Pre-admission Education to reduce verbal and physical aggression (Literature review article critique)

This literature review critiques the work of Crilly, Chaboyer and Creedy (2004) on the violence towards ED nurses by patients and explores the prevalence, antecedents, outcomes, and circumstances of aggression and violence in NSW mental health hospital.

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Pre-admission Education to reduce verbal and physical aggression
(Literature review article critique)
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Introduction
The purpose of this literature review is to offer an overview of literature in relation to Pre-
admission Education to reduce verbal and physical aggression (Abbas and Selim, 2011). This is
related to the practice of restrictive interventions in the healthcare settings (Abbas and Selim,
2011). The literature review builds on assignment one literature on this topic. Mentally ill
individuals in hospitals can sometimes behave aggressively (Abbas and Selim, 2011). They
could make sure not to harm other patients, employees, property or perhaps themselves. These
kinds of violence could result in injuries, occasionally extreme, to the patients or perhaps the
employees; this could result in employee absence and hamper the functionality of the psychiatric
service ( Abbas and Selim, 2011). The manner wherein violent propensities are managed by
worker continues to be contentious and emotive, and there have been minor evidence or maybe
agreement regarding their effectiveness. This review would certainly critique the literature with
regards to this topic via describing the available research literature on the prevalence,
antecedents, outcomes in addition to circumstances of aggression and violence in NSW mental
health hospital.
Literature review article critique
Patients’ education has been one of the key elements to an efficient self management as well as
monitoring needs for many clients from the Emergency departments. This literature is a critique

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of the work of Crilly, chaboyer and Creedy (2004), on the violence towards ED nurses by the
patients. The literature is focused on finding why there is been rise to the level of physical and
verbal aggression of the patients which has become an issue to the mental health unit. The focus
is mainly at the NSW mental health HDU, where the nurses have exhibited this which has
hindered them to perform their work effectively (Crilly, Chaboyer and Creedy, 2004).
Workplace violence has been a major public health issue that has received national attention. The
latest media attention has elevated the level of civic consciousness in relation to the adverse
impact of violence (Crilly, Chaboyer and Creedy, 2004). Among the health staff, the nurses and
the patients care assistants encounter the highest rates of violence (Lam and Leat, 2013). ED
nurses experience physical, verbal and aggression from the patients this is according to Crilly,
Chaboyer, creedy (2004). Based on the study done by this authors ED nurses were four times
going to report they have got been assaulted in comparison to the nurses in the other units. A
current national research of 3, 465 Emergency department nurses they discovered violence to be
extremely well-known and prevention is fundamentally impacted by the commitment from the
administrators of the hospitals, hospital security along with the ED administrators.
Crilly, Chaboyer, creedy (2004) research focus on the violence towards the ED nurses which is
caused by the patients. based on this research it has been found that violence of the health care
setting have an effect on the workers, employers as well as the same patients who are attacking
them (Crilly, Chaboyer and Creedy, 2004). Moreover, physical injury, chronic pain, and muscle

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tension, are some of the facets which the employees might encounter and at time they may
experience psychological issues for example loss of sleep (Crilly, Chaboyer and Creedy, 2004).
This article also has discovered that the health care workers that have been assaulted earlier by
the patients’ experience short term, and long term psychological reactions, which include anger,
frustration, stress, apathy, personal blame in addition to helplessness.
The occurrence of violence is greater in ED when compared with any other elements of the
healthcare provision (Crilly, Chaboyer and Creedy, 2004). Moreover, it can be noted out of this
research that incidences of physical as well as verbal violence among the nurses which are used
in the Eds happen to be thought to be on the increase (Babbie, 2016). Influenced by the studies,
demonstrated prevalence of aggression against the nurses employed in the psychiatric divisions
and Eds ranged from 60% to 90%. Individuals working at the ED will likely experience between
1 and 10 incidents of aggression per year.
Depending on the finding out on this research, the occurrence of exposure to the verbal abuse
was more than subjection to the physical violence among the nurses (Ellis, 2016). You must note
that the majority of the violent situations took place in the course of the mid-day and the night
shifts. Equivalent research results have taken place in numerous developed and developing
countries, wherein there have been more violent conditions particularly at the afternoon and
during the night shifts (Abualrub and Al Khawaldeh, 2014). It is simply because of the
deficiency in the nursing employees, a reduced presence from the hospital administration,
insufficient security personnel’s’, and also incontrovertible fact that the majority of the patients
along with their relatives pay a visit to the ED in the evening after the Primary Medical Care
Centres have closed, so that they have no choice apart from ED (Abualrub and Al Khawaldeh,
2014). Evaluating of this study outcomes with the other studies it could be hard because of the

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variations in the definition of the violence , distinctions in the settings , variation in the
populations , time periods of the studies , together with the methodologies utilized (Crilly,
Chaboyer and Creedy, 2004). Moreover, further findings could vary from the industry to industry
or maybe from one country to another or perhaps based on the variations in the working system
and environment (Lambrou et al. 2014).
Dependent on the results out of this research, it has been found out that 45% of the ED nurses
were subjected to some kind of physical violence at the workplace at least once over the last year
(Daffern, Mayer and Martin, 2006). Studies from studies carried out in other nations also have
shown a much lower prevalence to the physical aggression (Abualrub and Al Khawaldeh, 2014).
This consists of studies carried out in countries for example Turkey, Jordan and Taiwan.
Prevalence of the physical violence over these countries, includes findings out of this research,
was a lot less than findings from the research that were completed in US. The findings to the
current research demonstrate more extreme physical violence occasions against emergency
nurses. Based on Crilly, Chaboyer & Creedy (2004), these results are consistent to the findings
from Iraq. Contrasting studies that were undertaken in other nations unveiled that no weapons
were used on the nurses as well as healthcare employees.
The prevalence of physical violence has been higher on some countries than other countries. This
could be due to the admissions in the public hospitals that are much less organized, there have
been absolutely no shielding tools and there have also been insufficient security personnel
(Babbie, 2016). These findings on the rate of physical violence against the nurses are worrying
(Albashtawy, 2013). There has been significant relationship which exists between particular
hospitals as well as physical violence. Regular kinds of physical abuse based on the nursing
were pushing, beating, slapping together with kicking (Babbie, 2016). Pushing continues to be

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among the predominant forms of physical violence that is experienced by the nurses. The results
done by this authors are comparable to those reported by Pai and Lee (2011) which were from
the research carried out in that that revealed that predominant types of physical violence were
slapping , kicking , and pushing . Conversely, this research reports physical contact as
predominant (Pai and Lee, 2011). This type of variations could be related to the numerous
variations in perpetrators of the physical abuse. Perhaps this is associated with the collectivist
cultural values.
The findings from this article have implications for the occupational and safety from both the
employer and the workers perspectives (Regan, Laschinger and Wong, 2016). The result support
anecdotal evidences that aggression and violence is a growing problem for the nurses that are
working at the Eds of NSW. The findings add weight to the outcomes done by the other experts
in relation to this topic (Regan, Laschinger and Wong, 2016). Earlier study reveals that typical
subjection to threats, mistreatment as well as violence could result in problem, retraction from
the profession and post traumatic stress dysfunction signs. These issues should be addressed
since they are commonplace encounters from the staff in EDs and this is a serious issue which
requires attention.
Conclusion
Based on literature review discussion it is important to reduce the occurrences of physical and
verbal aggression towards the nurses through provision information to the patient before they are
administered- particularly the mental patients. This literature is a critique of work done by Crilly,
Chaboyer & Creedy (2004) which discuss on the violence towards emergency departments
nurses by the patients. The review has explored on the findings discussed by this authors and

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how it has related to the research of the other authors. The review has also highlighted
implication of their research and also linked this to other research done in various countries.

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References
Abbas, RA and Selim, F., 2011, 'Workplace violence: A survey of diagnostic radiographers in
Ismailia governorate hospitals, Egypt', Journal of American Science, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 1049-
1058.
Abualrub, RF and Al Khawaldeh, AT., 2014. 'Workplace physical violence among hospital
nurses and physicians in underserved areas in Jordan', Journal of Clinical Nursing, vol. 23, no.
13-14, pp. 1937-1947.
Albashtawy, M., 2013, 'Workplace violence against nurses in emergency departments in Jordan',
International Nursing Review, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 550-555.
Babbie, ER., 2016. 'Survey Research', in ER Babbie (ed.), The practice of socialresearch, 14th
edn, CengageLearning, Boston, pp. 246-283.
Crilly, J., Chaboyer, W. and Creedy, D., 2004. Violence towards emergency department nurses
by patients. Accident and Emergency Nursing, 12(2), pp.67-73.
Daffern, M., Mayer, M. and Martin, T., 2006. 'Staff gender ratio and aggression in a forensic
psychiatric hospital', International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, vol. 15, no. 2, pp.93-
99.
Ellis, P., 2016. Understanding research for nursing students. Learning Matters.
Lambrou, P., Merkouris, A., Middleton, N. and Papastavrou, E., 2014. Nurses’ perceptions of
their professional practice environment in relation to job satisfaction: a review of quantitative
studies.
Lam, N. and Leat, S. J., 2013. ‘Barriers to accessing low-vision care: the patient’s perspective.’,
Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d’ophtalmologie. doi:
10.1016/j.jcjo.2013.02.014.
Pai, HC. and Lee, S., 2011. 'Risk factors for workplace violence in clinical registered nurses in
Taiwan',Journal of Clinical Nursing, vol. 20, no. 9-10, pp. 1405-1412.
Regan, S., Laschinger, H.K. and Wong, C.A., 2016. The influence of empowerment, authentic
leadership, and professional practice environments on nurses’ perceived interprofessional
collaboration. Journal of nursing management, 24(1), pp.E54-E61.