Principles of Structural Design Assignment 2022

PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN
[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]
[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Introduction
Effective hazard elimination at the point of design or decision making is considered to be cheap
and easy rather than waiting till the hazards merge into actual risks in the work place is when
alterations are made. One of the binding materials (mixing cement with fly ash) for fine
aggregate, coarse aggregate and water that is used in construction is concrete. Costs spent in
construction are currently too high regarding the use of conventional materials due to lack of
natural materials (Kopas et al 2016).
The problem of high incurred costs in construction can be solved by use of other construction
materials with sufficient supply and of required features in place of concrete. However, since the
alternative construction materials are insufficient as well, concrete components can therefore be
partially replaced by waste materials for construction purposes. World Coal Association
conducted a survey in 2010 which showed consumption of billion tons of cement in construction
across the world and this resulted into emissions of carbon in large amounts to the atmosphere
posing danger to lives of organisms (Liberati et al 2014).
Use of other materials with desired properties to partially replace cement will help reduce the
level of carbon emissions to the environment and at the same time save on natural materials.
Waste materials from the industries disposed to the environment also causes land pollution as
well as pollution to the environment greatly affecting the aesthetics of town locations. A proper
disposal means for the waste materials which is cost effective and friendly to the environment is
suggested to be the use of such materials in manufacture of cement. The study focuses on a
selection provision of waste substances that bare the required features to act as concrete. This
proposed study involves the ancient analysis which were conducted to determine the mechanical

and chemical properties of concrete substance produced by waste materials for partial
replacement of cement.
Task One
Beam arrangement
150 KN
A C
14m
R1 R2
Solution
Averagely, 10 newton is equivalent to 1 kilogram
150 000 N →?
= 1/10 (150 000)
= 15 000 Kg
To determine reaction, R1, the moments at point C is referred to.
15, 000 Kg
R1 7m 3.5m 3.5m R2
Anticlockwise moments = Clockwise moments, that is ΣMC = 0
(15 000 × 7) = R1 × 14
14 R1 = 105 000
R1 = 105 000/14
R1 = 7 500 Kg
To determine the reaction, R2, at point C,
ΣFV →0
R2 + R1 = 0

R2 + 7 500 Kg = 15 000 Kg
R2 = 15 000 Kg -7 500 Kg
R2 = 7 500 KgCalculation and a diagram of shear force and bending moments on the beam
A C
7m B 7m
14m
This implies that R2 = R1 = W/2 = 7 500 Kg
The shear force value at the different points A, B and C when carrying point load by
the supported beam, value of the shear force, F is in sections and the value tends to
remain constant until the point of the load.
The value of shear force between arm AB is, S.F (A-B)
= 7 500 Kg
The value of shear force between arm BC is, S.F (B-C)
= (7 500 – 15 000) Kg
Therefore, S.F (B-C) = - 7 500 Kg
A Diagram of Shear Force
7 500 Kg
C
7 500 Kg
Moment at the Bend
The bending moment is zero for a simply supported beam. The moment become
maximum when the shear force become zero.
Therefore the moments at the points A and C are equivalent to zero
0 = M (A) = M (C)
At point B, the bending moment is,
+
A
B
-

M (B) = distance between B and R1 x F
= 2 x 7 500 Kg
= 15 000 Kg -m
15 000 Kg - m
A B C
B.M.D
Part b
Task one (a)
(b) 65 KN
A B
2m 6m
8m
65 KN
RA RB
The accumulative ratio is 8
RA = 6/8 x 65 RB = 2/8 × 65
= 48.75 KN = 16.25 KN
+ 48.75 KN

-16.25 KN
S.F.D
1 2
X1 X2
B.M.D