Financial Analysis of Tesco and Sainsbury: A Ratio Analysis
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This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the financial performance of Tesco and Sainsbury through ratio analysis. It examines liquidity, profitability, and other key financial ratios to evaluate the financial health of the companies. Recommendations for improving financial performance are also provided.
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INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3 PORTFOLIO 1................................................................................................................................3 PORTFOLIO 2................................................................................................................................3 Investment Appraisal Techniques................................................................................................3 Limitation of using Investment Appraisal Techniques in long term decision making................4 REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7
INTRODUCTION Finance is the establishment of every business and to choose legitimate and sensible circumstance of money related situation of every business is as significant as bread for a person (Abdin and Noussan, 2018). In this particular condition, there are various instruments and strategies those can be used as a technique for choosing the money related circumstance of a business. This action is basic so ensuing to looking at into money related circumstance of that firm, successful imperative masterminding should be feasible for future course of action. This report is disconnected into two portfolios. Starting section is zeroing in on examination of financial circumstance of Tesco plc and Sainsbury's plc through gadget of extent assessment. Excess dependence of financial extents is in like manner not a good technique in since a long time prior run and it is moreover explained in this report. Also, second portfolio is examining criticalness of adventure assessment techniques which are used to choose and recognize right and fitting theory decision for an association. PORTFOLIO 1 Ratio analysis Tesco plc Name of ratioCalculationResult 20182019 Current ratioCurrent assets/ current liabilities 13,726 / 19,238 = 0.713484 12668/2 0680 = 0.61257 3 Quick ratioQuickassets/current liabilities 4379/ 19238 = 0.227622 3373/ 20680 = 0.163104 Net profit marginNet profit/ total sales(1206/57491)*100(1322/63911)*100
=2.097%= 2.068% Gross profit marginGross profit/ total sales(3350/57491)*100 = 5.827% (4144/63911)*100 = 6.484% Gearing ratio (Debt to Equity Ratio) Total debt/ total equity44862/10480 = 4.280% 49047 / 14858 = 3.301% P/E ratioMarket value per share/ Earnings per share 229/ 9.35 =24.49 213.6/13.65 = 16.97 Earnings per shareIncome available/ total numberofshares outstanding 9.3513.65 Returnoncapital employed Operatingprofit/ capital employed 5.136.86 Averageinventories turnover period Netsales/average inventory 57491/2282.5 = 25.91 days 63911/2240.5 = 28.52 days. Dividend pay-out ratioDividendpaid/net income 82/1206 = 0.68. 357/1322 = 0.27 Sainsbury plc Name of ratioCalculationResult 20182019 Current ratioCurrent assets/ current liabilities 7857/10302 =0.73 7550/11849 =0.63 Quick ratioQuickassets/current liabilities 1933/10302 =0.19 1283/11849 =0.19 Net profit marginNet profit/ total sales309/28456 =0.11% 186/29007 =0.006% Gross profit marginGross profit/ total sales518/28456 =0.018% 601/29007 =0.02% Gearing ratio (Debt to Equity Ratio) Total debt/ total equity34.4497.75 P/E ratioMarket value per share/238.80/0.22213.40/46
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Earnings per share=10.85 =4.64 Earnings per shareIncome available/ total numberofshares outstanding 2246 Returnoncapital employed Operatingprofit/ capital employed 4.653.84 Averageinventories turnover period Netsales/average inventory 28456/1792.5 =15.87 days. 29007/1869.5 =15.51 days. Dividend pay-out ratioDividendpaid/net income 235/309 =0.76 247/186 =1.33 Interpretation 1.Current ratio: This is a proportion, in which the relation between current assets and current liabilities is determined. This is a representation of liquid position of a business (Ambrose and Buch, 2016). This is the measure of capacity of company to pay off their current assets its current liabilities. This is the ability of management of a firm to clear accounts of current liabilities using the funds received in account of current assets. Current liabilities are those who have to be cleared down in coming one year. This paying off process is done from the funds which are to be received in same time period of one year. In accordance of various theories and methodologies, the ideal mark for this ratio is 2:1. In the given situation of two real companies, Tesco and Sainsbury, the investigation into liquidity position is done for over two years and Tesco has the ratio of 0.71 and 0.61 in the year of 2018 and 2019, respectively. On the other hand, Sainsbury has the current ratio of 0.73 and 0.63, respectively in same time period of two years. The situation of liquidity position is almost similar in both companies. It can be elucidated from this situation, that both the companies are performing almost on the same level and utilizing their working capital in similar pattern.Ratio is not as per the ideal mark and according to results, it is low and current assets are not enough to pay out current liabilities.
2. Quick ratio: It is the relation between the quick assets and current liabilities. It is the true presentation of true liquid postion of the company(Anish and Majhi, 2016). This proportion is taking only pure liquid assets (often known as liquid assets) into consideration. In simple words, it can be described as that position in which the company stands and has the capacity of paying off the current liabilities from only the receipts of funds in the category of quick assets. Quick assets includes only cash and cash equivalents.According to common theories and models, it is a known fact that 1:1 is the ideal benchmark for the ratio. In the given case of Tesco and Sainsbury, their ideal ratios are not up to the mark. The situation is better in Tesco as compared to the other company. Though, both the companies are performing very low as compared to the ideal benchmark.
3. Net profit margin: It is actually the representation of company’s profitability measure. This ratio is measuring the company’s performance in terms of value of profit generated in the specific time period. The amount of revenue is compared to that of totral sales. The profit is calculated through deducting the amunt of expenses from that of total amount of sales. This is very known fact that higher the amount of profit, higher will be the profitability and financial feasibility of a company. The amount of profit and this profit margin ratio is depending upon number of various factors and they are indirect expenses, taxation, internal accounting policies, such as depreciation and other expenses as well(Ascher, Li and You, 2020). In the present situationofinvestigationprocedureoffinancialperformanceofcompanies,Tescoand Sainsbury, profitability measure is not visualising any significant increase ober the time period of two years those have been considered for analysis. Instead, it is to be noted down that profitabilityindexiscomingdown.If comparisonisdonefor performanceofboth the companies, than it is to be stated that Tescpo is a better performer.
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4. Gross profit margin: It is the introduction of gross productivity of the firm. Around the day's end, it will when all is said in done be clarified as the pointer of execution of affiliation going before causing naughty costs(Basher and Raboy, 2018). As the name proposes, it tends to net benefit of the affiliation and its root execution. The standard factor that impacts this degree of benefit is deals volume and direct costs in the firm. In given illustration of guaranteed affiliations, execution of the two affiliations is declining, in any case in association it will as a rule be conveyed that Tesco is acting in a way that is better than Sainsbury.
5. Gearing ratio: It is a type of is a financial extent that considers some sort of owner's worth (or cash) to commitment, or resources gained by the association. Preparing is an assessment of the component's money related impact, which shows how much an affiliation's activities are financed by financial specialists' resources versus credit supervisor's resources. The equipping extent is an extent of money related impact that shows how much an affiliation's exercises are upheld by esteem capital versus commitment financing(Carneiro, 2020). In the given case of Tesco and Sainsbury, Tesco is having less weight of commitment and afterward once more, Sainsbury is having a profound load of commitment. Tesco has decreased the weight over two years and Sainsbury has almost increased it up. 6. Price to Earning ratio: It is generally called esteem unique or pay various. This is essentially a marker of assessment of current market cost of offer and per share benefit. This is an extent that is important for theorists and inspectors and they use these extents to survey distinctive endeavor choices that are open for them. If one decision is having more critical yields on commonly low market rate, than that decision is seen as more valuable. In given condition of Tesco and Sainsbury, cost to pay extent is lessening consistently. In relationship, it is incredibly sure that past is performing better that the last referenced(Featherstone, Taylor and Gibson, 2017). .
7. Earnings per share: It is generally the pointer of advantage that is gotten by the speculator. It is controlled by apportioning hard and fast association's advantage by total number of uncommon proposals watching out. It is a normal thought, that higher the EPS, higher will be the advantage extent of the association. In given situation, the condition is almost better in Sainsbury, as the EPS is higher in this association in assessment with Tesco(Heine, Thatte and Tabares-Velasco, 2019). The two associations are encountering an improvement is EPS bar and consequently, it will in general be communicated that the two associations are performing splendidly to the extent advantage. 8. Return on capital employed: It is on a very basic level a money related extent that is used to reflect advantage and position of adequacy of use of capital in the association. In fundamental
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words, it might be explained as the pointer of the gauge that presents the association's display in making profits by its capital hypothesis. It is significant mechanical assembly for money related bosses, accomplices and besides expected theorists and they use this extent as a gadget for researching possible profitability in the wake of making revenue into association(Hossain, Mekhilef, and Olatomiwa, 2017). In given situation, this condition is better in Tesco, rather than the following association. Moreover tesco is envisioning improvement in the extent. Of course, Sainsbury is rising up to diminish. 9. Inventory turnover average period: This extent is a marker of the time span that ordinary stock takes to sell completely. This suggests it is the time period, which the association is taking to sell a lot of stock and bringing the redesigned one. More restricted this period, infers the association is having a high arrangements volume. In the given case, Sainsbury is taking more restricted period of time, along these lines, it will in general be communicated that last has higher arrangements volume(Kärenlampi, 2020).
10.Dividend payout ratio: It is the connection between's total amount of benefit paid to speculators and the absolute pay of the association. It addresses the degree of benefit paid to speculators to the extent benefit out of in general addition of association(Krueger, 2016). The total that isn't paid to financial specialists is held by the association to deal with commitment or to reinvest in focus exercises. It is every so often basically implied as the 'payout extent.' In the given example of assessment among Tesco and Sainsbury, the condition is better in last as it is countering improvement in the chart and moreover past is envisioning decline in the extent. Recommendations
From the about report it has been proposed that association should screen and access stock level on the off chance that it is administered satisfactorily. This will help in improving Quick extent (Pinto, 2020). •For improving liquidity extent, association should run headways and offer cutoff points on their things to decrease stock and make advantage. •Company should lead an assessment for the interest of the things and recognize what factors are liable for prodding low interest. This improves interest incorporation extent. This also joins buying behavior of customers, competitors examination, and associations advancing frameworks, etc •To improve advantage extent in cash by then association needs to reduce its working expenses and work towards boosting generally speaking income. There can in like manner be a quick and dirty assessment of cost and assessing structure. This will help the association in looking unprecedented. •If association turns excessively high, by then it isn't likely that association couldn't pass on enough stock to fulfil its customers' prerequisites. So for that, association should screen its stock and reliably saves right harmony for their stock. •A low Assets turnover extent shows that association isn't working at its full cutoff and not utilizing its assets suitably. So for this, association should inspect its assets fittingly. PORTFOLIO 2 Investment Appraisal Techniques Considering the current scenario, the most suitable tool for evaluation of the available alternative is Net Present value Method. Calculation for it can be done as: Project A Net ProfitsDiscounting RatePresent Value 450000.8638790 450000.7433435
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450000.6428845 350000.5519320 350000.4816660 250000.4110250 Total147300 Less: Initial Investment110000 Net Present Value37300 Project B Net ProfitsDiscounting RatePresent Value 100000.868620 150000.7411145 250000.6416025 550000.5230360 650000.4830940 580000.4123780 Total120870 Less: Initial Investment110000 Net Present Value10870 Interpretation Net Present Value is the amount calculated after computing the present value considering the discount factor rate and deducting the initial cash outflow. As per this concept the project
with the higher net present value are more profitable for a company. From the above calculation it can be concluded that, Project A has a higher NPV then Project B. and the company is recommended to select Project A as it will be more profitable. Limitation of using Investment Appraisal Techniques in long term decision making The investment Appraisal technique is used by organisations for overall strategies and decision making for the capital investments. In general terms, it is used for ranking projects. A company compares the projects available with these techniques and determines the one with the highest return(Samsiana, 2019). There are various investment appraisal techniques like Payback Period, Internal Rate of Return, Net Present Value method, etc.. in the given case the most suitable technique was NPV and certain limitations of it are listed below: Selection of appropriate discounting rate-In this technique the most notable challenge is for calculation of the discounting factor rate. Discounting rate is general alternative which is used for determining the present value of all future cash flows. These rates are dependent on a number of factors like the risk associated with an option available, arithmeticaccuracy,etc..Allsuchfactorsaretobeconsideredappropriatelyfor determination of a correct discounting rate. If not done accurately this may lead to complete failure of the operation and the company may incur huge financial losses. Determination of Cost of capital and cash flows-Cost of capital is the value of company's funds. And form the investor's view point it is the required return to be earned form the portfolios of company's security. It is a technique used for evaluation of firm's newprojects.Ithelpsthecompanytoevaluatethatwhetherthereturnsonthe investments are worth with the risk associated with it. For deciding on whether to invest or not in a particular project, it is required to set an accurate cost of capital. If it is aimed too high, resulting in investments as not worthy and increases the probability of missing an opportunity. Whereas in case of low low cost of capital, the investment may not be worthwhile. In case of investments not guaranteeing fixed returns, it becomes difficult for determining the cash flows of an investment. It can sometimes done for inverting in new equipments, or other projects of business expansion of a firm. The company can estimate the kind of cash flow on such investments but there is a probability that there could be a off by some significant percentage.
Investment Size-It refers to the size of position in a particular portfolio or the amount which an investor is willing to trade with. It is used by investor for determination of the units to be purchased which helps them for controlling risk and maximising returns. There is a common notion that higher NPV is a representation of better investment option. But it is not the actual fact, in case of two investment alternatives to be chosen by the management and one of it having higher outlay or scale will have a high NPV but in the case of vice versa the smaller outlay will have a low NPV(Wang, 2018). So, this technique is proved to be indeterminate and unclear for evaluating the projects of unequal investment size. For getting the appropriate view of an investment option, is is important to concentrate on the calculations of returns instead of computing the present value of cash flows. Additional Cost-Net present value method is a narrow concept as it only considers the cash flows generated during a project life cycle. This technique fails in recognising the costs which are important for considering the profitability of the project. Opportunity Cost can be a type of such costs which is important to be considered for choosing an an investment alternative as they are also important cost associated with selection of a project, but this technique ignores such type of costs. Manipulations of Financial Statements-Ratio analysis are based on the data form the financialstatements.Itcanbeeasilymanipulatedbythefirmsformakingtheir performance better in comparison with their actual performance. So it does not reflect the actual and true performance of the companies. There are chances of misrepresentation and mistake in any available information but such mistakes are not being detected form a simple analysis. It is a crucial factor for detecting such mistakes by the analyst and make conclusions after evaluating such manipulations. No Common Standard-The limitation of this technique is that it is burdensome for calculating common standards for comparison between different situations and the companies with different nature. It can be illustrated as a firm having ratio of 2:3 may not be in a condition of paying off its liabilities at a time due to unfavourable distribution of assets(Zewde, 2020). Whereas on the other-hand another company having similar ratio may have the ability of paying its debts because of having favourable conditions. So,
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ratioanalysisdoesnothaveanycommonstandardsforcalculationofthereal comparison. CONCLUSION From the above report, it can be inferred that only the process of analyzing the financial statements is not necessary to proceed with the planning for future course of action. It is important for key managerial personnel of the company that they are evaluating different options for investing funds of the company. This analysis will be helpful in proper utilization of funds and also to improve profitability measure of the company.As finance is most important part of every company, therefore, it is necessary that company is taking care of their funds at every step and ensuring they are being utilized in optimum manner.
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