Diamond Compounds and Machining Experiments

The assignment delves into the properties of diamond compounds, specifically their reactivity with ferrous compounds. It then examines a machining experiment focused on determining the optimal spindle speed for a high-speed alloyed milling machine, emphasizing cutting force analysis. Finally, it discusses the principles behind vibration measurement using piezoelectric sensors, explaining how they function and highlighting the factors to consider when selecting appropriate accelerometers.

Running head: PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS OF WORKPIECE CHATTER IN MILLING
PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS OF WORKPIECE CHATTER IN MILLING
[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]
[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

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PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS OF WORKPIECE CHATTER IN MILLING
Introduction
Milling is a combination of both mechanical and electrical processes that may sometime include
the application of chemical power by use of rotary cutting materials in workpiece removal of
materials by adjusting an angle of the tool axes. Millers are made specifically for wooden and
metallic objects (Triad Magnetics) and by extension any other solid materials (Shipley, 2017).
Milling machines are basically used in grinding. They are normally automated and placed
horizontally or vertically to produce the desired design.
For a successful making and design of milling machines, rounding millers, cutters, ball end and
fluted mills are required which are essential in the rotation during the manufacturing process.
One of the biggest limitations of the milling machine is the chatter vibration. When this happens
it causes poor finishing, material wears out and worse even breakages may occur. A milling
machine is multipurpose fully applied in drilling, slotting, cutting of gears with basic attachments
made in suitability (Myszka, 2012).
Methodology for Determining the Stability of a Workplace
The workpiece is like the table of the whole working process of the milling machine. When the
table moves it regulates the amount of feed the workpiece receives for cutting by the cutter that
is in motion rotating. With mounts on the spindle, the milling cutter moves with high speed and
saves since the rotation the cutter has no other movement means (Myszka, 2012).
When aiming at ensuring adequate preciseness of the cutting forces, dynamic scrutiny way
should be deployed. The methodology can be divided into three main distinct stages namely
workpiece discretization, model formulation, and optimization (Fitzpatrick, 2013). In the
workpiece discretization, a computer-aided design model is at first inputted and then split down

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using commercial FE packages into grid nodes. At this methodology phase, the material
properties, their number, and type of the finite materials used are further accepted. The modal
damping ratios are also accepted. A nodes file and the system matrices are the output of this
phase and they contain data and information on the coordinates as well as the identification of
each of the finite nodes of elements. At this first phase, there should be no boundaries applied on
the workpiece but are instead applicable to the second phase of the methodology. From the
system matrices obtained from this phase, second order ordinary differential equation can be
used in the expression of the model of the workpiece (Davim, 2012).
In the second phase of the methodology which involves the formation of the model in Matlab,
three steps are involved. Fixturing elements are introduced in the first step in which both active
and passive types of elements are considered. Active elements include those that are able to
change the forces they exert on the workpiece as well as their position while passive elements do
not alter their positions in the process of manufacturing (Speck, 2015).
The second step in this phase involves the introduction and application of the necessary
boundary conditions. The boundary conditions limit motion to certain degrees of freedom by the
application of the matrix columns and rows of the system which are in correspondence with the
required degree of freedom (Shipley, 2017). Vector force generation is the third step of this
phase. A single-force vector is required at this stage and its application is dependent on the
sufficiency of the time-dependent vector element as applied in the manufacturing process.
To determine the workpiece stability lobes, get a similar dynamic of machine structure and
stability lobes.
Characteristics of Work Materials Secured

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PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS OF WORKPIECE CHATTER IN MILLING
Milling machines require very high performing materials.
1. They have to be high cutting tolerance ability so as to withstand the rotations of the
cutter. This is why most of the materials used in making the of the milling machine are
metallic in nature, metals with very strong tolerance(Rao, 2010)
2. In getting materials for a milling machine, one needs very high-speed alloys.
3. Materials should be able to sustain high cutting forces within the process of machine
operation.
4. Should have low thermal conductivity. This comes in handy in terms of the degrading of
the edges
5. For the purposes of minimization of the buildup energy in Chemical inert status, and
coating of the machinery delamination.
6. Should be very tolerant to wearing, for sustainability and reduction of abrasive wear
7. Consider a material that has a geometry that enables easy cutting, proper chip breaking
for the cutting machines and materials that lower the heat generation during workability
process.
Recent Design Principles and Realizations for Fixtures
Ceramics are gaining popularity that is making them more applicable to the making of milling
machines today. They can run hotter and can stay for longer compared to carbides. Cermets are
also a new trend that is quickly becoming acceptable in the sense that they are the same in
technique with the cemented carbides in terms of Chemical compositions.

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PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS OF WORKPIECE CHATTER IN MILLING
Milling Tools Coating: For proper machine working and length of life of the milling machine,
manufacturers are considering the coating as a sure method of making this effective (Myszka,
2012).
Super Hard materials are also trendy in the sense that they are hard, long-lasting and wear
resistant. Examples include the diamond based materials like polycrystalline diamond and
coatings done by diamond elements.
Diamond compounds only tend to react with ferrous compounds; otherwise, they have no major
setbacks apart from this.
Experiment on Investigation of machining experiments
An experiment is done in the motive of determining the spindle speed of a high speed alloyed
milling machine with the basis and special emphasis on the cutting force.
The results present a state of high-speed milling capability in the preceding stages of operation
just in the verge of determining the effect of the change in spindle speed(Rao, 2010).
Instrumentation and analysis of signals produced by a piezoelectric vibration measuring
system
The mechanical oscillation or movement of a machine or its component about its equilibrium
position defines what a vibration is. When an object or structure is disturbed and then allowed to
oscillate freely, free vibration is experienced. Vibrations are measured using the accelerometer
or a piezoelectric sensor which is able to determine the dynamic acceleration as a voltage of a
physical device. Accelerometers depend on piezoelectric effects in the measurement of the
vibration levels (Foreman, 2013). The effect occurs when voltages are generated and made to

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PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS OF WORKPIECE CHATTER IN MILLING
pass through certain crystal types as they are stressed. The acceleration of the structure under test
is transmitted into a seismic mass that is found within the accelerometer which then generates a
force of equivalent magnitude on the piezoelectric crystal.
High impedance is thus generated by this external stress on the piezoelectric crystal. An electric
charge of proportional magnitude to the force applied and hence acceleration is generated. In
order to amplify the generated charge, the piezoelectric accelerometers require an inline charge
converter or an external amplifier (Foreman, 2013). Either of the devices is important in the
minimization of the susceptibility to noise from crosstalk and external sources as well as
lowering the impedance to enhance its compatibility with the devices used in taking
measurements.
For the case of other accelerometers, there is an inbuilt charge-sensitive amplifier. Such
amplifiers are able to tolerate and accept a steady source of current and at the same time varying
the impedance as with regard to the amount of charge available on the piezoelectric crystal
(John, 2012). Such sensors are called Integrated Electronic Piezoelectric sensors and hardware of
measurements made for these accelerometer types give built-in excitation of current for the
amplifier. It is thus possible to determine the variations in impedance as that of changes in the
voltage across the accelerometer inputs.
In conclusion, a number of factors need to be considered while making a choice on the best
accelerometer. Among the factors include the amplitude of the vibration, the sensitivity, weight,
mounting options as well as the number of axes. These factors are dependent on the type of
vibration measurements that are to be taken.

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References
Davim, J. P. (2012). Machining of Complex Sculptured Surfaces. New York: Springer Science &
Business Media.
Fitzpatrick, M. (2013). Machining and CNC Technology with Student Resource DVD. Oxford:
McGraw-Hill Education.
Foreman, J. (2013). Instrumentation, Measurement, And Analysis. London: Tata McGraw-Hill
Education.
John, F. (2012). Sound Analysis and Noise Control. London: Springer Science & Business
Media.
Myszka, D. H. (2012). Machines and Mechanisms: Applied Kinematic Analysis. Chicago:
Pearson Education International.
Rao, R. V. (2010). Advanced Modeling and Optimization of Manufacturing Processes:
International Research and Development. New York: Springer Science & Business
Media.
Shipley, D. (2017). Micro-Manufacturing Technologies and Their Applications: A Theoretical
and Practical Guide. London: Springer.
Speck, J. A. (2015). Mechanical Fastening, Joining, and Assembly. Manchester: CRC Press.