Financial Analysis Report: Principles of Financial Markets

This report conducts a comprehensive financial analysis of Origin Energy Limited and Caltex Australia Limited, key players in the Australian energy sector. It begins with an executive summary and introduction, followed by a top-down analysis of macroeconomic factors such as GDP, interest rates, currency value, inflation, and unemployment, assessing their impact on the energy industry. A bottom-up analysis then evaluates the companies' financial performance through liquidity, profitability, efficiency, capital structure, and market performance ratios. The report provides detailed descriptions of each ratio category and concludes with recommendations based on the findings. The analysis incorporates data from 2017 to compare the financial health and operational efficiency of the two companies, offering insights into their strategic positions within the dynamic energy market.

Financial Analysis 1
Principles of Financial Markets

Financial Analysis 2
Table of Contents
Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................3
Introduction......................................................................................................................................4
Origin Energy Limited.................................................................................................................4
Caltex Australia Limited..............................................................................................................5
Top-down analysis...........................................................................................................................7
Existing Gross Domestic Product (GDP).....................................................................................7
Existing interest rate.....................................................................................................................8
Existing value of currency of Australia.......................................................................................8
Existing inflation rate...................................................................................................................9
Existing rate of unemployment....................................................................................................9
Bottom up Analysis.......................................................................................................................10
Analysis of Liquidity Ratio (Albrecht et. al., 2010)..................................................................10
Analysis of Profitability Ratio (Daly, 2011)..............................................................................11
Analysis of Efficiency Ratio (Coe, 2011)..................................................................................12
Analysis of Capital Structure ratio.............................................................................................13
Analysis of Market Performance ratio.......................................................................................14
Ratio Analysis................................................................................................................................15
Description of Liquidity Ratio...................................................................................................15

Financial Analysis 3
Description of Profitability Ratio...............................................................................................16
Description of Efficiency Ratio.................................................................................................17
Description of capital structure Ratio........................................................................................17
Description of Market Performance ratio..................................................................................17
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................18
Recommendations..........................................................................................................................18
References......................................................................................................................................19

Financial Analysis 4
Executive Summary
Economic analysis and financial analysis are very important components to identify the factors
which influence the financial performance of any company and decision of investors for the
purpose of investment. The overall report determined the current situation of companies Origin
Energy Limited and Caltex Australia Limited in the energy sector in Australia.
Top down analysis and bottom up analysis have been conducted for the purpose of finding
impact of economic environment of country on the performance of both the companies in energy
sector and to analyze and compare the financial performance of companies in terms of industry.
Various factors are considered in top down analysis such as current growth rate of GDP, inflation
rate, unemployment rate and interest rate which have direct and indirect impact on the energy
sector in Australia. Financial performances of both the companies are compared with the help of
different ratios such as operating ratio, profitability, liquidity, efficiency and ratios which shows
capital structure of the companies.

Financial Analysis 5
Introduction
In this report micro and macro economic analysis and financial analysis of the companies Origin
Energy Limited and Caltex Australia Limited in the energy and gas industry in Australia will be
conducted. The companies under the energy sector of Australia which are listed in the Australian
Stock Exchange mainly involved in the growth and development and exploration of oil, coal,
gas, uranium and renewable energy resources. There is largest contribution of the energy sector
in generating revenue and in enhancing the rate of Gross Domestic Product and the growth and
development of economy of Australia (Bahadori, et al., 2013). Natural resources and energy
generating resources are available in large quantity in Australia. Australia is largest provider of
uranium and LNG and one of the biggest exporters of coal in the whole world and particularly in
the regions of Asia. Energy sector also provides largest contribution in boosting capital market of
the country and known by largest developed and growing market in the economy.
Origin Energy Limited
Origin Energy is one of the biggest and leading companies in the Oil and Energy Industry of
Australia headquartered in Australian Square, Sydney. The company mainly involves in the
buying, generating, selling, exploration and delivery of natural gas and energy in Australia and
worldwide (Origin, 2017). Origin Energy Company was found in 2000 because of the separation
from another company Boral Ltd. for the purpose of forming a new and single company in
energy sector. From the year 2002 to 2015 Origin Company was involved in merger and
acquisition and conducted deals with various companies in energy sector worldwide such as
Victorian electricity, Kupe Gas Field, Contact Energy of New Zealand, Sun Retail Private
Limited and Eraring Energy. The major products and services of the Origin Energy Company are
natural gas, electric vehicle charging services, electricity, solar panels, cooling and heating, LPG,

Financial Analysis 6
and hot water (Origin, 2017). It is also one of the largest suppliers of products of less carbon
which includes Green Gas and electricity of Green Power for the purpose of reducing pollution
in the environment.
Origin is the biggest retailer in energy sector in Australia having 4500 million consumers
worldwide which includes residential customers and small and big market customers with 9000
employees working currently (Origin, 2017). Origin is also provider of renewable energy with
the use of upgraded technology like solar cell technology, wind and geothermal power plant.
Natural gas and coal are considered as natural sources of energy which are utilized by company
for generating the electricity. Mission statement of the company is to offer reliable, secure and
affordable energy services to customers and communities and provide better opportunities for
shareholders, communities, customers and business partners.
Caltex Australia Limited
Caltex was found in 1936 known as California Texas Oil Company as a result of merger between
the Standard Oil in California and Texas Company headquartered in Sydney. In the year 1968, it
was received the name Caltex Petroleum Corporations. Caltex is the biggest retail company in
the sector of oil and fuel industry having approximately 1850 service outlets in Australia (Caltex,
2017). Major products offered by the company are Petrol, Autogas, Motor oil, Diesel, Lubricants
and different retail stores such as Star Mart, Woolworths and Star Shop. This company is
providing its products and services in Australia as well as worldwide such as New Zealand,
China, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Philippines, South Africa, India, Taiwan and South Korea.
As the leading company in Australia in the oil, gas and fuel sector it is fulfilling the needs of one
third customers in Australia of fuel requirement for transport. With the help of exclusive supply
chain management it is supplying reliable, affordable, safe and best quality of fuel for different

Financial Analysis 7
categories of customers such as small enterprises, retailers, aviation, marine, agriculture,
transport, automobile industries, big enterprises, mining and to the government institutions
(Caltex, 2017). Mission statement of the company is to offer best quality of fuel with reliable
supply and to generate job opportunities and help in growth and development of economy by
increasing productivity of country in the sector of oil and fuel. It is also known as biggest
franchisor and exclusive retailer as more than 80% of the outlets controlled by franchisees.

Financial Analysis 8
Top-down analysis
Top down analysis can be defined as the process of analyzing whole economy at global level and
then evaluating its impact on the local economy, industry and on the overall performance of
company in that industry. If any investor wants to invest into stock market then firstly, he will
overlooked the impact of running trends in economy such as GDP, inflation, interest rate on the
capital market. After analyzing factors with respect to industry, investor will make wisely
decision related to how much to invest in which company and in which sector.
Figure 1 Source: (Trade and invest, 2017)
Existing Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Gross domestic product can be defined as the value of total production of commodities and
services produced by companies and manufacturing organization and people in the national
territory of a country for a particular time period. In Australia, economy is extended at the rate of

Financial Analysis 9
0.8 percent in the II quarter of June with comparison to the very slow growth rate in March
which was 0.3 percent in the financial year 2017. In 2016, the rate of GDP on annual basis was
1.8 percent. The main reasons behind the increasing growth rate in June month are increase in
the rate of consumption of government and domestic and positive expansion in the total exports
of country (Global Finance, 2017). If GDP is increasing in Australia, it will bring positive impact
on the industry of energy, oil and gas as overall economy will boost up then performances of
both the companies Origin Energy Limited and Caltex Australia Limited will also be favorable.
Existing interest rate
Interest rate can be defined as the rate which is charged by the lender of money against the
amount borrowed by the borrower of that money (Salgado, 2017). It is normally decided by the
Reserve Bank of Australia. In 2017, interest rate is 1.5 percent with compared to same interest
rate 1.5 percent in the year 2016 in Australia which is seen unchanged. In 2015 the rate of
interest was 2 percent, it can be analyzed that rate is decreasing in the year 2016 and 2017.
Origin Energy Limited and Caltex Australia Limited both the companies have favorable situation
in economy from the decreasing interest rate as companies can easily take finance from different
financial institutions at low rate.
Existing value of currency of Australia
Value of currency is also known as exchange rate which can be defined as the rate at which
currency of one country can be converted in the currency of another country (OECD, 2017). The
present exchange rate of one AUD is equal to 0.8034 US $ in 2017. Energy sector in Australia
mainly deals in the export of oil, electricity and gas worldwide. If the value of one AUD will
increase in future in comparison to other countries it will bring favorable outcome for the
performances of both the companies in Energy sector and help in generating more revenue.

Financial Analysis 10
Existing inflation rate
Inflation is the situation in a country when all the prices of commodities will be rising and
demand of goods and services will be increased (Baker, et al., 2016). As a result of increase in
per capita income, demand will rise and supply of products will reduces which leads to growing
in the prices of products and services. Inflation rate in Australia in the year 2017 is 1.5 percent
which is more in comparison to 1.3 percent in 2016 (OECD, 2017). As increase in inflation rate
is beneficial for the companies Origin Energy Limited and Caltex Australia Limited because
increase in demand and prices will help in generating more revenue and but will be less
favorable for country because supply will reduce.
Existing rate of unemployment
Unemployment rate is the rate which shows how many persons are not having any source of
earning and looking for the employment opportunities for earning money. Australian government
conducts various programmes which aware people about different employment opportunities and
help in incorporation of new companies which can create new job opportunities for local people.
Current rate of unemployment is decreasing in Australia as 5.61% in the month of August from
5.699 % in the month of June in 2017 as approximately 26000 more jobs was created in the
month of July (Fieger, et al., 2017). As more persons get employment the per capita income will
increase which tends to increase in consumption level of people which is favorable situation for
energy sector in Australia.

Financial Analysis 11
Bottom up Analysis
Analysis of Liquidity Ratio (Albrecht et. al., 2010)
Name of
the ratio
Formula Caltex Australia
2017 (30/6) (In$)
Origin
Energy 2017
(30/6) (In$)
Industry
average
Current
ratio
current assets
current liabilities
2170.86
1521.15
=1.43
5011
3854
=1.30
1.34
Current assets 2170.86 5011
Current liabilities 1521.15 3854
Acid Test
ratio
current asset −inventories
current liabilities
2170.86−1212.8
1521.15
=.62
5011−138
3854
=1.26
1.05
Current assets 2170.86 5011
Inventory 1212.8 138
Cash Ratio cas h+ marketablesecurities
current liabilities
69.8
1521.15
=.045
203
3854
=.052
Cash+ marketable securities 69.8 203
Current liabilities 1521.15 3854

Financial Analysis 12
Analysis of Profitability Ratio (Daly, 2011)
Name of the
ratio
Formula Caltex
Australia 2017
(30/6) (In$)
Origin Energy
2017
(30/6) (In$)
Industry
average
Net profit
margin
net profit
sales revenue ×100 264.53
10141.68 ×100
=2.60%
−2052
13646 ×100
= -15.03%
-198.84%
Net Profit 264.53 -2052
Sales Revenue 10141.68 13646
Gross Profit
Mark up
gross profit
cost of sales × 100 986.42
9155.26 × 100
=10.77%
2547
11099 ×100
=22.95%
Gross Profit 986.42 2547
Cost of sales 9155.26 11099
Gross profit
margin
gross profit
sales revenue ×100 986.42
10141.68 ×100
=9.72%
2547
13646 ×100
=18.66%
30.94%
Gross profit 986.42 2547
Sales Revenue 10141.68 13646
Operating
profit margin
operating profit
sales revenue ×100 407.85
10141.68 ×100 −71
13646 ×100 -189.82%

Financial Analysis 13
=4.37% = -0.52%
Operating profit 407.85 -71
Sales revenue 10141.68 13646
Return on
assets
EBIT
average assets × 100 407.85
5374.77 ×100
=7.58%
−71
27052 ×100
= -0.26%
-2.12%
EBIT 407.85 -71
Average assets (5446.81+5302.7
3)/2
(25199+28905)/2
Return on
shareholder
Fund
net income
SHF ×100 264.3
2897.46 ×100
=9.12%
−554
11396 ×100
= -4.86%
Net income 264.3 -554
SHF 2897.46 11396
Analysis of Efficiency Ratio (Coe, 2011)
Name of the
ratio
Formula Caltex Australia
2017 (30/6) (In$)
Origin Energy
2017
(30/6) (In$)

Financial Analysis 14
Inventory
turnover
ratio
averaginventory
costofsales × 365 1146.87
9155.26 × 365
=45days
162.5
11099 ×365
=5 days
Average inventory (1212.82+1080.92)/2 (138+187)/2
Cost of sales 9155.26 11099
Sales revenue
to Capital
employed
SaLes revenue
capital employed
10141.68
3925.66
=6.67
13646
21345
=.64
Sales Revenue 10141.68 13646
Capital employed 3925.66 21345
Analysis of Capital Structure ratio
Name of the
ratio
Formula Caltex
Australia
2017 (30/6)
(In$)
Origin Energy
2017
(30/6) (In$)
Industr
y
average
Debt to
equity ratio
total liabilities
total equity ×100 2549.35
2897.45 ×100
=87.98%
13803
11396 ×100
=121.12%
44.05%
Total liabilities 2549.35 13803
Total equity 2897.45 11396

Financial Analysis 15
Equity ratio total equity
total assets × 100 2897.45
5446.81 ×100
=53.19%
11396
25199 ×100
=45.22%
Total equity 2897.45 11396
Total assets 5446.81 25199
Gearing ratio Long term debt
capital employed ×100 699.2
3925.66 ×100
=17.81%
8382
21345 ×100
=39.26%
Long term debt 699.2 8382
Capital employed 3925.66 21345
Analysis of Market Performance ratio
Name of the
ratio
Formula Caltex
Australia 2017
(30/6) (In$)
Origin
Energy
2017
(30/6) (In$)
Industry
average
Earnings
per share
earningsavailable
no . of equity s h ares
=2.32 = -1.17 -0.28
Price
earnings
ratio
market value price per s h are
earnings per s h are
*100
=14.8 Not
available
397.95

Financial Analysis 16
Price to
sales ratio
=0.42 =0.93 64.16
Price to cash
Flow
=28.62 =16.08 32.46
Ratio Analysis
Description of Liquidity Ratio
Liquidity ratio is helpful in identification of the financial strength of the organization. This will
help in making an analysis that the organization will be able to meet its short term liabilities on
time or not. Current ratio depicts the current liabilities in terms with the current assets as stated in
the balance sheet of the organization. This ratio helps in making an analysis of the current
solvency and liquidity of the organization in order to meet their current obligation in regard to its
belonging companies indulge in same business. Acid test ratio depicts about current assets less
stock in terms of the current liabilities of organization. The current ratio of Caltex Australia is
1.43 and Origin Energy is 1.30 for the year 2017 (Fridson and Alvarez, 2011).
Caltex Australia and Origin Energy has quick ratio of .62 and 1.26 correspondingly. It can be
analysed that the quick ratio is ideally 1:1 and it can be depicted that Caltex Australia has higher
solvency as it does not block much of its funds in inventories as compared to Origin Energy.
Energy industry in Australia has current ratio of 1.34 and quick ratio of 1.05 (McTaggart et. al.,
2012). Therefore it can be analysed that Caltex Australia has more solvency and liquidity in
comparison to Origin Energy.
Description of Profitability Ratio
These ratios are quite helpful in making an estimation of effectiveness in regards to profit of the
company. Profitability ratios are calculated on the basis of revenue made by the organization.

Financial Analysis 17
These ratios are helpful in making a detailed analysis of the revenue generated by the
organization in regard to the sales of the organization. The ratio of net profit shows the efficiency
of the organization by making a reduction in the expenses in order to increase the net profit of
the organization. Organization can earn huge profits by making a reduction in the expenses and
also through increasing of sales. Caltex Australia and Origin Energy has net profit ratio of
2.60% and -15.03% correspondingly in the year 2017. Origin Energy has incurred a loss in the
year 2017 which shows that the organization has to increase its sale and should decrease its
expenses. Energy Industry in Australia has a net loss of -198.84% (Investing, 2017). From this
analysis, it can be estimated that Caltex Australia is quite profitable in terms of Origin which is
facing huge losses.
The ratio of return on assets depicts earnings before interest and tax generated by the company in
regard to assets of the organization. The organization can made huge profits by managing the
assets in a proper way. This ratio depicts that how effectively the organization is converting its
stock into income. More the net profit ration and more is the profitability. Return on asset ratio is
7.58% and -0.26% of Caltex Australia and Origin Energy respectively. Return on assets of the
energy industry is -2.12% which shows that Caltex Australia is more profitable (Brand et. al.,
2014). The profitability of Caltex Australia can also be identified from various profitability ratios
which have been calculated.
Description of Efficiency Ratio
The funds of the organization are employed in various things in order to generate sales and
profit. Efficiency ratio helps in analyzing that how efficiently assets are being managed by the
company in order to derive the profit of the organization. Efficiency ratios depict that how much
time has been taken by organization in conversion of assets into sales and revenue. Efficiency

Financial Analysis 18
ratio helps in analyzing that how good the organization is making in sales (Huston, 2010). Caltex
Australia has inventory turnover ratio of 45 days and Origin has inventory turnover ratio of 5
days.
Description of capital structure Ratio
This ratio helps in identification for the investor’s that if the organization bear losses in an
particular accounting period than how many losses the investors have to face. This will also help
in making an analysis of the role of creditors in the capital structure of the organization. Higher
the debt ratio higher is the debt financing in comparison to equity. The equity ratio of Caltex
Australia and Origin is 53.19% and 45.22% respectively. Caltex Australia has higher equity ratio
which shows a sound financial position of the organization in the market (Aebi, 2012). This also
states that there are various investors who are desire to invest in the organization. Debt to equity
ratio of Caltex Australia and Origin is 87.98% and 121.12 respectively which shows Caltex
Australia is more effective and efficient.
Description of Market Performance ratio
Earnings per share is also known by the name net income per share to shareholder and thus helps
in making an analysing of the net income incurred in respect to the shares. This describes the
sound financial health of organizations and also shows the satisfaction of shareholders in terms
of the organization. The earnings per share of Caltex Australia and Origin for 2017 are 2.32 and -
1.17 respectively. From the above analysis it can be analysed that the efficiency of Caltex
Australia is quite good in comparison to Origin as EPS of Origin is negative as it incurred losses
in the year 2017 (Surroca et. al., 2010).

Financial Analysis 19
Conclusion
From the above study it can be analysed that economic and political factors of the country
always play an important role in profitability of the organization. If there is increase in the rate of
interests than the profitability of the organization will decrease and vice versa. When there is
increase in the personal disposable income than the profitability of the organization will also
increase. Therefore an organization always makes consideration of various factors in order to
make an increase in the profitability of the organization. It can also be analysed that on the basis
of liquidity and efficiency and market ratio Caltex Australia is much more efficient and effective
when compared to Origin Energy. Caltex Australia also has stability in its capital structure.
Recommendations
Origin Energy should make a deduction in its expenses in order to cover up the losses and
maintain stability and liquidity. This will help Origin Energy in maintaining the liquidity of the
organization. The capital structure shows more debts when a comparison is made to equity. So,
the organization should acquire funds from equity in order to make reduction in debts in the
capital structure and thus profitability can also be enhanced. This will make Origin Energy to
maintain stability and a reduction in losses which are company facing in the year 2017 in
comparison to Caltex Australia. Caltex Australia should enhance its profitability by adopting of
new strategies like expansion.

Financial Analysis 20
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Financial Analysis 21
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