Principles of Primary Health Care

This document discusses the principles of primary health care and their significance in promoting better health. It explores the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion and its impact on nurses and health development policy. The document also provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, its types, symptoms, and precautions, along with medication options. The role of nurses in implementing the principles of the Ottawa Charter and promoting health awareness is highlighted.

Running head: PRINCIPLES OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
PRINCIPLES OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
Name of the student
Name of the university
Authors note

2
PRINCIPLES OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
Table of Contents
Discussion..................................................................................................................................3
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................7
References..................................................................................................................................8

3
PRINCIPLES OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
Introduction
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (WHO 1986) is a 30-year-old
document, which marks a regulatory in the development of health promotion across the
globe. It was revalidated at the latest Bangkok, 6th Global Conference on Health Promotion.
This conference mentions clear outcome about nurses' influence around the world along with
health development policy and research(Kobrin&Rendle, 2017). Various factors are
responsible for marketing the health and illness in society; however, some remain unnoticed.
Income, employment, education, poverty and access to community resources are some factors
that affect the physical health and mental health. Such aspects let people make decisions
about the situation and eventually results in influence over health (Wallace et al., 2015). The
Charter highlights the below action areas to curb the source are building a healthy public
policy for everyone, Crafting supportive environments for the patients, Solidifying
community action by bringing all together, Developing or enhancing personal skills to show
efforts to get better and Re-orienting or re-designing healthcare services to prevent illness and
promote better health
Summarizing all into three factors of Advocacy, Enablement, and Meditation.
Advocacy means encouraging the person with social and developmental changes. Making
aware and showing related cases can assist people. Enablement here implies that the
knowledge and information should be passed to all so that they can decide for themselves on
what can and what can't affect their health. Doing so they would take the necessary measure
to lead a quality of life. Mediation thus means that it is not just the responsibility of various
sectors of government (social, economic, financial, and educational, etc.) but also of
independent organizations (media, industries, each national, etc.) to make everyone aware.
Global level reach should be attained.

4
PRINCIPLES OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
Discussion
about diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder disease mainly bracketed by high blood
sugar levels for a longer period. It is either due to the improper production by the pancreas of
insulin or because of the cells of the body who do not function well in synchronization with
the insulin produced. It has 3 types listed below:
Type 1: Also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or juvenile diabetes. A
failure to produce enough insulin causes it because of the loss of beta cells. The root cause is
still unknown.
Type 2: Also known as Non-insulin dependent Diabetes mellitus or adult-onset
diabetes. Starts with insulin resistance and progresses to lack of insulin if no precautions are
taken. The main cause is overweight and insufficient exercise(Baldwin et al., 2015).
Gestational diabetes: It happens in pregnant women who have diabetes history
resulting in developing high blood sugar levels.
What are the symptoms?
Weight loss, recurrent urination (polyuria), enlarged hunger (polyphagia) and
increased thirst (polydipsia). Symptoms develop very fast in type 1 DM; however, it is much
or subtle in type 2 diabetes mellitus (Wakerman et al., 2017). Other symptoms may be not
during the onset are like blurred vision, headache, fatigue, sluggish healing of cuts, irritated
skin. High glucose levels for real long time may lead to changes in vision. If not taken care of
Diabetes Mellitus may result in many long terms or severe complications like neuropathy,
foot ulcers, chronic kidney disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, and damage to eyes.
PrecautionsOne Should Take

5
PRINCIPLES OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
Precautions to be taken here would be to make the entire population aware of
preventing this disease or by delaying the onset by controlling weight(Kobrin&Rendle,
2017). Even slight weight reduction would by basic of half an hour walk every day would
help in reducing the occurrence of diabetes. A good lifestyle of education and training,
proper nutrition and keeping weight in check is a precautionary measure.
Medications for Diabetes Mellitus are as follows:
Glucose control: One method of medication over Diabetes mellitus is by controlling
the blood sugar levels. The blood sugar levels should be kept low and on check in case of
increase. Keeping glucose in control helps in reducing the risk of kidney and eye problems.
Blood pressure: Blood pressure in diabetic patient increases the risk of
cardiovascular diseases. Hence, to keep them in check the ideal blood pressure should be
below 130/80 mm Hg(Wallace et al., 2015). The only benefit noted by maintaining this range
is to avoid strokes in a diabetic patient.
Weight loss Surgery: The weight loss surgery in obese people with type two diabetes
has shown impressive results. It has maximum chances of keeping the patient with less or
almost no medication. Also, the blood sugar levels stay intact(Baldwin et al., 2015). Barely
1% chances result in mortality due to surgery. A pancreatic transplant is done in case of type
1 diabetic patients who have severe complications of their diseases.
Thus, each entity including government, social and public should assist in creating
awareness of such diseases, which can thus help in controlling extreme situations.
Using the framework of five basic action areas, nurses can play a vital role. Let us
discuss those:

6
PRINCIPLES OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
Build healthy public policy: Appropriate solution would be building the public
policy to improve health. The policy should list all critical aspects of this disease and measure
even to prevent it. Health policy should make sure that points related to the public’s safety
are listed. It will affect the entire population directly or indirectly. To inform the public/
patient and various communities nurses come across, should be their prior responsibility.
Informing the patients of weight gain side effects, giving tips and making them join various
health programs can assist.
Create supportive environments: Health policies makes sure that human stays in a
safe environment. Making public aware of the diseases will thus result in encouraging each
other to support. Ensuring the knowledge is spread vastly amongst the pregnant ladies the
nurses can make them well aware of such precautions needed to be taken. Group initiatives
for people above 30 will help them to prevent diabetes. Also creating a support group for a
free test can assist the public with lower incomes (Pourat et al., 2016). Midwives can create
action plans for various age groups to give necessary help for each of them to either reduce it
or prevent it.
Strengthen community action: The strongest call to action is if the community is
together. If the community decides on what would be better for them, it would be in turn the
most effective and useful measure. The community awareness programmes not just in the
locality but across can lead to perfect solutions (Melby et al., 2016). The mechanisms of
getting experts on board for various communities will thus enhance the growth and control of
the disease. Community group likes, pregnant women groups, addiction groups, various age
groups, older people who are above 65 can effectively give specific purpose to each of them
(Leahy et al., 2017). Here the role of nurses would be to spread information of such groups
that exist and encourage people to join the communities. Help people display various experts,

7
PRINCIPLES OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
consultants, and case studies related to successful aim, which doubles the rate of trust and
involvement in reducing the disease.
Develop personal skills: Personal habits and skills are very important in leading a
healthy and happy life. Free of disease both mentally and physically is of utmost importance
to keep the disease in control (Kobrin&Rendle, 2017). To get control of life in our hands,
skills of personal care is essential. Knowledge and choices also make a vast difference in
choosing right over the unhealthy way. Social skills and resistance should be developed along
with good eating habits to start with the basics of anything. Proposer exercises and following
good sleeping pattern is also a ritual that would assist in keep health at the perfect state.
Nurses can help all age group to make them aware of self-help groups, community health
groups, mind sharing, and knowledge sharing sessions (Ettner, Monstrey& Coleman, 2016).
Nurses can tag along schools and colleges to inform the students about such awareness and
talk to parents to make this more valuable. They can connect with anti-smoking groups to
help people get out such habits.
Reorient health services: Reorienting is a major concern of nurses as they would be
primary sources of such information. Promoting this, to each one, to reorient in their
neighborhood will result. Collaborating the health industry, educational industry, Police,
Children, and parents should be the key roles of nurses in promoting health. Partnerships are
a great way to promote and assist each one having diabetes mellitus (Baldwin et al., 2015).
Conclusion
The nurses play a key role in the development of public and personal growth along
with awareness of the diabetes mellitus. Their strong methodologies and partnership
programmes will encourage people to benefit. The development of evidence-informed
practice. The action areas of the Ottawa Charter programme of Health promotion collectively

8
PRINCIPLES OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
assist as a guideline to nurses to lead a major job. If used collectively, it would result in social
awareness by reducing the number of unhealthy people.

9
PRINCIPLES OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
References
Baldwin, L. M., Fischer, M. A., Powell, J., Holden, E., Tuzzio, L., Fagnan, L.
J., ...&Parchman, M. L. (2018). Virtual Educational Outreach Intervention in Primary
Care Based on the Principles of Academic Detailing. Journal of Continuing
Education in the Health Professions, 38(4), 269-275.
Ettner, R., Monstrey, S., & Coleman, E. (Eds.). (2016). Principles of transgender medicine
and surgery. Routledge.
Kobrin, S., & Rendle, K. A. (2017). Principles for being theoretical—Increasing the impact
of research conducted in primary care. European journal of cancer care, 26(3),
e12702.
Leahy, M., Hofmann, A., Towler, S., Trentino, K., Burrows, S., & Swain, S. et al. (2017).
Improved outcomes and reduced costs associated with a health-system-wide patient
blood management program: a retrospective observational study in four major adult
tertiary-care hospitals. Transfusion, 57(6), 1347-1358.
Melby, M. K., Loh, L. C., Evert, J., Prater, C., Lin, H., & Khan, O. A. (2016). Beyond
medical “missions” to impact-driven short-term experiences in global health
(STEGHs): ethical principles to optimize community benefit and learner
experience. Academic Medicine, 91(5), 633-638.
Pourat, N., Charles, S. A., & Snyder, S. (2016). Availability of care concordant with patient-
centered medical home principles among those with chronic conditions. Medical
care, 54(3), 262-268.

10
PRINCIPLES OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
Wakerman, J., Humphreys, J., Wells, R., Kuipers, P., Entwistle, P., & Jones, J. (2017). A
systematic review of primary health care delivery models in rural and remote
Australia 1993-2006.
Wallace, E., Salisbury, C., Guthrie, B., Lewis, C., Fahey, T., & Smith, S. M. (2015).
Managing patients with multimorbidity in primary care. Bmj, 350, h176.