The Power Factor Improvement and Measurement
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Added on 2020-05-08
The Power Factor Improvement and Measurement
Added on 2020-05-08
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Executive SummaryThe power factor improvement and measurement is required because as of nowthere is no much scarcity in the electricity. But in the end of this century or by the starting of the next century, there may arise a scarcity in electricity. The electricity is the precious energy which has to be improved using some techniques. The techniques that are commonly used in improving the power factor are Static Capacitor, Synchronous Condenser and the phase advancers. In this project, the synchronous condenser has been used in improving the power factor. The literature analysis is performed on the improvement and measurement of power factor which sued various kinds of methods. The methodology is explained and the diagrams are represented in this report. The experimental setup is tabulated in this report. The results and conclusions of the synchronous motor and condenser is tabulated in this report. The disadvantages of the static capacitor and phase advance technique is discussed detail in this report.
Table of contentsExecutive Summary........................................................................................................11.Introduction......................................................................................................32.Background and Literature Review.................................................................32.1Research Question........................................................................................53.Methodology....................................................................................................53.1Static Capacitor Method...............................................................................53.2Synchronous Condenser Method..................................................................74.Experimental Setup..........................................................................................95.Results and Calculation..................................................................................106.Project Planning.............................................................................................107.Conclusion.....................................................................................................14References.....................................................................................................................15
1.IntroductionThe electrical energy is mostly produced, transmission through medium anddistributed in the form called Alternating current. Most of the electrical appliances thatis used in home like motors, lights etc. are inductive and they consists of power factoronly in lower level. In the circuit of the alternating current, there occurs a difference inphase between the voltage and the current. The power factor is defined as themeasurement of the efficiency of the VA - rating of the electrical device and itsutilization. If the power factor is high, then it is utilized more effectively. When it iscalculated mathematically, it is defined as the cosine of the phase difference betweenthe source of the voltage and the current. It is referred to as the ratio between theActive powers to the apparent power. There are many ways for measuring the powerfactor. The power factor can be measured using the voltmeter method and anoscilloscope. If the voltage and the waveforms of the current are sinusoidal in nature,it is easy for measuring the phase angle in a simple way by calculating the differenceof timing between the zero crossings of the waveforms on the waveforms. As there isno equipment for rotation, the less cost is only needed for maintaining this system.The static capacitor method is used for measuring the power factor and it is the verycost effective method too. It is frequently monitored by the company which suppliesthe electrical energy. The literature review is performed on various articles that talksabout the methods of power factor measurement and improvement. Research Questionand the methodology to solve the research question is also going to be explained inthis report. The experimental setup that is required for measuring and improving thepower factor is tabulated. The results and calculations are being specified in this reportwith clear explanation of those calculations.2.Background and Literature ReviewAn article on Power factor measurement and correction says that the PFCdevices are used for measuring and improving the power factor in industries. Thispaper describes that the power factor can be increased by inserting a static capacitor inthe receiver side of the distributive system that is switchable in nature. The powerfactor can be measured using a technique called Field Programmable Gate Array. Thistechnique can be used for the development of the digital controller. This paper has
coded the implementation by using a language VERILOG for describing thehardware. The logic that is being used for improving and measuring the power factoris comprehensible and deterministic in nature and this measurement is performed byusing the kit called SPARTAN3AN FPGA. This method is considered to beaffordable (Biswas, Kumar Basu & Sanyal, 2015).An article on Power factor improvement uses the equipment called Synchronouscondenser for improving the power factor. A synchronous motor is used in thistechnique which takes the current that is leading in the over excited condition and it isbeing behaved as a capacitor. When the synchronous motor runs without load in anover excited condition, then it is called as the synchronous condenser. They use thepower triangle for correcting or measuring the power factor. This paper says that theimprovement in the power factor, it is beneficial for the consumer to reduce themaximum kVA demand and because of this improvement the consumer gets a savingfor a year because of the maximum charges of demand. The number of units that issupplied by the power generation stations depend upon the power factor. So theimprovement in the power factor becomes beneficial to the power generating stationsalso. As the power factor gets increased, the earning capability of the power station isalso increased ("Power Factor Improvement", 2017).Power factor correction: a guide to the plant engineer is the paper which tells thefacts about the power factor improvement and the measurement techniques. They alsouses the power capacitor methods for improving the power factor. They say thatbecause of this method, the voltage gets improved, the capacity of the system getsincreased and the losses gets reduced. In this paper, they discuss about the harmonicsof the power system which becomes incomplete without using the effects of correctingpower factors. A harmonic is a component that consists of a frequency which is anintegral multiple of the basic frequency of the power line of about 60 Hz. Thisharmonics can be divided into two as dominant orders of the harmonic and those arebeing created using the non-linear loads ("Power factor correction: a guide for theplant engineer", 2017).2.1Research QuestionThe research of this paper is about the improvement and measurement of thepower factor. The paper has goals and sub goals for this research. The main goal of
the research is making improvement and measurement on the power factor. Bymaking this improvement and measurement, the sub goals of the research are listedbelowTo reduce the utility electric bills of the consumer by improving the powerfactor.To increase the earning capability of the stations which generate power to thepublic.To improve the power factor using static capacitor method which needs onlylow maintenance cost.To make the power factor improvement to work under normal conditions ofthe atmosphere.To make benefits to consumers of the electricity by reducing their demandcharges. This saves the money of the consumers annually.To give more benefits to the power generating stations by improving the powerfactor.The main goal and sub goals of the power factor improvement andmeasurement is being explained in this section.3.MethodologyThere are many methodologies for improving the power factor. Some of thecommon techniques that can be used for improving the power factor are StaticCapacitor technique, Synchronous Condenser technique and phase advancer technique(Giangrandi, 2017). Out of these techniques, the effective and well known techniquecalled Synchronous condenser technique is being explained in this report to improvethe power factor method.3.1Static Capacitor MethodThe improvement in power factor is achieved by making the capacitors to beconnected in a parallel with the device which operates at the low power factor (Yani,2017).
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