A Study of Road Accidents, Alcohol and Dander in India

Research Proposal Abstract 1 INTRODUCTION 2 Rationale4 Research Questions 4 Research question requirements 5 Aims and Objectives 5 Methods 5 Research Design 5 pp.686-691 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria 6 Search Strategy 6 Data Extraction 7 Quality Appraisal 8 Analysis 9 Discussion 10 Possible Findings10 Implication 11 Limitations 12 Dissemination 13 CONCLUSION 13 REFERENCES 15 Abstract Background: In India, road accidents, alcohol and drugs addiction is increases and as a result, it leads to death and increases in

Research Proposal

Table of Contents
Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................2
Rationale.....................................................................................................................................4
Research Questions.....................................................................................................................4
Research question requirements..................................................................................................5
Aims and Objectives...................................................................................................................5
Methods............................................................................................................................................5
Research Design..........................................................................................................................5
pp.686-691 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria.............................................................................6
Search Strategy...........................................................................................................................6
Data Extraction...........................................................................................................................7
Quality Appraisal........................................................................................................................7
Ethical Consideration..................................................................................................................8
Analysis.......................................................................................................................................9
Discussion .....................................................................................................................................10
Possible Findings......................................................................................................................10
Implication................................................................................................................................11
Limitations................................................................................................................................12
Dissemination............................................................................................................................13
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

Abstract
Background: In India, road accidents, alcohol and drugs addiction is increases and as a
result, it leads to death and increases in death mortality rates as well. Such that as per the the
statistics of 2016, the total number of road accidents is reported as 4,80,652 causing injuries to
4,94,624 persons and assertion 1,50,785 lives in the country, which means that there is 413
accident death in every day in India. Therefore, road traffic is consider one the global issue in
India and as per World Health Organization, it has been analyse that the consumption of alcohol
is relatively in small amount but it increases the risk of being involved in the road crashes.
Rationale: The rationale behind this choosing this topic is such that it is describe by the
university to study on this or there may be chances that, researcher have their own interest to
gain knowledge from this topic as well. Apart from this, as per statistics, the road accidents are
increases and through the study, researcher will collect enough information that helps to raise
their current knowledge.
Aim: The Purpose of this systematic review is to determine the prevalence of Alcohol,
drugs and road accidents in India using recent evidence.
Objectives:
 To identify the ratio/ reasons of road accidents in India due to alcohol and drugs.
 To evaluate the causes and other contributing factors that leading to death in Road traffic
incidents with alcohol consumption.
 To determine the negative impact of road accidents on society
 To suggest some ways to reduce the road accidents in India.
Methods: A systematic review of Literature is based upon the primary research that
helps to meet the aims and objectives of the research. For this, qualitative research strategy is
used, even inclusion and exclusion criteria is also used with full text screening. Lastly all the data
and necessary information from the includes studies is also recorded in the extraction form,
which is narrative synthesis by using quality appraisal as well (Alcohol, Drugs, and Road Traffic
Crashes in India: A Systematic Review, 2018). Even it is also performed to the guidelines of
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta Analysis statement.
Results: The result will show the exact ratio and the outcomes the number of road
accidents due to taking alcohol and drugs. Further, the research report also provide a rationale
and some legal requirements that helps to reduce the chances of road accidents in India as well.
1

INTRODUCTION
Road traffic crashes have emerged as a major public Health threat across at the globe,
such that as per the World Health Organization, the road traffic crashes will be in 5th leading
cause of a global deaths by 2030. such that at global level,the road accidents are increases day by
day, Not in India Sarthak et.al., (2019). As a result, it also creates negative impact upon the
society and dealing with the mental health of victims and family members also demands a huge
preparation from the health system as per prescribe by WHO. Further, as India is a growing
country even in the phase of a transition with some increased urbanization, industrialization, and
motorization. Therefore, with such a rapid speed, the chances of accidents are also increases and
it also leads to death as well. Even as per National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), 25 percent of
the road accidents are occur due to drunken driving Urie, Velaga and Maji, (2016, pp.686-691).
On the other side, sale of alcohol in India is also growing steadily at 6% an it is also grow up to
8% that shows that India's population is highly using alcohol consumption (Drinking and
driving, 2019).
In addition to this, the concentration of alcohol in blood is highly correlated and this
measurement is also widely used as an evidence that prove the over- consumption of an alcohol
in legal medicines. As per the view of Jaiswal et.al., (2018) there is a correlation of road
accidents with alcohol and drugs such that most of the accidents are occur due to taking alcohol
and drugs and that is why it leads to increases the death rate in India and even more than 90% of
the road traffics death are also occur in low and middle income countries. Further, even in the
high income countries, people from the lower socio- economic background are more likely to be
involved in such road crash accidents as well and it is mostly found in the age group of 15 to 30.
As per the view of Gururaj et.al., (2016) about the three quarters that means 73% of all the road
traffic death are occur among the young males whose age is around 25 years and these are most
likely to be killed in road accidents.
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As per the above graph, in 2017, as per the news and report, it has been analysed that
around 4776 people died and around 14071, people died in the road accidents due to driving
under the influence of alcohol and drugs and as compared to 2016, the ratio is decline (ROAD
ACCIDENTS IN INDIA, 2016). On the other side, for road accidents, the standard operating
procedure should be includes the testing of victim and then accused for a alcohol immediately.
Therefore, the strict action or laws is also made by the India's government in order top control
3
Illustration 1: Road accident in India
(Source: Ministry of road transport and highways; Road Accidents In India–2008, 2009,
2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017. 2018)

the road accidents which needs to be followed by the citizen Verma et.al., (2017, pp.4750-
4762).
Moreover, it is also realised by Gicquel et.al., (2017) that as per changing social norms,
urbanization, increased availability, high intensity mass marketing and relaxation of overseas
trade rules with low level of awareness related to consumption of alcohol also leads to increases
the level of alcohol use and this also leads to creates negative impact upon the society as well as
in the individuals too.
Rationale
The major reason of choosing this topic is such that, it is a major issues at global level
and by studying on a particular topic will help to enhance the knowledge of accidents and some
factors that are involved in the road accidents as well. Further as the research report also describe
the ways that help to minimize the chances of road accidents which will also helps researcher in
its future as well.
As per the report given by the World Health Organization, the road accidents is the major
cause that occur at global level and more than 70% of out population is killed due drinking
alcohol while driving is the major cause of road accidents, but on the other side, this is not only
the reason but due to unsafe road infrastructure and high speeding, not use of helmet and seat
belts are some other causes that also leads to increases the ratio of road accidents in India
Chandrasekhar et.al., (2016).
On the other side, With the above background, this systematic review will also help a
researcher to analyse the best available evidence to form a clear collective understanding of the
prevalence of alcohol, drugs and road accidents in India (Singh, 2017). Another reason of
choosing the topic, is such that it helps to enhance the knowledge and raise the research skills as
well that will help in its future project too and there may be a chances that the topic is describe
by the government only and that is why the researcher have to study on this and prepare the
proposal for its university.
Research Questions
 What are the reasons behind road accidents in India?
 How road accidents creates negative impact upon society?
 What are the ways that helps to reduce the road accidents in India?
4

Research question requirements
1. Who are the target population?
 Age in between 15 to 30.
2. What is the geographical place?
 India
3. What is the phenomenon?
 Road accidents
Aims and Objectives
Aim: The Purpose of this systematic review is to determine the prevalence of Alcohol, drugs and
road accidents in India using recent evidence.
Objectives:
 To identify the ratio/ reasons of road accidents in India due to alcohol and drugs.
 To evaluate the causes and other contributing factors that leading to death in Road traffic
incidents with alcohol consumption.
 To determine the negative impact of road accidents on society
 To suggest some ways to reduce the road accidents in India.
Methods
Research Design
It is the set of methods and the procedure that is mainly used to collect the data and
analyses the measures as well for attaining the aims and objective of the research. Therefore, for
this research report, researcher will chosen systematic review. It is the research design
methodology which identify, appraise and select the synthesize all the research that relevant to
the study or aim. Therefore, this review also helps a researcher to summaries the results of some
available health care studies. Even using this strategy, the researcher will make judgment
through an evidence and also recommended some ways to minimize the problem of road
accidents Kaufman et.al., (2019).
Therefore, researcher will chooses systematic review under descriptive research design
methods that will help a scholar to systematic review the research questions such that they are
broad and narrow in scope. Further, it is also consider one of the most effective methods that
helps to improving the accuracy and reliability of conclusions, and also limiting the effects of
bias Debette et.al., (2019).
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pp.686-691 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Inclusion criteria is the characteristics which is prospective subject that must have to be
included in the study while on the other side, exclusion criteria is disqualify prospective subjects
from an inclusion in a study (Williams, Boylan and Nunan, 2019). This type of criteria will help
to make sure that the participants safety during the study and also provide the data of a subject
with appropriateness of a study in order to minimize the cost and also ensures that aim and
objectives are reached with an effective manner. Therefore, the proposed study is also includes
the following:
Inclusion criteria:
 Study Sampled victim
 Conducted in India
 Outcome will be reported and measures
 Primary studies
 Studies published in 2016 to 2018.
 Published in Peer- reviewed Journals
 Studies written in English Language
Exclusion Criteria:
 Conducted outside India
 Outcome will not be reported and not be measures
 Secondary studies Soria-Lara et.al., (2019).
 Studies published before 2016 to 2018.
 Studies not written in English Language
Search Strategy
It is the second protocol for a systematic review and the search strategy will be developed
by break down the question into different forms such as prevalence, India, alcohol, reason,
ways, drugs. The initial search for primary study will be using the electronic database such as
MEDLINE,EM- BASE, Google scholar, Science Direct, Transport Research Information that
helps to make sure that all the potential peer reviewed journals publication are also included in
the study Chen, Zhang and Zhang, (2019). Therefore, there are two phases of screening process
in this project such that:
 Title and abstract screening
6

 Full text screening
In addition to this, it has been analyzed that the database research and other searching
strategies will be ensured that proper and relevant studies should be overlooked and for checking
the review of an articles through reference list and this should be screened. Further, through key
journals, the data can also be reviewed Jyani et.al., (2019).
Data Extraction
It is the third protocol which is a Microsoft excel spreadsheet that is mainly used to
manually record the evidence which is obtained from the selected studied. Further, it is the
process of retrieving the data out of through proper sources which further used for data storage
Pueyo et.al., (2019). It is also classified in the some categories such that general information,
study characteristics and results. Such that even under this, there are further sub categories are
also used which are as mentioned below:
 Article name
 Name of the journal, Published year, Citation;
 Objectives,
 Study area: Study design, Inclusion & exclusion criteria, Sampling method, Sample size,
Non-response rate, Data collection methods,
 Analysis: Unit of analysis, Type of analysis Chua-Hong et.al.,( 2019),
 Main findings: Limitations and Recommendations
Quality Appraisal
Quality appraisal is one of the objective in a study which is critically access the quality of
entire primary study such that inclusion criteria and that is why quality appraisal framework is
used. Moreover, it is the tool that is used or assist a researcher to investigate some disparities in
the findings section and also describe the strength of a particular study designs, collection
methods and sampling methods as well. It is so because this strong points will help to make the
research report more strong so that the researcher will carry out research in systematic and
proper manner. It has been analyzed by Sandelowski, (2015) that quality is complex concept that
is used ti defined differently and it is depend upon the focus of a study. Further, there are some
areas for critical appraisal which are relevant for the study design and the importance of every
critical appraisal factor that is depend upon the type of study. In the same way, the current
7

research report is also uses systematic review as a research design option and For instance,
statistical issues are less important if the study aims to do a meta-analysis by re- analyzing the
study data Majid and Vanstone, (2018).
In addition to this, it has been analyzed that the quality will also be determined through
some basic key criteria such that sampling, measurement and analysis and in the same way, th
present research also uses some guidelines. And these key criteria also have their own sub
category such that study design and its limitations, sampling method and bias; reliability and
validity of the measurement tool and measurement bias, its outcomes and their interpretations
as well Armstrong et.al., (2017).
Moreover, for the quality, the highest score is 10 and lowest is 0 for all the three major
criteria and each selected category is also assessed and then it will be rated as 1 which means
satisfied and 0 means not satisfied. Based on this rate, the quality of overall study is rated as
high, medium and low. Such that when the rate is 7 out of 10 that means study is high quality,
while if rate is 4 to 6 that means study is in medium in quality Debette et.al., (2019). On the other
side, if it rates 3 or low that its quality is low and not satisfied.
Ethical Consideration
It is another main criteria that is also important for a systematic review such that as this
review is mainly used the findings from the primary studies and there is no information which is
collected directly from an individuals. Therefore, for the study, the ethics is also related to
human recruitment or participation, which is not as relevant for the study. Therefore, certain
code of ethics should also be applied in the study that helps to prevent the researcher from any
misleading an information Roberts, (2015). That is why the ethics form is to be filled. Further,
the privacy act should also be followed that helps to keep the data confidential as well. Apart
from this, it is the responsibility of a researcher to make sure that the reliability and validity of
findings and to obtain the approval from the authorities as well. This will help to prevent the
data from any misleading and miscommunication and researcher will easily conduct the report
in effective and systematic manner Luca, Owens and Sharma, (2019).
Analysis
It is another important key element that helps to summarizing the entire research in brief
manner. Therefore, in systematic review, analysis mainly involves assembling, merging and
summarizing the overall findings of a primary study. Even the data analysis chosen for the
8

research is thematic under qualitative data analysis Wilson, Kenny and Dickson-Swift, (2018).
Alternatively, descriptive analysis is also used and it is also known as narrative synthesis that I
also used to carry out that the information is inadequate for a meta analysis. Apart from this, a
narrative synthesis is also used for those cases or studies which are rates as low or medium
quality. Even the extracted information about each evidence is also describe using a table that is
as mention.
Further the time frame or each task in this systematic review is shown below:
Research
proposal
Processe
s
Februar
y
March April May May June July August
Finalisin
g the
research
title
Searchin
g
Literatur
e
Data
extractio
n
Quality
Appraisa
l
Data
analysis
Writing
9

dissertati
on
Dissemi
nation
Developi
ng Gantt
chart
Submissi
on
Discussion
This section of the research proposal provides an overview that easily determine the
overall discussion that clearly states the impact of road accidents in society and what are the
changes that lead to increases the road accidents in India. In this section, an overview id drawn
that determine the possible findings, implication and limitation as well with result.
Possible Findings
Driving with drunk is considered as a global issue and as per WHO reports. Even it has
been analyzed that there are very few studies on the road traffics that is being performed and it is
so because of the overburden on the health consequences and due to household economy as well
Soria-Lara et.al., (2019). In addition to this, the low level of investigation with some
inappropriate methods of assessing the alcohol usage and no drug testing also led to influences in
Road Traffic crashes in India. Therefore, due to various design flaws, it is quite difficult for the
researcher to establish that only taking an alcohol and drugs will lead to occur the road accident.
Moreover, the study from different country also shows that the pattern of alcohol use and then
drive is not related to each other and even it did not lead to an accident as well Williams, Boylan
and Nunan, (2019).
In addition to this, in India, due to not following any law by a citizen and not using
helmets and seat belts, the chances of death is increases and it will also sometimes lead to death
as well. It is also evaluated by Kaufman et.al., (2019) that alcohol impairment is also lay
significant effect on the crash risk drivers, even to minimize the risk of road accidents, the
government of India also uses different schemes and creates awareness programs as well to
reduce the effect as well. Further, through intelligent transport system which is a national
10

framework is also establish that helps to provide a safe and efficient transport system to their
users Korlakunta and Reddy,(2019).
As per the above graph, it has been interpreted that from last many years the road
accidents are increases and as a result, it is converted as a major issue as well. Further, it has
been analyses that the every year, more than lac people died due to road crashes and the
proportion is also increases. Therefore, due to various design flaws, it is quite difficult for the
researcher to establish that only taking an alcohol and drugs will lead to occur the road accident.
Implication
Implication for policy: From this systematic review, it has been cleared that it creates
negative impact upon society and also shows the outcome that adequate policy level attention
and funding for the research Mehta and Sheron, (2019). Further, in India, there is a need to make
strict policy that helps to decrease the ratio of road accidents and even be developing the some
regional centers on the research, training and technical support for a policy makers will help to
fill the current gaps for conducting the research in more effective manner. Further, there is a need
11
Illustration 2: Road accidents in India
(Source: recent data that shows road accident in India, 2018)

to develop external collaboration with other countries government, policy makers and developing
agencies as well. It is so because by developing the such laboratories in India with some skilled
human resource will help to estimate the exact data. Through the report and findings of this study
will also help to pressurize the government to take such action that will help to minimize the
chances of road accidents Chaudhary and Kanwar, (2019).
Implication for future research: from this study, it is cleared that road accident is
common in India when a person taking alcohol and drugs. It is also analyzed that Conducting
more strict investigation on effect of component use on road traffic crashes Hoermann, (2019).
Further, for future study if the research will chooses further important socio- economic factors as
well that will help to conduct the data or research in more appropriate way. Presently, for
improving the researcher interest for conducting primary study also requires more efforts and as
a result, by using narrative synthesis and quality appraisal also assist researcher to provide useful
framework in order to design the entire researcher study in more effective manner. Therefore, it
has been analyzed that using systematic review is a necessary guide for the researcher in order to
reflect the appropriate findings too Behera and Hassan, (2019).
Limitations
It has been analyzed that systematic review has number of limitation and as India is a
Culturally diverse country which means it has people who belongs to different caste, religion and
also spoke or written in different languages such as English, though it is the first language but all
the articles used in this study are also published only in English Roberts et.al., (2019). Such that
there is no other language used in the published articles that leads to a language bias. On the
other side, the general engines and websites are also used in this systematic review which also
helps to identify the data and extract information in an unbiased manner. That is consider as a
strength for the research report Lam, Lee and Heng, (2019).
Apart from this, by using a broad based approach that helps to collect the information and
conduct the literature review in better way Shults et.al., (2019). As it has been analyzed that the
focus of the review is more on conceptual generalisability than evidence of statistics. Therefore,
the systematic review did not help a researcher to reach to a perfect conclusion and without
comparison, it will be quite difficult to reach at proper conclusion on the impact of alcohol use
on road traffic accidents. Even it has been analyzed that there are different reports of all the
country regarding the road accidents and without using comparison tool, it is not easy to reach
12

proper conclusion and that is why future robust population-based primary research studies is
important (Khetre and et.al., 2018).
Dissemination
The finding of the study will also be dissemination for a students, researchers and for
authorities too, so that they will develop policies too. Therefore, the student should compile all
the findings and then submitted to the University. This will assist a student to design systematic
reviews for their own future research Wangdi and Jamtsho, (2019). Further, there is another way,
such that student may disseminated by using article of newspaper so that a student may reach to the people of
India and can easily raise the awareness among them regarding road traffic crashes.
Apart from this, the researcher may also emailed the outcome copy to the relevant authorities in order
to take the action accordingly. This also helps to reduce the chances of road accidents. Moreover, the outcomes
should also be circulated to the groups and fellow who are already working or interested in this area.
Lastly, the secondary data is also written in full text citation in order to make this evidence which is easily
available by a researcher for future research Sharma et.al., (2019).
CONCLUSION
By summing up above research report, it has been concluded that increasing road
accident due to taking excessive alcohol and drugs creates negative impact upon the society.
Even the study also concluded that most o the road accidents are occur due to alcohol and drugs.
Further, the study shows that a large proportion of the road users were drivers who had been
drinking alcohol and that is why it is quite necessary to minimize the risk that helps to decline
the death rate as well. Moreover, systematic review is the study design that will be used for
this purpose and also used different protocols as well that helps to conduct the research report in
well and effective manner (Jaiswal and et.al., 2018). Such that firstly the evidence are collected
by electronic database such that MEDLINE,EM- BASE, Google scholar, Science Direct,
Transport Research Information and this also included the study by using specific inclusion and
exclusion criteria as well. Further, by using already published data, articles and analysed using
meta-analysis and narrative synthesis. Even through proper communication channels,
findings is also shared in research.
It has been further concluded that the systematic review is famous in
research field and for conducting the research in effective manner, research uses
research design that helps to find exact conclusion. Even the report also concluded
13

some necessary limitation as well as some errors which needs to be minimized. Ina
addition to this, by using different articles and journals, it has been concluded that
the ratio of road accidents in India needs to be minimize by taking appropriate
actions.
14

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Avaialble through: <http://hsrii.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Das-et-al-Substance-use-
and-RTI-SR-India-TIP.pdf>.
Drinking and driving. 2019. [Online]. Available through: <https://www.grsproadsafety.org/wp-
content/uploads/DrinkingDriving_English.pdf>.
ROAD ACCIDENTS IN INDIA 2016. [Online]. Avaialble through:
<http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Road%20accidents%20in%20India
%202016.pdf>.
recent data that shows road accident in India. 2018. [Online]. Avaialble through:
<https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-way-off-road-safety-targets-for-2020-
road-accidents-still-kill-over-a-lakh-a-year/articleshow/65765549.cms>.
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