Principles and Current Topics in Agro-food Economics & Policy

Principles and current topics
in Agro-food economics &
Policy

INTRODUCTION
Agriculture refers as the process of producing food, fibers and other desired products
through cultivation of certain plants and growth of domesticated animals i.e. livestock. While
Agro-culture is a combination of field, soil and crop production where mainly rises livestock
production instead of food cropping. Agro-cultural plays essential role in the agricultural field
because it needs to make soil productive so that gets best outcomes in farming.There are several
principles which are applied in Agri-food economies.The report helps to understand impact of
climate change in the farming industries and Agro-food economies as well (Tous, 2017).
QUESTION 1
Impact of climate change on price of products and incomes of rapeseed farmers
Climate change can be defined as the process where temperature change without season
or time period i.e. scorching summer, too cold, heavy rain etc. climate change is not giving
negative impact on human but also affects farming as well. Short-term change in climate doesn’t
give injurious impact because it overcomes in few times. But long-term change in temperature
and soil moisture gives direct impact on plant growth and crop pests as well. European union is
famous country as olive oil producer because it produces 75% world’s olive oil (Helping the
agriculture community adapt to a changing climate, 2019). it is the hub of oil production and
exports it’s products across the world. The climate of Europe country is too worst because it
changes again and again which causes farmers have to face various issues while fielding of
crops. From past few years European country faces problem in agriculture due to extreme
climate change. There are some facts which helps to analyze impact of climate change in
European’s crop. According to 2018, Copernicus Climate Service (C3S) announces that
temperature of warming trends over the last four decades are quite high in Europe. Where 2018
is one of three warmest years on record of Europe which gives harsh impact on the crop fielding
(Schimmenti and. et.al., 2016). Due to high temperature declines cropping of pests which are
more essential for food production i.e. maize, and wheat. Even C3S team highlights that if
climate change retains prolong time that directly affects the stability of food supply chain which
is negative sign. In 1960s, most of the countries of Europe has affected from climate change. for
example, heavy rain has affected crops and flooding agricultural land in northern Europe while
southern Europe is affected due to high temperature that leads drought on the cropping field.

Severe weather events impact on olive oil crops: In 2010, the summer heat wave has impacted
30% grain harvest so they banned wheat export as result rises price of wheat. As same incident
has occurred with Italy where extreme events of climate and whether has change cost of Italy’s
agriculture and rural infrastructure. Sardinia is also farming spot where winter temperature is
average but this winter has been below 3° C that causes long drought takes place and destroy
overall field. But now they can’t take risk to crop cereal in the next 30 years. Due to extreme
change in weather and climate takes effective action by Europe instead of rising prices of cereals.
Most of the cereals needs high temperature for growing or in other word each crop requires a
specific combination of condition for reaching up to point (What will be the new face of
European agriculture in the coming years?,2019). According to European farmers each crop has
own production cycle for certain events which occurs at specified time. whenever climate change
directly can see reaction on crop production. Wheat and Maize needs high temperature because
it’s flower are matured in one to three weeks specially in northern and western Europe.Warmer
temperature leads high growth in crop production but doesn’t give sufficient time to accumulates
overall biological material which makes less productive cereals i.e maize, wheat. Extreme events
of climate can lead harsh impact on crop production and can possibly reduces growth of cereals
(Russo, Antrodicchia and Cichelli, 2017).
Impact of severe weather events on demand of product, price and incomes of rapeseed
farmers:Europe produces olive oil by cropping of cereals and pests. The cropping of pests knows
as Ago-culture which is specially use for production of wine and helps to make soil more
productive for each crop. It is simple fact when soil is nourished with number of minerals, irons,
salts etc. then can help to grow plant and gives proliferation to accumulate biological material
which makes cereals productive (UbrežiováandMoravčíková, 2017). Europe cultivates cereal
plants and vegetables as well so that can extract olive oil from different plants. Europe is
specially focused on the vegetable oils marketing. olive oil, rapeseed oil, palm oil and other
essential oils which are extracted from vegetables. But past few years extreme events get
negative impact on the plant growth because most of the cereal plants has got destroy so unbale
to extract oil. if weather events damages olive plant for long-term as result can raise price of
olive crop. But European country finds out several ways which can help to comply with extreme
events such as Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) who concerns for crop damaging.
They introduce climate data and models which supports agriculture to response over the climate