Principles and Current Topics in Agro-food Economics & Policy

This report discusses the principles and current topics in agro-food economics and policy, focusing on the impact of climate change on the price of products and incomes of rapeseed farmers. It also explores the effects of climate change on land prices and the challenges faced by European countries in olive crop production. The report emphasizes the need for policy reforms to address these challenges and ensure the sustainability of the agro-food industry.

Principles and current topics
in Agro-food economics &
Policy

INTRODUCTION
Agriculture refers as the process of producing food, fibers and other desired products
through cultivation of certain plants and growth of domesticated animals i.e. livestock. While
Agro-culture is a combination of field, soil and crop production where mainly rises livestock
production instead of food cropping. Agro-cultural plays essential role in the agricultural field
because it needs to make soil productive so that gets best outcomes in farming.There are several
principles which are applied in Agri-food economies.The report helps to understand impact of
climate change in the farming industries and Agro-food economies as well (Tous, 2017).
QUESTION 1
Impact of climate change on price of products and incomes of rapeseed farmers
Climate change can be defined as the process where temperature change without season
or time period i.e. scorching summer, too cold, heavy rain etc. climate change is not giving
negative impact on human but also affects farming as well. Short-term change in climate doesn’t
give injurious impact because it overcomes in few times. But long-term change in temperature
and soil moisture gives direct impact on plant growth and crop pests as well. European union is
famous country as olive oil producer because it produces 75% world’s olive oil (Helping the
agriculture community adapt to a changing climate, 2019). it is the hub of oil production and
exports it’s products across the world. The climate of Europe country is too worst because it
changes again and again which causes farmers have to face various issues while fielding of
crops. From past few years European country faces problem in agriculture due to extreme
climate change. There are some facts which helps to analyze impact of climate change in
European’s crop. According to 2018, Copernicus Climate Service (C3S) announces that
temperature of warming trends over the last four decades are quite high in Europe. Where 2018
is one of three warmest years on record of Europe which gives harsh impact on the crop fielding
(Schimmenti and. et.al., 2016). Due to high temperature declines cropping of pests which are
more essential for food production i.e. maize, and wheat. Even C3S team highlights that if
climate change retains prolong time that directly affects the stability of food supply chain which
is negative sign. In 1960s, most of the countries of Europe has affected from climate change. for
example, heavy rain has affected crops and flooding agricultural land in northern Europe while
southern Europe is affected due to high temperature that leads drought on the cropping field.

Severe weather events impact on olive oil crops: In 2010, the summer heat wave has impacted
30% grain harvest so they banned wheat export as result rises price of wheat. As same incident
has occurred with Italy where extreme events of climate and whether has change cost of Italy’s
agriculture and rural infrastructure. Sardinia is also farming spot where winter temperature is
average but this winter has been below 3° C that causes long drought takes place and destroy
overall field. But now they can’t take risk to crop cereal in the next 30 years. Due to extreme
change in weather and climate takes effective action by Europe instead of rising prices of cereals.
Most of the cereals needs high temperature for growing or in other word each crop requires a
specific combination of condition for reaching up to point (What will be the new face of
European agriculture in the coming years?,2019). According to European farmers each crop has
own production cycle for certain events which occurs at specified time. whenever climate change
directly can see reaction on crop production. Wheat and Maize needs high temperature because
it’s flower are matured in one to three weeks specially in northern and western Europe.Warmer
temperature leads high growth in crop production but doesn’t give sufficient time to accumulates
overall biological material which makes less productive cereals i.e maize, wheat. Extreme events
of climate can lead harsh impact on crop production and can possibly reduces growth of cereals
(Russo, Antrodicchia and Cichelli, 2017).
Impact of severe weather events on demand of product, price and incomes of rapeseed
farmers:Europe produces olive oil by cropping of cereals and pests. The cropping of pests knows
as Ago-culture which is specially use for production of wine and helps to make soil more
productive for each crop. It is simple fact when soil is nourished with number of minerals, irons,
salts etc. then can help to grow plant and gives proliferation to accumulate biological material
which makes cereals productive (UbrežiováandMoravčíková, 2017). Europe cultivates cereal
plants and vegetables as well so that can extract olive oil from different plants. Europe is
specially focused on the vegetable oils marketing. olive oil, rapeseed oil, palm oil and other
essential oils which are extracted from vegetables. But past few years extreme events get
negative impact on the plant growth because most of the cereal plants has got destroy so unbale
to extract oil. if weather events damages olive plant for long-term as result can raise price of
olive crop. But European country finds out several ways which can help to comply with extreme
events such as Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) who concerns for crop damaging.
They introduce climate data and models which supports agriculture to response over the climate

change. Climate data is the process where provides real time which helps farmer to make daily
farming decision and gets beneficial outcomes of crop production. Europe uses C3S data which
supports regional land and water authority plan. It is sustainable strategies which are based on
the climate scenario and specify for six crops i.e. kiwis, peaches and corn. Agriculture Climate
Advisory services uses C3S climate prediction to analyze pest insects’ impact on olive tree under
extreme events. It helps farmers to adjust their operation for cropping of pest. This extinction
operation improves involvement of rapeseed farmers because they have more knowledge like in
which weather or climate is beneficial for Agro-oil production. Even it can improve demand of
rapeseed farmers overall the world where olive oil production or pest cropping takes place
(Watts, Ilberyand Maye, 2017). On the basis of above analysis can understand that if long term
extreme events are retained then can possible Europe have to raise price of olive oil. as know
food security is global concern so the data climate can help Europe to comply with climate
change and gets advantage in their plant cropping.
QUESTION 2
Effects on land prices change
The changing climate paradox with increased hot temperature in European countries
facing excessive draught conditions every year around Mediterranean regions have affected crop
plantation and farming of olive plants rigorously Framers have been significantly affected due to
high losses faced by the olive grassland, huge productivity decrease and livestock demographics
changed. The impact of climate change has impacted in decrease of land value at Southern and
Southwest European countries globally. The average land value of given region may decrease by
several margins as farmers will be less productive and therefore loose income , which slows
productivity development scale by various margins throughout countries. Climate change in
which European countries have faced long drought periods due to less rains and unmatched
periods of cycling seasons , olive plantation being one of the most profitable crop farming has
declined relatively (Muller and Sayouti, 2019). High temperatures and decline in regular rain
periods have resulted in longer and intensive droughts in Mediterranean and south eastern
Europe which have been majorly affected. Farmers have been facing huge losses due to rational
breakdown in selling of crops, low relative synergy left behind crop plantation and downfall
have resulted in land price decrease. Farmers are facing huge problems with less

plantation,unfavourable climate temperature and crop destroyed due to less rainfall. The agro
policies of countries have been largely focused to bring huge changes in price rates of land where
farmers can benefit and save (Li, Flynnand Wang, 2019).
Climate change effects: Europe is facing climate change adaption challenge across all
farming systems which has impacted its slow productivity cycle on various scenarios around
year. The land prices are dramatically changing due to low profits and productivity decrease
diagonally across all sectors where farmers have rationally facing huge losses. Farmers across
European countries are facing huge cut offs on many platforms where rationally there has been
nill profits around year, high losses and technology has been unable to cope up with the various
disastrous situations coming up within countries. Each crop needs specific combination of
climatic conditions to grow productively, develop faster with high quality which further adds to
high leverage and profit margins. Cereals such as wheat, maize are expected to flower and
mature into three weeks of production chain within all farming areas but due to les rain in recent
years, huge losses have been occurred in their plantation as well. Western and northern Europe
regions are high in temperature naturally which also profoundly acts on various scenarios
making less sales of olive crops around world (Rodríguez-Cohard, Sánchez-Martínez and
Garrido-Almonacid, 2020).The olive plantation yields high hydration and rains around year,
moderate climate conditions and utmost care by farmers which significantly acts on the
profitability arenas. Materially biological parameters have been unable to provide suitable
climate scenario, due to which land costs of farmers.
Agro food economics policies are high and the parameters define circulation of demand
and supply chain profits, where customers look at price factors before purchasing the olive oil
and rest agriculture products. Farmers are facing huge turmoil to keep stable price range,
leverage profit margins and ethically conduct the sale to farm areas because of continuous
climate change on fields. Principles and current policy changes in fields farming activities have
been drastically changing due to high innovation coming up to aid farmers in productivity of
crops and other essential farming areas (Ouessar, 2017).
Adaption of successful planning, methods to yield productivity with adaption policies on
various arenas and sectors of farming have cultivated huge changes and have become
predominantly important. Agro food policies need to be reformed and favourable changes to
provide farmers low price lands, by which they are not affected by loss. Olive plantation is one

of the most profitable crop where the products originated from it have high demand worldwide.
European countries are top suppliers, exporters of olive crops and the rest products, which are
undergoing cut and shortage in rational farming areas. These scenarios have highly influenced
various decisions and agro farming concepts, with countries planning to evolve in advanced
technology methods to save farmers from various loss emergences. Agro polices have deformed
the production cycle on various scenarios with land values decreasing in southern and south
western countries , where plantation has been variably less, huge turmoil have affected farming
activities and the business of people. Demand and supply chain among consumers market share
can be understood by the fact that more expensive the prices of products, fewer are people who
demand for it (Ortega, Elena-Rossellóand Rescia, 2020).
The supply of farmers in the various olive crop products have been rationally low around
countries , less exports worldwide which have made economic policies change highly . Europe
being 3/4th production leader of olive crops, plantation of which have become significantly low
in the recent scenarios of climate change with high temperature raising around countries, low
rainfall leading into draught conditions. Farmers with land value decreased do have a relief from
agro policies department which further adds to relative plantation synergy chains.
Income of rapeseed farmers are becoming an important concern because of changing
climate conditions, vivid prices change and the production variedness through which production
has fallen rapidly. These factors have also affected the income patterns among farmers as the
changing demographical changes; low affects among technology have affected the well
functioning efficiency. Income of rapeseed farmers among all major countries being Italy and
Spain with high focus towards rapeseed plantation, there has been continuous fall in their income
scenarios (Tous, 2016).

Italy and Spain been the largest olive crop production countries have been severely hit by
the climate changes, changed patterns of rain and less productivity for exports in recent years.
CONCLUSION
The report can be concluded with the fact that principles and current agro food economic
and policies have huge impacts on various parameters of country overall development within the
supply chain segments. Report concludes Olive crops being one of the most costly farming
activity in which European countries are the leaders, are currently facing huge challenges and
losses due to climate changes. Report concludes European countries; regions are facing high
export in business functions with less production of Olive and has also impacted farmers highly
with emergence of huge losses. The report has concluded that climate changes have impacted in
less prices of lands around regions due to less income, low productivity factors which have
impacted demand-supply chain cycle. Report concludes technology and planning to establish
successful working scenario, business policies to further aid farmers and agro business sectors
variably which is another functional activity through which farmers can seek relief (Chousou,
Tsakiridouand Mattas, 2020).

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Chousou, C., Tsakiridou, E. and Mattas, K., 2020. A Retrospective View of the EU Policy
Reforms in the Olive Oil Sector and Future Perspectives. In Sustainable Food
Chains and Ecosystems (pp. 79-91). Springer, Cham.
Li, X., Flynn, J.D. and Wang, S.C., 2019. The Effects of Variety, Growing Region, and Drought
Stress on Fatty Acid and Sterol Compositions of California Olive Oil. Journal of the
American Oil Chemists' Society.96(3). pp.215-230.
Muller, C. and Sayouti, N., 2019. How do agro-pastoral policies affect the dietary intake of agro-
pastoralists in Niger?.
Ortega, M., Elena-Rosselló, R. and Rescia, A.J., 2020. Land-use and spatial resilience changes in
the Spanish olive socio-ecological landscape. Applied Geography. 117. p.102171.
Ouessar, M., 2017. Climate Change Vulnerability of Olive Oil Groves in Dry Areas of Tunisia:
Case Study in the Governorate of Médenine. In Rethinking Resilience, Adaptation and
Transformation in a Time of Change (pp. 41-52). Springer, Cham.
Rodríguez-Cohard, J.C., Sánchez-Martínez, J.D. and Garrido-Almonacid, A., 2020. Strategic
responses of the European olive-growing territories to the challenge of
globalization. European Planning Studies, pp.1-23.
Russo, C., Antrodicchia, V. and Cichelli, A., 2017. Carbon footprint as an instrument for
enhancing food quality: Overview of the wine, olive oil and cereals sectors. Journal of
the Science of Food and Agriculture. 97(2). pp.396-410.
Schimmenti, E and. et.al., 2016. P rogram, Wine Economics and Policy.
Tous, J., 2016, October. High planting density trial with olive cultivar'Arbequina'. In VIII
International Olive Symposium 1199 (pp. 285-290).
Tous, J., 2017. The Influence of Growing Region and Cultivar on Olives and Olive Oil
Characteristics and Their Functional Constituents. Olives and Olive Oil as Functional
Foods: Bioactivity, Chemistry, and Processing, pp.45-80.
Ubrežiová, I. and Moravčíková, K., 2017. How to perceive the corporate social responsibility in
the agro-food companies?. Serbian Journal of Management. 12(2). pp.201-215.
Watts, D.C., Ilbery, B. and Maye, D., 2017. Making reconnections in agro-food geography:
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changing-climate>

What will be the new face of European agriculture in the coming years? 2019. [Online].
Available Through:-<https://www.euronews.com/2020/03/02/what-will-be-the-new-
face-of-european-agriculture-in-the-coming-years>