Running Head: ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT 14 14 Running Head: ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT 14 14 Running Head: ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT Economics Assignment Name of the Student Name of the University Course ID

ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT 14 14 Running Head: ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT Economics Assignment Name of the Student Name of the University Course ID Answer 1 2 Answer 2 2 Answer a 2 Answer b 3 Answer c 4 Answer d 4 Answer e 5 Answer 3 6 Answer a 6 Answer b 6 Answer c 7 Answer 4 8 Answer a 8 Answer b 9 Answer c 10 Answer 5 10 Answer a 10 Answer b 11 Answer c 11 Answer d 11 Answer 6 12

Running Head: ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT
Economics Assignment
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Course ID

1ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT
Table of Contents
Answer 1..........................................................................................................................................2
Answer 2..........................................................................................................................................2
Answer a......................................................................................................................................2
Answer b......................................................................................................................................3
Answer c......................................................................................................................................4
Answer d......................................................................................................................................4
Answer e......................................................................................................................................5
Answer 3..........................................................................................................................................6
Answer a......................................................................................................................................6
Answer b......................................................................................................................................6
Answer c......................................................................................................................................7
Answer 4..........................................................................................................................................8
Answer a......................................................................................................................................8
Answer b......................................................................................................................................9
Answer c....................................................................................................................................10
Answer 5........................................................................................................................................10
Answer a....................................................................................................................................10
Answer b....................................................................................................................................11
Answer c....................................................................................................................................11
Answer d....................................................................................................................................11
Answer 6........................................................................................................................................12
Answer a....................................................................................................................................12
Answer b....................................................................................................................................13
References list................................................................................................................................15

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Answer 1
The shareholders of BP represent a perfectly competitive market structure as the
characteristics of the market resembles that of a competitive one. Like perfect competition, there
are various buyers and sellers in the share market. The share market has homogeneity of goods.
Neither the buyers nor the sellers can influence price of the shares (Fine 2016). The sellers are
price takers like competitive firms. All the participants have perfect information knowing their
own choice and have information about the product purchased.
Answer 2
Answer a
The market demand and market supply equation is given as
Demand : P=1000−2 Q
Supply : P=1 00+Q
Market equilibrium is obtained where market demand equals market supply,
Demand=Supply
¿ , 1000−2 Q=100+Q
¿ , 3 Q=900
¿ , Q=300
Equilibrium price,
P=100+ Q

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¿ 100+300
¿ 400
Equilibrium price = 400
Equilibrium quantity = 300
Answer b
The marginal cost function of Victor’s egg firm is given as
MC=2 q+ 1
Profit maximization condition for firm under perfect competition is
Price=Marginal cost
¿ , 400=2 q+1
¿ , 399=2 q
O r , q=199.5
Profit maximization level of production is therefore 199.5
Total Revenue=Price ( P ) ×Quantity ( q )
¿ 400 × 199.5
¿ 79800
Given the cost function the total cost can be obtained as
Total cost=100+q2+ q

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¿ 100+¿
¿ 40099.75
Profit=Total Revenue−Total Cost
¿ 79800−40099.75
¿ 39700.25
Answer c
As there is positive profit in the market, it therefore indicates a situation of short run. In
the presence of positive profit new firms will enter the industry (Baumol and Blinder 2015). As
industry supply increases, price goes down reducing profit. In the long run the firm will earn
only normal profit.
Answer d
In the long run, firms operate at the minimum point of average total cost
ATC=100+ q2 +q
q = 100
q +q+1
The minimization of ATC requires,
d ( ATC )
dq =0
¿ ,−100
q2 +1=0
¿ ,−100
q2 =−1

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¿ , q2=100
¿ , q=10
ATCmin= 100+q2+q
q
¿ 100+ 100+10
10
¿ 210
10
¿ 21
In the long run,
Total revenue=10 ×21=210
Total cost=100+100+10=210
Long run profit=210−210
¿ 0
Answer e
Total market demand :Q= 1000−P
2
¿ 1000−21
2
¿ 979
2
¿ 489.5

6ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT
Therefore, in the market 489.5 units will be produced.
Number of box= 489.5
12
¿ 40.79 41
Answer 3
Answer a
The mechanism of free entry and exit of firms in the competitive market is the main
factor driving profit to zero in a perfectly competitive market. Firms in the perfectly competitive
market can earn a supernormal profit in the short run. If there are supernormal profit in the short
run, then new firms attracted by the higher profit enter the market. As no forms of barriers exist
in the market entry of new firms continues. With increasing number of firms, industry supply
increases. The increased supply causes a price to fall (McKenzie and Lee 2016). As price lowers,
the prospects of economic profit disappear. The new firms continue to enter unless all the profits
reduce to zero. Then the firms as well as the industry attains its long run equilibrium.
Answer b
i)The short run operation of firms depends on the position of average variable cost. When firms
in the short run incur loss, then price is below the average total cost. Firms can still choose to
continue operation as long as price is above its average variable cost. If price is above the
average variable cost, then firms after paying its variable can be able to pay some of its variable
cost by continuing production. If firms choose to shut down, then it needs to pay all of the fixed
costs. On the other hand, by continuing operation firms can use the excess revenue to pay for its
fixed factor (Moulin, 2014). This is however a better outcome then shut down operation in the

7ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT
short run. This cannot be continued in the long run. The loss making firms in the long run exit
the industry.
ii) If a firm in the short run is unable to recover its variable cost then it chooses to shut down
operation. Under this situation continuing production give a worse outcome than simply shut
down operation and paid up for fixed factors (Rader 2014). Continuing operation results in more
loss of money. It is therefore better to shut down if price is below the minimum of average
variable cost.
Answer c
In the perfectly competitive market the short run supply curve is defined as the marginal
cost curve lying above the intersection of marginal cost with average variable cost. Above the
intersection point the marginal cost curve is rising upward (Stoneman, Bartoloni and Baussola
2018). Firms produce in the short run only when marginal revenue can cover variable costs. This
is the situation as described in b)i. When marginal revenue falls short of variable cost then firms
shut down operation (situation described in b. ii)

8ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT
Figure 1: Short run supply curve under perfect competition
Answer 4
Answer a
i)
Market Demand : P=1000−2 Q
Total Revenue ( TR )=P× Q
¿ ( 1000−2Q ) ×Q
¿ 1000 Q−2 Q2
Marginal Revenue ( MR ) = d ( TR )
dQ
¿ 1000−4 Q

9ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Marginal Revenue
Quantity
Marginal Revenue
Figure 2: Marginal Revenue Curve
ii)
The profit maximization condition for monopolist that marginal revenue to be equal to marginal
cost.
MR=MC
¿ , 1000−4 Q=2 Q+1
¿ , 6 Q=999
¿ , Q=166.5
Price ( P )=1000−2 Q
¿ 1000− ( 2×166.5 )
¿ 1000−333

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¿ 667
Answer b
Total Revenue (TR)=P ×Q
¿ 667 ×166.5
¿ 111055.5
Total Cost (TC)=100+Q2 +Q
¿ 100+¿
¿ 27988.75
Profit=TR−TC
¿ 111055.5−27988.75
¿ 83066.75
This is a short run situation in the market. The single price monopolists earn a supernormal profit
of 83066.75.
Answer c
Given highly restricted entry in the monopoly market, the single firm can maintain its
supernormal profit even in the long run. In the long run however, the monopolist has sufficient
time to expand plant size. It is possible for the monopolist to reach to the optimal scale by
operating at the minimum point of long run average cost curve (Cowen and Tabarrok 2015). The
optimal production cannot be guaranteed by the monopolist. The plant size degree of resource

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utilization depends on the market demand. the monopolist can reach the optimal scale, or might
operate at suboptimal level or might operate beyond the optimum level.
Answer 5
Answer a
The Auckland city Café market is an example of monopolistically competitive market. A
market structure is defined as perfectly competitive when in the market place numerous buyers
and sellers sell similar products. The market structure where numerous sellers sell involve in
selling a close substitute is identified as monopolistically competitive. Like perfect competition,
in monopolistically competitive market numerous sellers are present and there are no barriers to
enter or exit the industry (Nicholson and Snyder 2014). Firms in a monopolistically competitive
market sell a differentiated product unlike a homogenous product unlike perfect competition.
Each firm in the perfectly competitive market faces a horizontal demand curve for its own
product. In contrast, demand curve is downward sloping for monopolistically competitive firms.
In both form of market, firms in the long run can have only a normal profit but the point of
operation is different. Perfectly competitive firms operate at the minimum of average cost while
monopolistically competitive firms operate to the left of minimum average cost.
Answer b
The entry of new firms in a monopolistically competitive market shifts the demand curve
of the existing firms inward. This reduces price received by the incumbent firms along with a
reduction in quantity sold by each firms. Introduction of new, improved product in the market
thus reduces price and sales of existing firms reducing profits.

12ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT
Answer c
The nature of demand curve that is whether it is flatter or steeper that depends on the
elasticity faced by the firm for its product. Firms in the monopolistically competitive market face
a higher elasticity for its own product as compared to elasticity of the entire market. The
presence of numerous sellers in the market make it easier if buyers to switch to a close substitute
product than to shift to a completely differentiated product (Mochrie 2015). This makes
monopolistically competitive firm’s demand curve flatter than the total market demand curve in
a monopolistically competitive market.
Answer d
In the presence of too many brands in the market makes the market structure
monopolistically competitive. Now, with too many brands with each brand having its own
perceived demand curve efficiency cannot be achieved firms operate to the left of minimum
average cost (Rader 2014). The market for cereals is thus become inefficient as there remain
excess capacity in the market.
Answer 6
Answer a
A form of imperfectly competitive market that is dominated by few large seller is known
as an oligopoly market. Some specific characteristics of oligopoly market are as follows
Interdependence
This is the foremost important feature of an oligopoly market. Each firm follows the
strategy of rival firms and thus takes interdependent decision.

13ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT
Entry Barriers
The few large firms in the oligopolistic industry enjoy a considerable market power and
retain its control over prices through maintaining high barriers to entry (Cowen and Tabarrok
2015). The common forms of barriers in the market include ownership over specific resources,
patents, high fixed cost and different government restrictions.
Group behavior
Formation of group in the oligopoly market is an important aspect of oligopoly market.
Two or more firms form a group and take joint decision in the industry. This type of oligopoly
market is known as collusive oligopoly.
Competition
Intense competition exists among the few large firms in the oligopoly market. Each firm
observes the strategy of its rivals and then take counter active strategy.
Kinked demand curve and Price rigidity
The model of kinked demand curve in the oligopoly market indicates that each firms in
the market faces a demand curve that has a kink at the prevailing market price. When one firm
decides to increase price above the market price, buyers shift their demand to the competitors’
product This implies demand is highly price elastic above the prevailing price. Below this price,
demand curve is inelastic as lowering price by one firm is followed by others. The kink demand
curve makes the marginal revenue curve discontinuous implying price only because of a large
change in marginal cost.
Answer b

14ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT
Cartel is a form of collusive oligopoly where two or more firms collude to take a joint
decision regarding industry outcome. OPEC is a cartel formed with majority of oil exporting
countries and hence has a control over maximum oil reserves in the world. CIPEC is a cartel of
copper and is formed with only 30% copper producing countries. There are three principle
reasons explaining the success of OPEC cartel over the CIPEC copper cartel. First, OPEC is a
big sized cartel consisting majority of countries. CIPEC on the other hand is a small cartel with
minority of copper producing countries (Ashwin, Taylor and Mankiw 2016). Oil having a
relatively inelastic demand and supply provides OPEC considerable monopoly power over
prices. CIPEC on the other hand faces a relatively elastic supply and demand which reduces
monopoly power of the cartel.
Based on the experience of these two cartels, it can be said that successful cartelization
depends on two characteristics. In order to manipulate price through formation of cartel requires
demand and supply to be relatively inelastic. The cartel should have control over most of the
supply. Unless this two conditions hold, any cartel cannot be successfully control the market.
The two organizational problem that a cartel faces include design of price agreement and
responsibility division among the cartel members (Rader 2014). The other problem is related to
monitoring and enforcement of cartel agreement.

15ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT
References list
Ashwin, A., Taylor, M.P. and Mankiw, N.G., 2016. Business economics. Nelson Education.
Baumol, W.J. and Blinder, A.S., 2015. Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage
Learning.
Cowen, T. and Tabarrok, A., 2015. Modern Principles of Microeconomics. Palgrave Macmillan.
Fine, B., 2016. Microeconomics. University of Chicago Press Economics Books.
McKenzie, R.B. and Lee, D.R., 2016. Microeconomics for MBAs. Cambridge University Press.
Mochrie, R., 2015. Intermediate microeconomics. Palgrave Macmillan.
Moulin, H., 2014. Cooperative microeconomics: a game-theoretic introduction. Princeton
University Press.
Nicholson, W. and Snyder, C.M., 2014. Intermediate microeconomics and its application.
Cengage Learning.
Rader, T., 2014. Theory of microeconomics. Academic Press.
Stoneman, P., Bartoloni, E. and Baussola, M., 2018. The Microeconomics of Product Innovation.
Oxford University Press.