the dependent relatives who are aged.
Canadian immigration policies have also been tailored such that only migrants from specific
countries are considered. At the early stages of the migration program, policies were put in place
where only people from Europe were taken in as migrants with British as the majority (Lobo,
2016). However it is important to note that this policy was changed and people from different
continents such as Asia, Africa and the Middle-East were taken in in the 1980s and early 1990s.

POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION POLICIES IN CALGARY 6
The temporary migration includes those migrants applying to temporarily stay in Canada over
longer periods while engaged in different activities like education. Temporary programs include
temporary foreign worker program, international experience Canada and the international
mobility program. Temporary migrants are sometimes granted permanent settlements with
regard to different established policies with student making the majority (Immigration, Refugees
and Citizenship Canada, 2018).
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Immigration Policies in Calgary
As indicated by most recent reports from the Canadian Bureau of Statistics, the quantity of
immigrants to Canada has expanded enormously in the course of the most recent three decades.
Since the primary movement strategy was organized after the finish of World War II, it has
experienced a few corrections that have been adjusted to elevating more individuals to settle in
different areas of Canada. These endeavors have anyway gone under severe reactions with
certain people recommending that proceeded over-populace is impact affecting nature.
However, there are a few advantages of the movement strategies. Initially, the proceeded with
movement will advance social decent variety as people from various pieces of the world will be
urged to settle in the nation. With social assorted variety, Canada will turn into a multi-social
nation made out of individuals with various ethnicities and dialects. Social assorted variety will
likewise expand efficiency and improve inventiveness. People from the various areas will bring
their work and individual morals that would be grasped to assist the whole country. Likewise,
social assorted variety will unite with different points of view and perspectives that won't just
advance inventiveness yet additionally development. Various personalities cooperating will open
up a few arrangements as each individual will bring their exceptional issue and choice unraveling
aptitudes. Movement advances a socially different society that advances experiences and

POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION POLICIES IN CALGARY 7
decreases prejudice. As indicated by a research directed, English and French forms the main
languages but there were very many dialects spoken in Canada including Chinese, Mandarin,
Irish and German (Canada Population, 2019). There were additionally a few religious
organizations, for example, Christians and Muslims that gave the nation a worldwide intrigue
and viewpoint. The settlement of the socially assorted people in the long run adds to build the
Canada conceived populace. Research demonstrates that the Canadian populace has expanded by
over 175% since the principal movement approach was sanctioned in 1913 (Canada -
Demographic Trends, 2018).
Besides, workers who settle in Canada help to address the lack of talented workers in the
different associations and establishments (Borjas, 2018). They offer vital and fundamental
administrations in human services, instruction, and producing and have added to the
development of products. Gifted workers are a need to the improvement of any country and the
migration arrangements have consequently encouraged the development and supportability of the
Canadian economy. Thirdly, migrants additionally help to connect the business hole left by
resigning and maturing populace particularly in circumstances and territories that the nearby
populace comprises of exceptionally youthful people who are unequipped for offering any
significant administrations. Therefore, the Canadian economy won't just keep on developing
however will likewise be supported.
Fourthly, through the business openings, the settler laborers additionally contribute charges that
are utilized to back different segments of the economy (Borjas, 2018). The legislature gets such a
great amount of pay from the charges and has had the option to improve the foundation and give
courtesies, for example, instruction and human services to all natives. The assessments have been
utilized to fabricate and look after streets, schools, emergency clinics and open production lines

POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION POLICIES IN CALGARY 8
and enterprises that have utilized significantly more individuals. Moreover, a portion of the
migrants have likewise had the option to start organizations in the nation and which separated
from giving basic merchandise and ventures additionally utilize numerous local people in the
area.
To wrap things up, foreigners likewise add to the monetary advancement (West, 2011). Through
paying for lodging, they add to the rental earnings of numerous landowners in Canada. Migrants
likewise shop and purchase products for their day by day use from the grocery stores and staple
goods and in this manner, advance the neighborhood ventures. A portion of the settlers likewise
migrate with their families and in such conditions will in general increment their degrees of
consumptions. In such cases, they should secure greater houses, buy vehicles for simple
transportation and even pay for the instruction of their kids.
Effects of Immigration Policies on the Population of Calgary
The major effect of the immigration policies introduced by the Canadian government is the
population growth in various cities such as Calgary. The immigration policies through the
Migration Program has seen the population of Canada grow from 12 million in 1945 to about 36
million in 2018 .In the recent past, there has been concerns over the overgrowing population and
criminals in the cities like Calgary, cities which has resulted into stiffer measures for vetting the
immigrants (Keller, 2018).
Geographic Focus of the Study
This study was done in the City of Calgary, Canada. The population in the city was utilized for
obtaining data through interviews, questionnaires and observation. Also, the Canada’s

POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION POLICIES IN CALGARY 9
immigration and the statistics offices in Calgary was utilized during data collection process of
the study.
Study Methods and Data Sources
The data collection methods for this study included:
1. Conducting Interviews and administration of questionnaires
Primary data collection methods such conducting interviews and administration of questionnaires
was employed during this study. Questionnaires were provided to the sample population of 100
people in Calgary with an aim of identifying their countries of origin and their take on the
Canadian’s immigration policies. Also, interviews were conducted on the sampled population to
identify the various advantages and disadvantages of various immigration policies.
2. Secondary Data
This includes data on established immigration policies and statistics on population changes in
Calgary, Canada. The information on various policies on immigration were obtained from the
immigration offices in Calgary. Also, the statistical data on population changes and economic
activities were obtained from relevant offices of statistics. The comparison of various population
changes with the corresponding policies on the immigration were then be carried out.
3. Previous Research Findings
A number of research had been done on the Canada’s immigration policies and their impacts to
the country. The impacts of immigration (both internal and external) on the economy, cultural
and social activities have been studied and provided vital information for this project.

POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION POLICIES IN CALGARY 10
Research Findings and Discussion
The data and obtained were analyzed and presented in various forms such as tables, charts and
graph
Table 1. Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration in Calgary (Statistics Canada, 2016)
Total
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration
for the population in private households - 25%
sample data
Immigrants 404,700
Before 1981 104,066
1981 to 1990 49,074
1991 to 2000 79,687
2001 to 2010 106,398
2001 to 2005 49,799
2006 to 2010 56,608
2011 to 2016 64,969
Non-permanent residents 28,523

POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION POLICIES IN CALGARY 11
Table 2. Ages during Immigration Statistics (Canada, 2016)
Total
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households -
25% sample data
404,700
Under 5 years 39,249
5 to 14 years 70,403
15 to 24 years 86,107
25 to 44 years 171,679
45 years and over 37,264
Table 3. Country of Origin of the Population of Calgary

POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION POLICIES IN CALGARY 12
Country Number Percentage Happy
with
Policies
Unhappy
with
Policies
Canadian Origin 28 28 21 7
English 18 18 16 2
French 13 13 13 0
Scottish 15 15 14 1
German 9 9 7 2
Chinese 5 5 5 0
Irish 12 12 12 0
Total 100 100 88 12
Before
1981 1981 to
1990 1991 to
2000 2001 to
2010 2001 to
2005 2006 to
2010 2011 to
2016
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
Immigrants
Immigrants

POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION POLICIES IN CALGARY 13
The findings show that migrants were very high before 1981 with about 104,066 migrants
allowed into Canada. The number of migrants increased steadily over intervals of 10 years from
1981 to 2010.This shows that immigration has been contributing to the population growth of
Calgary.
Population
Non-immigrants Immigrants
The immigrants currently accounts for 22% of the total population of Calgary City. It is however
important to note that the immigrants are always given permanent settlements continuously.

POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION POLICIES IN CALGARY 14
Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
Immingrants
Immingrants
Also, findings show that the majority of migrants fall at ages between 15 to 44 years which
accounts for 257,786 migrants, which are students and the labour category. This means the most
migrants enter Calgary through the Express Entry Program of the Canadian immigration policy.
28
18
13
15
9
5
12
Number of People
Canadian Origin English French Scottish
German Chinese Irish

POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION POLICIES IN CALGARY 15
People of Canadian origin in Calgary accounted for only 28% of the sample data collected in
Calgary. The English people were the majority among the immigrants. It is also important to
note that 88% of the sample was happy with the current immigration policies while 12% were
not satisfied. Through the interviews those were unhappy cited security concerns which were
major threat to the country with continued immigrant entry.

POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION POLICIES IN CALGARY 16
References
Borjas, G. (2018). The Economic Benefits from Immigration. Journal of Economic
Perspectives, 9(2), 3-22. doi: 10.1257/jep.9.2.3
Canada - Demographic Trends. (2018).Canada - Demographic trends. Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/place/Canada/Demographic-trends
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Retrieved from http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/canada-population/
Clarke, A., & Skuterud, M. (2013). Why do immigrant workers in Australia perform better than
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10.1111/caje.12059
Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. (2018).Immigration, Refugees and
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https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/campaigns/irregular-
border-crossings-asylum/understanding-the-system.html
Lobo, M. (2016). Migration, Citizenship and Intercultural Relations. Doi:
10.4324/9781315595344
Tony Keller. (2018, 12). Canada Has Its Own Ways of Keeping Out Unwanted Immigrants.
Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/07/canada-
immigration-success/564944/
West, D. (2011). The Costs and Benefits of Immigration. Political Science Quarterly, 126(3),
427-443. doi: 10.1002/j.1538-165x.2011.tb00707.x