Professional Practice - Doc
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Added on 2020-05-16
Professional Practice - Doc
Added on 2020-05-16
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Running Head: PROFESSIONAL PRACTICEProfessional PracticeThe Impact on Population Growth on Trasporation System of New South Wales Name of the StudentName of the UniversityAuthor note
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE1Executive Summary The report intends to evaluate the imapct of population density on the trasportation system ofNew South Wales. There are three specific research questions that the paper focuses on. Themain question is how traport system of New South Wales are affected from high populationdensity. Additioanly, the paper tries to find how different mode of trasporation and constructionof new roads are influenced from growing population. Four mode of transportation are usednamely, rail, bus, cars and aircraft. There are several reserches that have already undertaken in this field. Some of these paper arebased on quantitative analysis while other are based on quantitative analysis. The previouspapers conduct research on how people are affected from crowding in the trasportation. Withcrowing in vehicles, people suffer from several discomfort. With increasing population roadcongestion in likely to increase. People have to wait long for vehicles. Keeping in mind thisbackground, the paper conducts research on NSW trasportation.Relavent data on population and transporation is collected from official websites. The data isanalyzed to find answer to the specific reserch question. It is found that with increasingpopualtion in NSW, use of all the four modes of trasportation increases. More roads areconstructed to avoid congestion. Table of Contents1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................31.1 Research Statement................................................................................................................31.2 Research aim and Research Question....................................................................................42. Literature Review........................................................................................................................43. Methodology................................................................................................................................9
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE23.1 Data Collection......................................................................................................................93.2 Data Analysis.......................................................................................................................104. Findings and Analysis................................................................................................................114.1. Findings on congestion level and peak hours in NSW.......................................................114.2 Descriptive Statistics...........................................................................................................134.3 Relation between population and transportation.................................................................154.4 Population and different mode of transportation.................................................................154.5 Regression Analysis.............................................................................................................164.6 Population and Length of road............................................................................................195. Discussion..................................................................................................................................205.1 Population growth is related with transportation.................................................................205.2 Relation between different mode of transportation and population growth........................205.3 Road lengths are related with population............................................................................216. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................216.1 Addressing aim and objective of the research.....................................................................216.2. Limitation...........................................................................................................................226.3. Recommendation................................................................................................................227. Reference list.............................................................................................................................238. Appendix....................................................................................................................................301. IntroductionIn the world of globalization, countries have become increasingly interconnected. Inbuilding a strong inter-country relationship transport and communication system play animportant role. Now a day, different modes of transportation is being used. People travel to theirdesired destination by road, water or air (Neirotti et al., 2014). Both private and public sectorhave now come forward to invest in transportation. Means of transportation being a part ofinfrastructural development has a vital role in economic growth of a nation (Meyer & Shaheen,2017). With growing population, traffic congestion has become a major problem worldwide(Mayer & Trevien, 2017).
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE31.1 Research Statement The problem of traffic congestion in Australia is going worst day by day. People inpopular capital cities in Australia especially Sydney and Melbourne face trouble of congestion inrush hours (Boyacı, Zografos, & Geroliminis, 2015). During peak hours, it takes more thandouble time for commuters to reach office, schools and to other important places. New SouthWales is one of the most populated State of Australia. Around one third of Australia’s totalpopulation live in New South Wales (Chaturvedi & Kim, 2015).The estimated population ofNew South Wales during 2015-2016 is 7.7 million (Bugheanu, A. M., & Colesca, S. E. (2016).With growing population, the state is likely to face severe traffic congestion. The research paperaims at finding the impact of population growth on transportation system of New South Wales. 1.2 Research aim and Research Question The aim of the research paper is to evaluate the relationship between transport system andpopulation growth overtime. The specific research questions are as follows How the transport system of NSW is crowded due to high density of population?How the mode of transportation varies with population growth?How construction of new road is related with growth of population?2. Literature Review In connection to growing concern for impact of population on transportation systemseveral scholarly research have already been undertaken in this field. In a paper formulated byKroes et al., 2013 focus is given on finding the perceived value of overcrowding in publictransport vehicles in France. The paper has made a qualitative research analysis to deriveperceived value in terms of their physical comfort (Kroes et al., 2013). Passengers are classified
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE4into 4 groups- Type 1 contains passengers who fear closeness to other passengers, Type 2; thisgroup contains people who enjoy traveling a time of their own, Type 3; those who wait forsaving time and finally Type 4; those acting as individualist. The result of the paper reveals aclear distinction of preferences to avoid crowding out among the four groups. Other papers aswell (Lam, Leung & Chu, 2016) support the results.Another study developed by Haywood et al., 2017 concentrates on crowding out ofpublic transport vehicles. The paper has twin objectives. First is to analyze the discomfort inpublic transport with varying density level and across heterogeneous groups. Second is to findthe reason for this effect of discomfort. The level of discomfort is analyzed using three differentperspectives- dissatisfaction arising from not getting seat and for long standing hours, discomfortdue to having less opportunity to utilize time at times of journey and finally uneasiness frombeing physically close in the crowded vehicles (Haywood, Koning & Monchambert, 2017). Thepaper concerns with interaction between in vehicle density (IVD) and crowding discomfort(CDD). These seem to be significant and negative for discomfort measured from standing,Wasted time and over closeness (Clifton & Mulley, 2016). Passengers having high level ofdissatisfaction in any of these three discomfort have greater disutility from crowing effect (Lam,Taghia & Katupitiya, 2016).The results show Standing and Time Wasted from it are the mostimportant aspect affecting satisfaction (Geertman et al., 2017). This is followed by the problemof over closeness. It is found that people have high disutility in times of high density followedfrom long standing during their journey (Pearce, 2017).). The disutility arises from the notgetting scope for utilizing time while traveling and physical closeness to other passengers. A similar research is conducted by Tiranchi, Hensher and Rose in their paper in 2016.The effect of passengers’ density is different at bus stops, rail stations and inside trains and
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE5buses. The single paper researches on multiple dimension relating to long waiting time,reliability of travel time, well-being of passengers, importance of time saving in vehicles, choiceof travelling route, size of vehicles and its fare (Tirachini, Hensher & Rose, 2013). Theexternalities from crowding in vehicles are for bus and rai service in Sydney are estimated tocapture the impact of crowding on prediction of demand and in-vehicle time saving. A regressionestimation is made to find out how crowding impacted passengers in times of alighting andboarding. The high level of occupancy raises the probability of vehicle circulation (Philip et al.,2014). This causes people to wait for a long time in stations and bus stops increasing the waitingtime and variability of travel time (Hendrigan & Newman, 2017).While coming to impacts ofhealth and well-being the paper documented an increase in anxiety, exhaustion, stress level withperceived risk for personal safety and interruption of privacy. These factors contribute to anegative valuation for the resulting from high occupancy of passengers at stations and stops(Chen, Gong & Paaswell, 2012). The passengers’ choice is likely to be affected from competingroutes and unbalanced loads of vehicles (Gharehbaghi & Georgy, 2015).The externality arisesfrom crowding increases marginal cost for travelling. This external effect should be taken intoconsideration for designing the system of public transport. The frequency for vehiclesavailability, its size and fare are subjected to the impact of population growth on vehicles(Glazier et al., 2014). The research paper developed by Li et al. in 2016, studies traveler’s mode of choice inthe presence of a multimodal network. The paper conducts a comprehensive study on perceivedbehavioral differences based on a travel time reliability (TTR) model with considering crowdingout for different transport modes with a multimodal network. A survey of passengers’ isconducted at two stage including a combined mode of travel with park and ride in reference to
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE6four major factors ( Li, Gao & Tu, 2016). In the first stage, the perceived travel time reliability inobtained with respect to delays at different transportation mode (Li, Burke & Dodson, 2017).After obtaining perceived TTR, in the next stage the paper designs an experimental analysisusing balance theory of utility for the stated preference survey to examine mode of choicebehavior and the difference in passengers’ perception in TTR and crowding (Chen, Gong &Paaswell, 2012). The results obtained from the first stage survey revealed that the travelers havedifferential tolerance level regarding the span of accepted delays for different modes (Saberi etal., 2017). The perceived TTR of travelers measured in relation to a certain delay differs bytransportation mode (Ricciardi, Xia & Currie, 2015). The survey results from the second stagefurther confirms the result of perceived differenceobtained from the first stage survey (Grinin &Korotayev, 2018). TTR based on different modes greatly influences choice behavior and henceshould be taken for consideration in times of forecasting models used for analyzing mode in amultimodal network (Blanco Ramírez, 2016).There are studies that found some contrasting results on effect of population growth onmode of transportation and satisfaction. According to Olsen, Macdonald and Ellaway, 2017 theeffect of population growth on trasportation is not uniform. That is it is not true that populationgrowth always have detremental effect onsatisfaction and transportation (Olsen, Macdonald &Ellaway, 2017). Studies aim at finding how overtime satisfaction changes with mode oftrasportation. It is found that satisfaction level of two third of the population increases with theirmode of transporatation (Boyacı, Zografos & Geroliminis, 2015). The unsatisfied people arethose who has poor health condition. Access to car was related with satisfaction level oftransportation (Yao & Yang, 2012). The deprivation or dissatisfaction offsets when adjusted forcar access to household. When population from 1997 to 2010 are considered, the results shows
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE7most of the retired individuals travelled by public transport with satisfaction (Bugheanu &Colesca, 2016). However, those using private car are relatively less satisfied following increasedconsumption level. Based on the theoretical backgroud and research objectives following hypotheses are framed Hypothesis 1H01: There is no significant relationbetween railway trasporation and population growth HA1: Significant relation exist between railway transpportation and population growth. Hypothesis 2H02: There is no significant relation between bus transportation and growth of population.HA2: Population growth significantly influences bus transportation Hypothesis 3H03: There is no significant relation between aircraft travel and growth of population.HA3: Population growth significantly influences aircraft travel and population growth Hypothesis 4H04: There is no significant relation between private car transportation and growth ofpopulation.HA4: A significant relation exists car transportation and population growth
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