Power Electronics EAC4025-N

Power Electronics 1
Power Electronics: EAC4025-N
Design and Operation of DC-AC Converters
by Student’s Name
Code + Course Name
Professor’s Name
University Name
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Date

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Summary
This paper aims at examining the parametric voltage transmission as well as high powers in the
systems. The lab report mainly carried out via the application of makeable didactic hardware
system. This lab report mainly comprises of two key elements and aspects. The key areas
tackled in the lab report include the DC to AC power transmissions as well as the High voltage
power transmission section. The firsts of the lab work explores on different aspects such as the
single HVDC converter behaviour as well as the determination of the influence of DC voltage on
the overall AC variables. The analysis must be depicted in line with the inductive and capacitive
reactive current and supply. The first lab assignments also examines the power flow which one
depicts in line with the close coupling as well as the overall converter stations. Furthermore, the
section also demarcates on the Operation of the amplitude modulation in the circuits and the
overall effects and impacts documented as well as illustrated in the graphical illustrations. On the
other hand, the second section of this lab report depicts on the analysis of the fundamental
frequency control and this analysis poses on the DC voltage and the impacts in line with the
conversion into the alternating current. In essence, it is important to note that High-voltage
Alternating current transmission often referred to as high-voltage direct-current and this entails
the converter station as well as the overall transmission line. The analogy aims at converting the
conventional electricity as well as alternative grid.
Introduction
DC to AC Converter
Preferably, power inverters often requires makeable control amount in ensuring that the system
operates efficiently as well as safely. Subsequently, it is important to note that DC to AC
converter has five key simulations in line with the sub-system and this helps in controlling the

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inverter. It is important to note that there are two key and essential elements in the systems which
encompasses with the modulation scheme. The two systems help in regulating as well as
controlling the synchronous sine-triangle. In essence, the figure assists in creating two separate
triangles in line with the waves. This helps in tracking the overall power frequency as well as
necessitating the outputting one of the triangle wave. The process leads to the turning on of one
of the switch while at the same time turn the other ones off. The triangle frequency waves of the
system mainly computed as the product of power frequency and the user-defined integer. Thus,
the comparisons mainly drawn between two sinusoidal signals and triangle signals. This
illustration indicated as shown below
Figure showing the Triangle Wave Generator

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The pictorial illustration on the sine wave generator also represented and indicated as per the
diagram below
Figure illustrating the Sine Wave Generator
Moreover, there is the analysis of the third sub-system and this is often used in examining the
control power flow and it is varied in line with the angle. The angle has to be varied between the
system and the converter voltage. The expression for the power flow control indicated as per the
equation below

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Where
V conv is the effective converter voltage

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V sys is the system voltage
X is theline reactance

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Figure indicating the Delta Angle Controller
Operation Mode
Pulse-width modulation or PWM mainly defined as an element often used in adjusting the
amplitude voltage. It enables the process of adjusting the makeable output voltage continuously
and this prospect can proceed from proceed from 0 until the maximum value is attained in the
long run. Preferably, it is important to depict that the maximum value for the amplitude can be
defined as values which corresponds to the viable fundamental frequency of the control in the
system. Some of the key terms often used in this lab report and the overall elements mainly
discussed as follows
Switching Frequency Fs

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This frequency refers to the one which necessitates the switching of the power semiconductor
either on or off in due course. Furthermore, it is important to note that the system has a switching
cycle. This comprises of the elements for the switch-on operation as well as switch-off operation
and this is conducted by the power of semiconductor jointly.
Switching or Cycle Count q
Notably, the cycle or also known as switching count mainly determined via the application of the
ration which exists between the switching frequency and the fundamental frequency denoted as fs
and f1. The analysis mainly illustrated as indicated in the expression below
Synchronous Clocking and Synchronous Modulation
In the situation in which one integer is depicted as the fundamental multiple frequencies with one
makeable synchronous clocking speak. On the other hand, one should be asynchronous clocking.
In the asynchronous clocking, it is important to have beats happening at the carrier and
fundamental frequencies.
The beat tend to generate additional and elementary operating losses and this can be disruptive
in situations whereby the fundamental frequency and the carrier frequency are often located
close to each other in the process. Furthermore, the conversion in line with the synchronous
clocking is often necessary in the event that the overall ratio of the fs/f1 is at least 10.
Operation with Amplitude Modulation

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Preferably, there was an experiment conducted on the operation with amplitude modulation and
this lab work entailed measuring the current and voltage as far as the amplitude modulation is
concerned.
Experiment Objective
The objective of this experiment was to measure amplitude modulation in line with the current as
well as the voltage in the long run.
Circuit Diagram
The circuit arrangement for the experiment mainly illustrated as indicated in the figure below
Procedure
The set of the procedures often followed in carrying out this experiment mainly elaborated as
indicated in the below steps
 First and foremost, the wire is often wired as per the wiring diagrams as well as the set-up shown
in the figure above

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 Second, it is important to turn on the overall self-commutated converter and this is denoted as the
circuitry CO3636-3B
 The third step involve turning on the transformer and this has to be done in line with the motor
protection switch
 Furthermore, it is essential to open the alternating current as per the evaluation of the AC
Converter instrument
Notably, it is important to check and troubleshoot any problem which may occur in the
instrument. This analysis must be carried out as per the guidelines outlined in the software help.
Subsequently, the performance of the overall settings in line with the specified characteristics
mainly noted and demarcated as indicated in the table below
Mode: BLOCK; time characteristic
Periods 2
Clock frequency 1kHz
Amplitude 100%
Frequency 50Hz
Therefore, once all the elements and the set procedures and the elements have been positioned
and situated as per the requirement, then the power is switched on. Thus, both the voltage and the
current are thereby recorded in line with the signal characteristics. It is important to transfer all
the measured results
The results are thereby documented in the placeholder
Results

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The results obtained in line with this analysis mainly summarized as well as represented in the
graphical manner as indicated in the evaluation below (Fooks et al. 2014 p.1389).
The graph above shows the voltage as well as current characteristics in line with the fundamental
frequency control. The amplitude and the frequency applied in the process are 100% and 50 Hz
respectively. Furthermore, the ratio of the restive to the inductive also appraised in line with the
experiment (Tu, Xu and Xu 2011 p.2009).
Subsequently, the experiment is also conducted and repeated with amplitude of 75% and the
results indicated as per the graphical illustrations shown in the graph below (Chen, Luo and Chen
2012 p.3614).

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The figure above indicates the results when the amplitude of 75% as well as a frequency of 50
Hz is maintained for the repeated experiment.
The determination of the RMS in line with both the voltage as well as current often demarcated
as far as the amplitude as shown below

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Fundamental frequency control
Previous research has demonstrated that the simplest method of alternate voltage production is
by the use of Fundamental frequency control. This production of alternating voltage is obtained
from direct voltage. Various controversies have been said in contradictory to this effect but the
leading scientists on the field have stood firm, demonstrated their application with experimental
set-ups and altogether shown the workability of the control. The experiments below represent an

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example of the feature above and gives a description that involves a bridge branch (McGann et al
2016 p.4420).
From the above figure, it is clear to understand that the examples are two switches and diodes
with different arrangement for the bridge branch. The experiment was set, observation made and
results drawn from it, there was a four-way result analysis which was obtained from the bridge
branch. The demonstration was as follows (Fischer et al. 2014 p.1167).

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The results of the four-way arrangement were as follows (Margaris et al. 2012 p.189).
1. the output voltage of uU0 = UD/2 is obtained when "Switch" V1 is closed; "switch" V2 is
open.
2. output voltage of uU0= -UD/2 is obtained when "Switch " V1 is open; "switch" V2 is closed.
3. when two alternate switches are closed at the same time for instance closing both "switches "
V1 and V2. On the contrary this is forbidden since it may cause short in the intermediate circuit.
4. on the other note opening "switches " V1 and V2. This state serves as the idle state.
The only optional switches in this arrangement are therefore switches 1 and 2.

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Again, a simple inverter with a voltage output appears in a rectangular signal having a UD/2
amplitude.
This output frequency is set through a frequency clock. This is known as fundamental frequency
control. The figure below gives a representation of the overall output (Bojoi, Limongi, Roiu and
Tenconi 2011 p.798).
From the above graph it is evident to note that a constant value which can be changed only
through adjustment of the DC-link voltage UD. Fourier made a similar analysis in relation to
fundamental frequency f1. From this arrangement a formula is worked out as follows (Aaij et al.
2015 p.041801).
Operation with Fundamental Frequency Control
Experiment objective

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The aim of this lab report is to determine the fundamental frequencies regarding both the
currents as well as the voltage.
Circuit diagram
The figure below indicates the arrangement for the circuit often used in the appraisal and in the
computation of the frequency control (MacNeill et al. 2017 p.300).
Figure illustrating the experimental arrangement of the Operation with fundamental frequency
control (Yazici et al. 2013 p.174512).
The analogy regarding the assembling of the system mainly appraised and demarcated as
indicated in the pictorial diagram below (Ahn et al. 2014 p.17).

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Preferably, it is essential to important to provide self-commutated converter in line with circuitry
CO3636-3B.
Subsequently, it is fundamental to turn on the transformer using the motor protection switch
Also, it is important to open the AC converter in line with instrument
Notably, in the event that the problem in the operating the parametric instruments, then it will be
essential to embark on using the software help function in trying to troubleshoot the problem.
The various modes and the block characteristics in line with analysis mainly evaluated and
appraised tabulated in the table below (Dubois et al. 2013 p.659).
Mode: BLOCK; time characteristic
Periods 2
Clock frequency 1kHz

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Amplitude 100%
Frequency 50Hz
Results
The results obtained from the lab practice mainly depicted and illustrated as indicated in the
graphical analysis below (O'connor et al. 2017 p.169).
The figure above indicates the voltage as well as the current characteristics in line with the
fundamental frequency. The frequency applied in the process is 50Hz and the amplitude utilized
in this process is 100%. This analysis also incorporates the ratio of the resistive to the inductive
load as far as the current and the voltage characteristics are concerned (Wolff et al. 2013 p.241).
On the other hand, the analysis of the frequency spectra regarding the voltage and the current
ranging from to 0 Hz up to a value of 1 kHz mainly illustrated as in the graphical analysis below
(Bäuerle et al. 2018 p.056503).

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Figure Illustrating the Fundamental Frequency Control
Conversely, the spectrum mainly depicted in line with the fundamental frequency regarding the
control and the ratio of restive to the overall inductive load mainly summarized in the graphical
analysis as indicated below (Nichols et al. 2017 p.299).

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Figure showing the fundamental frequency regarding the control and the ratio of restive to the
overall inductive load (Jiang et al. 2018).
Signal modulation
These methods describe the case of the output variables which are rectangular in shape. These
variables also tend to accommodate higher content of harmonic content. In optimal sense there
are currents needed to drive motors (Gerber et al. 2018 p.1187).
An oscilloscope is used to obtain sinusoidal fundamental oscillation by extending amplitude
modulation with a time-variability and sinusoidal modulation of the output voltage.

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Operation Mode
Short-Term Mean Value
This oscillation of fundamentals is made into divisions into segments of small time with
individual correspondence to the switching frequency duration. In analyzing this prospect in the
time intervals provided, the output is of the sine wave voltage which is produced from the
arrangements. From the results of the output, the output produced is of a higher width
modulation of a sinusoidal pulse signal modulated. To this extent therefore it may be generalized
that the emulation of the best sinusoidal wave voltage form is only possible in higher switching
frequency. The table below gives a breakdown of the switching frequency in given time period
intervals (Challagundla et al. 2018).
From the table above, various observations were made on the fundamental frequency. The output
of the current at the resistive inductive load sector is the motor. This part is made smooth by the
inductive component resulting in a sinusoidal waveform (Okbay et al. 2016 p.624).

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The graph above gives an illustration of the whole setup of signal modulation and determination.
The SI unit of degree modulation is denoted by letter M. from the content understanding the
degree of modulation fundamental oscillation is obtaining through splitting of the output voltage
and component distorted. The RMS value of the fundamental oscillation serve as a vital variable
in its use. Power is therefore transmitted and the induction machine’s torque is generated. This
description is what is referred to as modulation function m. To further understand this concept, a
formula is worked out as follows (Abelev et al. 2013 p.2456).
In the formula above, the letter m represents the degree of modulation. It determines the
modulation inverter’s depth (Samad et al. 2018 p.140).
represents the phase shift in fundamental language

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represents the angular frequency of the fundamental frequency f1. All these are obtained from a
general formula of
Control Factor
The SI unit of control factor is denoted by letter A. In consideration, the modulation degree is
related to the oscillation amplitude fundamental of control factor A is obtained. To clearly
demonstrate this, a formula is generated to break down the simple concepts of obtaining control
factor. The formula is as highlighted below (Herrmann, Rach, Neuling and Strüber 2013 p.279).
In sinusoidal modulation case, the peak of the value of amplitude can never be higher than half
the value direct current link in voltage value of Ud/2, the signal would therefore be distorted if
these factors are not taken into consideration.
In this case the highest value and the maximum control factor in the single-phase inverter. A
formula is again generated to help understand this concept further. The formula below is also
broken down into other sub sections.

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an arbitrary value of 4 was used. Pie was divided by 4 to get a value of 0.785 as the maximum
control factor. This formula is therefore universal and can be used with different values but pie
remains constant.
Discussion
From the lab reports and experiments, it is evidential that most of the transmission system often
applies the AC line with high voltage. Notably, the analysis reports that the HVDC transmission
lines have considerable lesser values in line with the losses and this can build up to 25% in terms
of the MW. Preferably, more elevation loads regarding the carrying capabilities are
recommended for the transmission. HVDC often regarded as not only flexible but also elements
with power flow which are manageable as well as controllable in the long run (Cavallaro et al.
2018 p. 15). Moreover, the purchasing cost of the HVDC in terms of the installation is viewed
as well as considered to be expensive and this the their application mainly utilized in the long-
haul. Conversely, the application of the semi-conductor Devices tends to offer alternative and
amicable solution to the transmission system. The alternative mainly grounded on the efficiency
as well as the cheapness of the aspect as far as the overall process is concerned (Nikolić et al.
2018 p.1).
Conclusion
To this extent therefore, it is important to highlight some of the key areas that the paper
highlighted. Just to mention but a few, it is noted that HVDC which represents high voltage
current in comparison gives higher cost implications in line with the materials of insulation in

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addition to the wires which has been used. In contrast, higher power transmission is more using
the HVDC as compared to the common system of three phase. It is an advantage for the HVDC
lack of materials of dielectric which takes care of heat loss accountability as compared to the
system of three phase. In addition, it is also made up of different network-controlled frequencies
which can allow for interconnections together with a coupling closing system as opposed to the
three-phase system.
In addition to this analysis, it is made clear that it is in line with the load regulations that the
HVDC operates. These regulations have their base solidly and with specific and standard values
for the whole sytem efficiency and overral electric transmission of power. In this case for
instance and taking arbitrary values of minimum and maxim peak values to be between the range
of 500 to 760W as well as ranges of 0- to-2 Nm. Furthermore, it is important to note that the step
per second of 0.1 Nm, and a holding time of 5 seconds. Finally, when all these are put into
consideration, it is evident that reduction of the ∑Pmax to 500 W, results into the hysteresis
recorded on the DSM system values to be 0 while the minimum peak value got at that this stage
is ∑Pmin = 500 W.
Another reference for the transmission of high alternating current is high-voltage direct-current.
This also entails the transmission line and converter station which majorly operates by
converting the electricity conventional voltage and alternating grid to the direct voltage.

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