1PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Table of Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................................2 Discussion........................................................................................................................................2 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................7 Reference.........................................................................................................................................8
2PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Introduction Economics helps to understand socio-economic operations. An economy runs around several principles and those keep the economy of the world running. This report focuses on the principle of economics and explains how those principles work in an economy. The major principles of economics are tradeoff, everything has a cost, decisions are made at the margin and people respond to incentives. These are the principles that directly impact the individuals. Other principles are trade improves welfare, it is better to attain economic stability through free market, intervention of the government is sometimes necessary to have a better outcome and level of productivity decides standard of living of a country. There are more principles of economics that the report discusses in the following paragraphs. Discussion The inflation rate and the unemployment rate are related to each other The relationship between the unemployment rate and the inflation rate shows that with an increase in the unemployment rate, the inflation rate declines and conversely, with a rise in the inflation rate, the unemployment rate falls. This is relationship is explained by Phillips curve1. This happens because the higher unemployment rate decreases the income of the people and thus there is a decline in aggregate demand due to the fall in consumption. This results in fall in price level of goods and services and thus inflation rate falls. On the other hand, with lower 1Sayeed, J, M Islam, & S Yasmin, "Does the US economy face a long-run trade off between inflation and unemployment?.". inInternational Journal of Monetary Economics and Finance, 12, 2019, 118-132.
3PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS unemployment rate income of people rises that causes consumption to rise. With induced effect, aggregate demand will rise and thereby price level increases and causes inflation rate to rise. Printing excessive money increases prices of products The rise in the price level of an economy is called inflation. With an increase in money supply inflation occurs. Money supply can be increased by printing more amount of money and flushing them into the economy2. With an increased amount of money in the economy given the amount of goods and services unchanged, the value of money depreciates which causes the price level to rise which means inflation occurs. This would mean that if the government prints more money price rises in the economy. Level of productivity decides standard of living of a country The production capacity of a country influences its standard of living because with higher production the amount of goods and services available per citizen increases3. Thus, with more amount of goods and services available for consumption the welfare of citizens is a higher and thus higher standard of living. The production ability of a country depends on its productivity. Therefore, high productivity leads to more production of goods and services in a country in a specified period. Therefore, countries having more production ability have a high standard of living. For example, the standard of living is higher in Germany than in Afghanistan since Germany has more production ability. 2Greenlaw,DavidShapiroStevenA.,andDavidShapiro.PrinciplesofEconomics2e. OpenStax, 2017. 3Mankiw, N,Principles of Economics. in, Cengage Learning, 2020.
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4PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Intervention of the government is sometimes necessary to have a better outcome It has been observed that under a free market, in many cases the efficient allocation of goods and services does not takes place. This inefficiency in the market is called market failure. It has been found that to improve the condition of inefficient market allocation some external rules and regulations needed to be introduced. Here, the role of government comes in to play. The government imposes suitable and effective rules and regulations that minimize or removes the inefficiency existing in the market and thereby improves market outcomes. For example, the government imposes pollution tax on factory productions to reduce pollution and thereby improves the market condition. It is better to attain economic stability through free market In a market, there are millions of households interact with each other regularly. The interaction occurred due to everyone's need for goods and services and due to this reason, negotiation of prices of goods and services takes place. The demand for goods and services generated from the self-interest of the people4. Therefore, in the market economy, there is no need for any centralized regulatory system that would set the market operation of rules since it may create a conflict of interest and thus disrupt the free negotiation procedure. In this way, consumers can take a free decision. However, if there is government intervention then the free decision of consumers is influenced. Trade improves welfare 4Rodrik, Dani. "What do trade agreements really do?."Journal of economic perspectives32.2 (2018): 73-90.
5PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Trade means the exchange of goods and services between two countries and this way both can enjoy more number of goods and services since no country can produce everything it needed. Therefore, trading increases the chances of availability of all the necessaries. Therefore, by engaging in trade everyone is better off. For example, Country X produces pineapple and Country Y produces apple. Now, if the countries engage in trade then both can enjoy the consumption of pineapple and apples which is not possible without trade. Thus, the trade makes everyone better off. People respond to incentives Incentive plays a great role in impacting behaviors of people. In a decision where a person can gain more socially and economically than any other decision then the person will make the previous decision5. For example, the price of rice increases in comparison to wheat then a person will move its choice of purchase from rice to wheat because saving incentive is higher in the case of wheat. Decisions are made at the margin A person before making any decision always thinks of what he or she will get by deciding on taking additional action. Hence, if the benefit the person gets is of more worth than the additional action taken then this decision is called the marginal change in decision. 5Miller, David. "Distributive Justice: What the people think."Distributive Justice. Routledge, 2017. 135-173.
6PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Therefore, it can be said that rational people think at the margin. For example, if a person takes a taxi instead of a bus to reach the airport early then he would compare the gain in marginal benefit of reaching early to the marginal rise in cost due to traveling by taxi and hence benefit is higher then only he will take a taxi. Tradeoff In economy to get something one needs to pay its price, it means that something has to be sacrificed6. For example, if a country makes more investment in the industrial sector then the investment in the agricultural sector has to be sacrificed. Hence, without tradeoff, nothing can be achieved. Everything has a cost From tradeoff, it is clear that to get something one needs to pay something in return. For example, if a person is taking classes in university then he or she apart from paying the tuition fee sacrifices the opportunity of doing a job. Thus, there is cost for every decision a person makes. 6BurnSilver, Shauna, et al. "Modeling tradeoffs in a rural Alaska mixed economy: Hunting, working, and sharing in the face of economic and ecological change."The Give and Take of Sustainability:ArchaeologicalandAnthropologicalPerspectivesonTradeoffs.Cambridge University Press, 2017. 52-83.
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7PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Conclusion From the above discussion about the principles of economics, it can be understood it is not possible to avoid the principle of economics since they are the basic thing on which an economy is running. Trade is the key factor on which the total economy and principles of economies are based. To purchase one must trade something in return. In making decision costs and benefits analysis is needed and this case tradeoff between cost and benefit is done. Similarly, the relationship between money supply and price and inflation and unemployment are all based on the concept that is the tradeoff.
8PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Reference BurnSilver, Shauna, et al. "Modeling tradeoffs in a rural Alaska mixed economy: Hunting, working, and sharing in the face of economic and ecological change."The Give and Take of Sustainability:ArchaeologicalandAnthropologicalPerspectivesonTradeoffs.Cambridge University Press, 2017. 52-83. Greenlaw, David Shapiro Steven A., and David Shapiro.Principles of Economics 2e. OpenStax, 2017. Mankiw, N,Principles of Economics. in , Cengage Learning, 2020. Miller, David. "Distributive justice: What the people think."Distributive Justice. Routledge, 2017. 135-173. Rodrik, Dani. "What do trade agreements really do?."Journal of economic perspectives32.2 (2018): 73-90. Sayeed, J, M Islam, & S Yasmin, "Does the US economy face a long run trade off between inflation and unemployment?.". inInternational Journal of Monetary Economics and Finance, 12, 2019, 118-132.