Identify the remedies, prevention and causes of public health in Australia in the year 2019

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF PUBLIC HEALTH Subject: 3 Executive Summary: 3 Statement of Issue(s)/Problem(s): 3 Background:4 Pre-existing policies/activity:4 Consideration:6 Recommendation: 8 Annotated Bibliography 9 REFERENCES 11 Subject: Identify the remedies, prevention and causes of flu in Australia in the year 2019. It has also been examined that Government of Australia provide various precautions which is adopted by the healthcare clinics and hospitals in order to reduce the number

PRINCIPLES AND
PRACTICES OF
PUBLIC HEALTH

Table of Contents
Subject: ...........................................................................................................................................3
Executive Summary: .......................................................................................................................3
Statement of Issue(s)/Problem(s): ...................................................................................................3
Background: ....................................................................................................................................4
Pre-existing policies/activity: ..........................................................................................................4
Consideration:..................................................................................................................................6
Recommendation:............................................................................................................................8
Annotated Bibliography ..................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

Subject:
Identify the remedies, prevention and causes of flu in Australia in the year 2019.
Executive Summary:
It is the report which mainly talks about the flu season in the year 2019 in Australia. It
has been analysed that due to pollution in the environment and unhealthy life schedule of
individuals, most of the young age, children and old age people get affected by flu. It has also
been examined that Government of Australia provide various precautions which is adopted by
the healthcare clinics and hospitals in order to reduce the number of patients from hospitals
(Ninomiya and Pollock, 2017). Some of the most important preventions includes vaccination and
diagnosis. Both the methods helps in reducing overall patients from the country in an effective
manner. It has also been identified that there are three potential courses of actions which have
both advantages and disadvantage. All these factors highly considered by the ministers. It has
also been concluded that there are two types of antiviral medicines which is prescribed by the
medical professionals in order to reduce the infections cause during flu. It has also been
recommended to the medical professionals that they should provide vaccinations and diagnoses
to their patients in order to enhance their immune system. With the help of getting flu
vaccinations or flu shots individual will be able to fight with bacteria and virus for about 3-4
months but they need to get vaccination in a season for about 3-4 times.
Statement of Issue(s)/Problem(s):
As per the information or data gained by Minister for Health, it has been identified that in
today's world environment become polluted which highly affects the living being of the country.
Problem statement of this research is who is mostly affected by flu and what actions should be
taken to prevent such illness. Main reason behind conducting this study is to examine the causes
and issues associated with flu. After knowing the cause it is important to examine the roles and
responsibilities of Health Ministers in order to reduce the number of patients? What actions
should be required and at what time these actions should be implemented so that maximum
benefits will be gained (Howlett, 2019). Conditions of Australia get more adverse if Ministers for
Health, does not take any kind of positive actions in order to eliminate the number of patients.

Background:
It is very essential for the Government of Australia to adopt various precautions in order
to reduce the number of patients from the country. One of the best and most commonly used
prevention is Vaccination. There are various hospitals and health care clinics which provide free
vaccination facilities to their patients which help them to get prevented from various serious
disease. Along with this, doctors can also diagnosis there patients according to the requirements
and if the report is positive them doctors provide medical prescriptions accordingly. These are
some essential and most important facts which is required to be adopted by the healthcare clinics
and hospitals implemented by the government of Australia. In addition to this, it has also been
concluded that government of the country educate each and every individuals so that they can
secure themselves from getting flu at public places (Prescott and et. al., 2018). Some of these
preventions are as follows:
 Cover sneeze and cough with the help of any tissue or with the arms. Used tissues
immediately through in dustbins and wash hands properly to avoid any kind of germs.
 Maintain distance from the people who are infected with flu so that they can secure
and protect themselves from viruses.
 By using proper flu vaccination assist in getting rid of various infected diseases. It is a
type of vaccine which is provided by the government of country to the age group of 6
months to the old age people according to the risk associated with disease.
 Apart from all these methods, it is essential for an individual to have strong immune
system. With the help of strong immune system, each and every person will be able to
protect themselves from infections.
Pre-existing policies/activity:
Influenza is an infection which causes sudden pains, headaches, sore throats, cough and
high fever. If ignored it might become one of the biggest serious illness among children, old age
people. According to some news sources, it has been identified that in the year 2019 almost
12000 people affected which is more than 2018. Along with this, more than 100 peoples are died
which commonly includes children and old age people. It has been identified that various other
healthcare centres adopt different techniques and strategies in order to deal with the patients
suffering from flu (Tortorella and et. al., 2017). It is not as common as cold and cough and cause
several issues which leads to death of a person. One of the most common method which helps in

getting flu is flu shots also known as vaccination. With the help of flu shots, individual will be
able to enhance their immune system which assist them to fight with bacteria and virus for more
almost 3-4 months. But it has also been examined that the effectiveness of these vaccines does
not last for the whole season and requires to get vaccine 2-3 times in the whole flu season. In
addition to this, some healthcare centres provide diagnosis facilities to their patients which assist
them in order to treat their disease in a positive manner. Apart from this, there are some antiviral
medicines which is prescribed by the medical professionals to their patients in order to treat
influenza (Popkewitz, Olsson and Petersson, 2017). With the help of using antiviral medicines,
body of an individual fight against the flu virus in an effective manner. These antiviral medicines
assist in reducing bacteria and infections from one person to another. While treating flu infected
individuals, medical professionals of Australia prescribe two tablets which are as follows: Oseltamivir: It is a type of capsules which can either be swallow by the patient or might
use as a powder which can easily be mixed with water in order to be swallowed. Such
type of capsules usually prescribed by doctors for children and adults.
 Zanamivir: It is a kind of medicine which comes in a form of powder, which can easily
be inhale by mouth with the help of a device which comes with medicine prescribe by
medical professionals. These types of antiviral medicines are usually gives to those
children who are more than 5 years and adults.
Some of the side effects which is commonly associated with antiviral medicines are that
Zanamivir cause breathing issues to those patients who have asthmatic problem and on the other
other Oseltamivir reduces the symptoms of vomiting if taken with food (Rutala and Weber,
2019). On the other hand some common side effects are as follows:
 Dizziness,
 Vomiting,
 Headache,
 Diarrhoea and many more.
By using these flu and cold medicine, large number of patients will be able to get rid out
of such disease which might get serious by passing time. Using these medicines as per the
prescription may reduce the negative effect of flu as it includes painkiller, medicines for cough,
runny or stuffy nose. Therefore, by giving proper treatment to the patients suffering from flu
helps them in getting positive outcome in an effective manner (Halpern and Vermeulen, 2017).

Consideration:
While dealing with such kind of situation arise within the environment of Australia, there
are various factors which need to be considered by the medical professionals while providing
precautions. It is essential for the medical staff to examine the symptoms of disease along with
its causes and preventions in limited time frame so that they will be able to provide positive
medical benefits to their patients. Some of the main considerations are as follows:
Symptoms: It is very important for the medical professionals to identify symptoms in
very early stage so that they can provide medical treatment in an effective manner and within
given time frame. It is quite essential for a healthcare organisation to identify the symptoms of
disease in advance so that they can diagnose their patients accordingly (Emerson and et. al.,
2017). Along with this, by examining the symptoms of flu which is arise within the environment
of Australia, medical professionals will be able to develop such type of medical prescriptions
which help them in order to gain positive results. Some of the common symptoms of flu might
includes runny nose, cough, sore throat, high temperature, headache and so on. If doctors get to
know about the symptoms of disease in advance they will be able to provide best and required
medical treatment to their patients.
Advantages and disadvantage:
One of the biggest advantage of knowing the symptoms of disease in advance is that they
get to know how they need to treat their patients and what kind of medicines they need. Along
with this, it will help them to know their disease in an effective manner (Skurka, 2017).
On the other hand, disadvantage is that various disease have similar kind of symptoms
which might confuse the medical professionals. Therefore, they need to diagnose their patients in
order to know their actual disease.
Similar treatment not for everyone: It has been identified that there are ample number of
individuals in Australia who get affected with flu. It is clear that every person does not get
similar kind of treatment in order to reduce the cure. Sometimes, individuals get allergic due to
some common tablets given by doctors for treating their patients. Therefore, it has been
concluded that not a single treatment can be given to every individual so that they can get relief
in a positive manner. There are various treatments which is given to the patients as medical
professional does not focus only on one type of medical treatments (Osborn, 2017). Not every

person's body accept similar kind of treatment, therefore it is required to treat each and every
individual according to their disease and capacity.
Advantages and disadvantage:
Biggest advantage is that medical professional develop new and unique type of medical
treatments in order to reduce the number of patients arise due to flu. It has also been analysed
that different age group individuals get affected with this disease which assist them in order to
develop new methods of treating different age group of people in an effective manner. In
addition to this, it is very important for the medical professionals to create new medicines in
order to treat the illness of individuals.
On the other hand, sometimes it becomes difficult for the doctors to treat their patients as
they have similar kind of symptoms which make it tough for them to provide medicines
accordingly. For this, they need to diagnose them and them provide them medical benefits
according to their disease (Meier, Warde and Holmes, 2018). Negative point of this factor is that
it consumes lot of time and cost of an individual person which affect their health in negative
manner, as one type of medical treatment does not suits them.
Build awareness among individual: Apart from this, if people of the country are not
very well aware about the disease it becomes difficult for them to take precautions and
preventions according to their medical condition. Therefore, it is very important for the highly
qualified medical professionals to create awareness about the disease among individuals. It is
essential to create awareness of disease in order to detect it in very early stage. If individuals of
the country are very well aware about the disease and its symptoms, it becomes easy for them to
take precautions accordingly.
Advantages and disadvantage:
One of the biggest advantages of creating awareness among individuals is that they will
be able to take precautions according to their requirements. Along with this, they will be able to
know about the disease and its symptoms which assist them to take precautions and preventions
in advance (Nicolini and et. al., 2017). Creating awareness helps in enhancing personal
knowledge about a specific topic which helps them in order to get positive result in near future.
Disadvantage is that sometimes, there might arise some negative news and awareness
about the disease which is not totally right affect the human being in adverse manner. This as a
result, affect the individual in both positive as well as negative manner.

Recommendation:
With the help of above mentioned report, it has been identified that there are various
elements which need to considered by the medical professionals. There are some
recommendation which is required to be follow by the healthcare clinic in order to get positive
results in an effective manner and within given time frame (Webb and Wadden, 2017). Some of
these recommendation are as follows:
 One of the major recommendation is that, it is essentials for the managers of healthcare
organisation to know the symptoms of disease in advance so that they can provide
medical treatment according to their conditions. Along with this, it will assist in
identifying in advance about the disease and its affects which helps them to take
precautions in order to reduce the negative impact on an individual.
 Apart from this, it has also been suggested to the management team of healthcare
organisation to create positive awareness about the disease in advance among individuals.
This as a result, help them in order to reduce the death ratio which is caused by influenza
flu in Australia (Bartkowiak-Théron and Asquith, 2017).
 In addition to this, it has also been identified that it is very essential for each and every
individual to get flu shots in advance which is commonly known as vaccination. With the
assistance of getting flu shots, immune system of an individual get strong which helps
them in reducing the chance of getting flu for almost 3-4 months. Such kind of
vaccinations need to provide by every hospitals to their patients so that chances of getting
flu might get reduce among individuals.
Therefore, it is essentials for every hospitals to provide flu vaccinations and create
awareness among individuals in advance so that they will be able to avoid such kind of disease
by getting awareness in advance (Howlett, 2019). With the help of flu shots, ample number of
individuals within the country might get free from influenza as it helps in maintaining the
immune system of an individual strong.
Annotated Bibliography
References Description
1. Howlett, M., 2019. Designing public
policies: Principles and instruments.
According to this, it has been identified that
there are ample number of policies and

Routledge. procedures which assist in developing
strategies and policies in an effective manner.
All these policies assist in reducing the number
of patients from the country. With the help of
such reference, author will be able to conduct
the research in an effective manner.
2. Prescott, S., and et. al., 2018. The Canmore
Declaration: Statement of principles
for planetary health. Challenges.
9(2). p.31.
According to this, it has been identified that
health refers to a state which is of complete
physical, social, mental and ecological well
being as well as not merely the absence of
disease. With the help of this article, causes as
well as symptoms of disease has been
identified in an effective manner.
3. Tortorella, G. L., and et. al., 2017. Making
the value flow: application of value
stream mapping in a Brazilian public
healthcare organisation. Total Quality
Management & Business Excellence.
28(13-14). pp.1544-1558.
This article specifies that there is demand for
public services for enhancing management
practices and attaining results that are
comparable to experiences of private sector.
There is a need for improving the healthcare
facilities of private sector healthcare
organisations. The improvement in healthcare
will help in providing good and effective
services to service users.
4. Popkewitz, T. S., Olsson, U. and Petersson,
K., 2017. The learning society, the
unfinished cosmopolitan, and
governing education, public health
and crime prevention at the beginning
of the twenty-first century.
In Contesting Governing
Ideologies(pp. 68-87). Routledge.
According to the present article there is a
learning society that expresses principles of
universal humanity and promise for
progressing that helps in transcending the
country. This articles elaborates how society is
governed as an cosmopolitan ideal. This
includes distinctions and differentiation
between characteristics of those who embody a

cosmopolitan reason. This provides social
progress and personal fulfilling.
5. Skurka, M. A. ed., 2017. Health information
management: principles and
organization for health information
services. John Wiley & Sons.
This article says that Health information
management plays very essential role in order
to identify the areas of health care. It has also
been identified that with the help of this article,
researcher will be able to conduct the research
in an effective manner and within stipulated
period of time.

REFERENCES
Books & Journals
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Howlett, M., 2019. Designing public policies: Principles and instruments. Routledge.
Prescott, S., and et. al., 2018. The Canmore Declaration: Statement of principles for planetary
health. Challenges. 9(2). p.31.
Tortorella, G. L., and et. al., 2017. Making the value flow: application of value stream mapping
in a Brazilian public healthcare organisation. Total Quality Management & Business
Excellence. 28(13-14). pp.1544-1558.
Popkewitz, T. S., Olsson, U. and Petersson, K., 2017. The learning society, the unfinished
cosmopolitan, and governing education, public health and crime prevention at the
beginning of the twenty-first century. In Contesting Governing Ideologies(pp. 68-87).
Routledge.
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practices, current issues, new research, and new technologies. American journal of
infection control. 47. pp.A1-A2.
Halpern, J. and Vermeulen, K., 2017. Disaster mental health interventions: Core principles and
practices. Routledge.
Emerson, C., and et. al., 2017. Principles for gene drive research. Science. 358(6367). pp.1135-
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Skurka, M. A. ed., 2017. Health information management: principles and organization for
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Osborn, D., 2017. The impact of EC environmental policies on UK public administration.
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behaviours. Addiction. 113(2). pp.206-213.
Nicolini, D., Sher, M., Childerstone, S. and Gorli, M., 2017. In search of the ‘structure that
reflects’: promoting organizational reflection practices in a UK health authority.
In Organizing reflection (pp. 95-118). Routledge.
Webb, V. L. and Wadden, T. A., 2017. Intensive lifestyle intervention for obesity: principles,
practices, and results. Gastroenterology. 152(7). pp.1752-1764.
Bartkowiak-Théron, I. and Asquith, N. L., 2017. Conceptual divides and practice synergies in
law enforcement and public health: some lessons from policing vulnerability in
Australia. Policing and society. 27(3). pp.276-288.
Online:
https://www.meco6925.dmu.net.au/2019/05/31/australia-is-facing-an-unprecedented-flu-season-
and-this-is-what-you-need-to-know/

https://www.mydr.com.au/respiratory-health/influenza-treatment

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