Professional Skills in Engineering: Assessment 2

This report proposes a project that will provide a solution to the existing water supply problems of Africa. The water supply problems persisting in Africa is taken into consideration as an engineering discipline since it deals with the real life problems that the 1 billion African people are facing.

Running head: PROFESSIONAL SKILLS IN ENGINEERING
Professional Skills in Engineering: Assessment 2
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Table of Contents
Week 5.................................................................................................................................2
The Problem Statement/ Client Brief..............................................................................2
Research on the Problem Identified.................................................................................6
Week 6.................................................................................................................................9
Research into client brief.................................................................................................9
Week 7...............................................................................................................................13
Week 8...............................................................................................................................17
References..........................................................................................................................24

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Assessment 2: portfolio 2: Project Plan
Week 5
The Problem Statement/ Client Brief
Africa faces huge challenges and multiple issues which in turn affects the public health
adversely. Among the different issues, one of the major issues that Africans face is the huge
crisis of water. Both rural and urban areas in Africa face this issue. Crisis of water is an issue that
impacts the global population and the population growth of Africa. In this report, the water
supply problem of Africa is considered as the engineering discipline in which the project will be
based. The main aim of this report is to propose a project that will provide a solution to the
existing water supply problems of Africa.
Africa is located in the south of Sahara, where the agriculture is predominantly rain fed
and therefore, it is a huge problem for the population of Africa. Africa has only 9% of the fresh
water resources while the total population of Africa constitutes about 11% of the world’s
population (Linard et al., 2012). Therefore, there is definitely a crisis of water which affects a
large number of areas in Africa. However, the main problem is that the solutions to the identified
challenges are mainly hindered by the shortcomings of the water infrastructure. For 1 billion
people in Africa, having safe and fresh water is a scare (Buhaug & Urdal, 2013). People in rural
area face a lot of challenges in collection of fresh water for drinking and other essential
activities.
According to the project management process, it is essential to identify the main reason
of the problem. After proper identification of the cause of the problem the approach of project
management that will be undertaken for providing a solution to the water supply problems

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persisting in Africa will be identified. The project management process or project management
can be defined as an endeavour that can be undertaken to create a unique solution to an identified
problem. The water supply problems persisting in Africa is taken into consideration as an
engineering discipline since it deals with the real life problems that the 1 billion African people
are facing. It is therefore essential to evaluate how science can help or come to the rescue to this
huge problem persisting in Africa (Islam & Susskind, 2015). The water problems in Africa are
many and varied in nature coupled with some social economic factors such as population
explosion and poverty. The huge population of Africa adds to the already persisting water
scarcity.
The socio economic and the different environmental factors add to the vulnerability of
Africa. The climate and the hydrology problem exist in the majority of the areas of Africa. This
is because 45% of the Africa is extremely arid while 225 is semi arid that leaves only 33% of the
total area of the Africa as sub humid or humid (Timberlake, 2013).
The current population of Africa is 1,281,277,129 as on Thursday, April 19, 2018. The
population of Africa is almost equivalent to 16.64% of the total population of the world. Africa
has the second highest population in the world. The table below represents the current and the
historical population of Africa.

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Figure 1: Representing the current and historical population of Africa
(Source: Worldometers, 2018)
The above table represents that there have been a constant and a huge growth of population in
Africa over the years. Analysing the current rate of population growth in Africa, it is expected
that there will be a considerable growth in population future as well. The picture below
represents the forecast in the population growth in coming years.

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Figure 2: Representing the Population Forecast of Africa in future years
(Source: Worldometers, 2018)
The data from the above picture suggest that there will be considerable growth in
population in the upcoming years as well. On an average, the population density of Africa is
about 43 per km2. The population forecast is however expected to change based on the
population growth rate. The population in the year 2100 is expected to increase by 2.6 billion
(Worldometers, 2018).
With this rate of population explosion and lack of fresh water resources, the persisting
water problem in Africa is expected. This project is undertaken in order to provide a solution to
this identified problem. The population explosion cannot to addressed, however, by applying
proper engineering knowledge and with the help of scientific methods, it is expected that a
solution to the water problems in Africa can be proposed (Gerland et al., 2014).
A proper project management methodology will be chosen in order to implement the
project that is based on proposing certain alternative solutions to water scarcity problems
persisting in Africa (Clarke, 2013). The solutions that will be proposed will be mainly based on

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the problems identified by performing extensive research. Appropriate research and data
collection will create the basis platform of the problem definition, based on which the solution to
the problem will be proposed. Mainly secondary research has been performed in order to
investigate the current condition of Africa, which is population explosion and increasing scarcity
of water.
Research on the Problem Identified
Africa is located South of Sahara and as a limited resource, the fresh water in Africa
make up only about 4% of the total water resources in the Earth. The sub-Saharan Africa is a
home to the hundreds of millions of people who suffer the water scarcity issues. According to the
reports of the World Health Organization, more than 40% of the water stressed problems
population mainly lives in the sub-Saharan Africa (Srinivasan et al., 2012). It is however,
important to analyse the main causes of the water scarcity problems persisting in Africa.
Causes of Water problems in Africa
The major causes of the water problems in Africa are as follows –
1. About 75% of the water resources of Africa come from primarily eight major river
basins. In addition to that extreme climatic and environmental changes have considerably
decreased the amount of these water resources. Increasing water pollution adds to the already
existing water problems in Africa.
2. Africa is almost same as a size of a continent and is located at the south of Sahara.
Climatic changes and increasing deforestation in the sub Saharan Africa is another major cause
of the water problems persisting in Africa. Furthermore, Africa receives very less rainfall, which

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makes it difficult for the local population of certain areas in Africa to continue with their daily
activities. These people face a lot of problems in collecting fresh water for drinking purpose. The
climatic and the environmental changes in Africa have decreases the present water resources to a
great extent.
3. Africa is developing, and the economic growth in Africa is mainly fueled by the
exploitation of the natural resources that is present. This is another major cause of water
pollution, which in turn increases the demand of water even more.
4. Africa is engaged in the current trend of land sales as a part of their business where the
foreign countries purchase rights to the present inland water resources of the continent. These
purchased lands are generally used for water heavy agriculture along with deforestation, leading
to the disruption of the local water cycles. This decreases the supply of water even more.
5. The water problems are particularly major in the higher population areas and the areas
that undergo rapid urbanization. The population growth in the urban areas increases the demand
of water as well which is difficult to meet due to the scarcity of water (Besada & Werner, 2015).
Although sub Saharan Africa is a home to 17 major river basins in the world, it is shared by 35
countries.
6. Apart from this, the increasing water pollution due to industrial and household wastes
is another major reason for the lack of the fresh water in Africa.
The water problem in the West/ central Africa is mainly huge and therefore, suitable
engineering methods can be applied in this area for addressing the water scarcity problems of the
continent. The major regions in Africa that suffers severe water problems include Cape Town as
well, which is the capital of South Africa (Hedden & Cilliers, 2014).

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Therefore, this geographic location has been chosen for this project where the
engineering knowledge will be applied for proposing a particular solution for the existing water
supply problems in Africa. The solution will be proposed for Kenya particularly its city Nairobi
that faces water supply problems in Africa; however the majority of the water problems in Africa
are faced by Cape Town. A drought that occurred in Cape Town in the year 2015 is the major
reason to the water problems in Africa. It is a water scarce region as the majority of the supply of
the water comes from the six dams that are located around the city in the Western Cape Town.
After investigating the different causes of water problems in Africa, it is analysed that the
problem of water scarcity is mainly complex because of the huge climate and runoff variability.
For example in Nairobi, Kenya, this is our focus for the project, lack of rainfall results in drought
that in turn increases the already existing water problems (Bigas, 2012). The solution to be
proposed can be applied to this region of Africa as well.
Therefore, it can be concluded that in week 5, the basic of the project plan has been gone
through and the project is currently in its initiation stage. Extensive secondary research has been
performed for collecting the data related to the main causes of water supply problems in Africa
that will further help in choosing a viable alternative solution to the problem. Further research
will be needed for choosing a viable option for addressing the main water supply problems in
Africa (Chellaney, 2013). The next week’s learning is mainly focused on a further research of
the client brief that will help in selecting an appropriate solution to the identified problems.

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Week 6
Research into client brief
Water crisis in Kenya, Africa is mainly for the availability of fresh water. Explosion of
the population is one major cause of the water supply problems as the human population of the
country is largely dependent on its water resources not only for drinking purpose but also for
farming crops, agriculture, livestock and fishing. This project will particularly focus on the
providing a solution for reducing the water wastages in order to increase the water reserve of the
country. Nairobi city is chosen as a focus area as there have been records of continuous shortage
of fresh water supply in Nairobi city.
The population of Kenya is nearly 46 million, out of which, 41 percent of the Kenyans
has to rely on different unimproved water resources such as ponds, shallow wells and rivers. The
current condition is that the Nairobi residents have to queue for water in order to collect fresh
water for drinking purpose.
Majority of the water supply for Africa comes from rain water. Therefore, the solution to
the persisting water problems in Africa should be based on development something useful that
will help in preserving the natural water resource and will be able to preserve the rain waters as
well (Hanson, Kararach & Shaw, 2012). Therefore, the rain catchment system can be proposed
for Nairobi for collecting and storing the rain water.
The different alternative solutions to the water supply problem persisting in Nairobi that
can be implemented are as follows-

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1. An economical alternative of the problem is the rain catchment system. This system
will be similar to the general rain harvesting system that can be installed in the roof top of the
houses in Kenya, Nairobi for harvesting the rain water. However, instead of rooftop catchment
system, surface catchment and the runoff farming system can also be used for the rain catchment
system.
2. Water Seer is another engineering alternative that can be used for addressing the water
supply problems in Africa. The structure will be similar to a well but will not be used in
extracting the ground water. Water Seer further makes use of the surrounding environment in
extracting the water from the atmosphere (Spinks, 2018). This structure will be planted six feet
below the surface whether the chamber will be surrounded by cool earth.
3. Installing fog catchers is another proposed alternative to the persisting water supply
problems in Africa.
4. Sewage treatment is another viable option for addressing the water supply problems in
Africa. Similar projects have been undertaken in Nairobi as well. In order to cater the increasing
demand for water and to improve the basic needs of the people, this viable option can be
considered as well.
The above four alternatives are proposed in order to address the existing water supply
problems of Africa. Out of these viable alternatives, it is necessary to evaluate which option can
be chosen for addressing the water supply problems in Kenya, Africa. However, for doing so, it
is needed to analyse the basic requirements, advantages and disadvantages of the identified
alternatives.
Rain Catchment System

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The primary concept of rain catchment system is to catch the rain water that can be put to
use for the different purposes. Since this solution is proposed for Nairobi area, it is essential to
select catchment areas which are also called watersheds in which the rain water will fall. Mainly
rooftops are chosen for this purpose (Fernandes, Terêncio & Pacheco, 2015). The rain water will
be channelized to the storage area with the help of conveying channels. A storage tank will be
required for storage of the water that can be later used during the times of water shortage.
One of the major benefits of the rain water harvesting systems is that it can be set up very
easily. Nairobi is a developing city and therefore, it is expected that this solution will be adopted
by majority of the people of Nairobi. Rain water harvesting is particularly necessary as it
provides a better quality of water in comparison to other unimproved alternatives. In rooftop
catchment system, iron sheets are spread in the roof of the house, which are connected by the
downpipes to the storage areas.
As an integral stage of this project, the houses of Nairobi should be inspected in order to
identify which houses will be suitable for the installation of rain catchment system. The water
collected from the rains can be treated to be used for drinking purpose or can be used for other
household works as well.
The schematic diagram for the proposed rain water harvesting system is represented
below-

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Figure 3: Representing a rooftop rainwater harvesting system
(Source: Mun & Han, 2012)
This roof catchment is used for the clean and domestic water and if it is possible to
collect a large amount of water, it can be used to store for future use as well.
Water Sheer
Water sheer is another proposed alternative to the existing water problems of the Kenya,
Nairobi. Water sheer looks like a well but does not used to extract ground water. Instead, water
sheers makes use of the surrounding environment in order to extract water to from the customer.
However, it is essential to understand whether this solution will work for the hot and dry climate
of Africa. However, in sub-Saharan Africa, ground water seems to be available in different parts,
and therefore, wells are the major source of groundwater. However, water sheer can be an
alternative for the areas which are hot and humid.
Fog Catchers

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Fog catchers are another alternative to the water problems in Africa. This includes
setting up nets for trapping the moisture from the fog. However, this may not be a viable option
for the problems persisting in the Nairobi where the water supply problem is predominantly
huge. Furthermore, the climatic condition of Africa mainly constitutes the dry weather condition
and therefore, it is a major question whether this proposed project will work in addressing the
major water crisis of the country, particularly in the city of Nairobi.
Sewage Treatment
Setting up sewage treatment plants for re using the waste water is another proposed
alternative for the existing water supply problems. This is a valid solution to the identified
problems of Nairobi as it will help in re using the wastes and thereby reducing the water wastage.
However, this project is very complex and will involve a lot of investment. Further research will
be necessary in order to evaluate that viability of this alternative.
There is a huge water supply problem in Africa especially with the collection of fresh
water. The first three solutions that are proposed can be easily implemented with a planned
approach (Biazin et al. 2012). However, it is difficult to work on the fourth alternative.
Furthermore, the government of Kenya has undertaken similar projects on the country in order to
reduce the water wastage. Therefore, it is recommended that an appropriate solution for the
problem is to be chosen from the first three alternatives.
After analysing the current situation of Nairobi, it is recommended that development and
installation of the rain water harvesting systems will be a good solution for addressing the water
supply problems in Africa particularly in Nairobi Kenya.
Week 7

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The assessment methodology that is used to select an optimum solution to the problems
consists of four major stages. The first one is development of the guidelines for accessing the
performance of the proposed solution, second one is designing the approach that will be used in
the assessment, the third one being collection and analysing the evidences while fourth one being
reporting the findings for choosing the best alternative.
Figure 4: Representing the assessment methodology
(Source: created by Author)
All these steps are performed in order to choose the best alternative. It is evaluated that
the rain water harvesting system will be appropriate for collection and storage of fresh water that
can be used for drinking as well as other essential purpose.
The guidelines that have been developed in order to access the best viable option is based
on its ease of development, availability of the resources, time required to set up and the extent to
AssessmetMethodologyDevelopmentofGuidelinesDesigningtheApproachReportingtheFindings

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which it is capable of addressing the identified problem. One of the main reasons of choosing
this alternative is that it provides a very cost effective solution which is essential for developing
countries like Kenya. Similar or even major water supply problem is faced in Cape Town South
Africa (Hove, M., Ngwerume & Muchemwa, 2013). However, this solution cannot be applied in
Cape Town because this region of Africa receives negligible rainfall and is facing severe
situation of drought over the years. In such climatic condition, it is baseless to develop and install
water harvesting system and it cannot be put to use in such extreme weather (Sender & Smith,
2012). However, this system can be used in Nairobi and it is expected to provide a good
alternative solution to the existing water problems in Africa.
As a second approach to the research methodology, a basic design of the water harvesting
system is made in order to assess the viability of the option. The main component of the water
harvesting system that is proposed mainly consists of steel plates that will be installed at the top
of the roof, along with the connecting pipelines and a storage tank. This therefore is a cost
effective alternative as well.
The third step is the collection and analysing of the evidences. In this step the benefits
and the advantages of the previously developed rain water systems are evaluated in order to
understand whether the proposed solution will actually provide a good solution to the problems
identified. After undergoing extensive research, it has been found out that the rain water
harvesting systems or roof catchment system provides a good solution to the water supply
problems specially scarcity of water.

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In the fourth stage of assessment methodology, the findings are reported. On analyzing
on basis of time cost and advantages, it is found out that it is more beneficial to use a rain water
catchment system instead of a water sheer or fog catcher.
According to the engineering method and project management process, it is essential to
properly research the client brief in order to evaluate the viability of the different proposed
solution. It is essential to understand whether the system proposed will actually help in
mitigating the problems identified. Rain water catchment systems have to be adopted by almost
all household of Nairobi in order to reduce the problems of scarcity of water. However, this
solution will be effective only in due course of time. Furthermore it is necessary to educate the
people of Nairobi about the importance of saving water and reducing the wastage of water.
It is however difficult to access the accuracy of the system without installing or using it.
Furthermore it is necessary to access the risk of implementation of such system (Boelee et al.,
2013). The week seven learning is mainly based on the evaluation of the research methodology
that is put to use in selection of the best alternatives among the proposed solutions to the
identified problems.
While selection of the appropriate assessment methodology, it is kept in mind that the
solution identified addresses all the critical issues associated with the water supply problems in
Kenya, Africa.
Nairobi is mainly fed by the dams that produce near about 430000 cubic meters of water
a day. This makes up only 84 percent of the water supply in the Nairobi residents. This is one of
the main reasons of the water scarcity in Nairobi. Therefore, the proposed rain water harvesting
system is expected to improve this condition.

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Week 8
Appropriateness and Completeness of the Researched Data
After selection of appropriate engineering discipline that is water supply, it was essential
to choose a region that faces majority of the water crisis in the world. Although Cape Town is
the city of South Africa that is mostly affected by the water crisis, a developing city such as
Nairobi is chosen for this project as this is the largest city of Kenya. The demographic data that
is used as a reference for this project is chosen from valid sources that has been correctly
documented and referenced as well. In order to understand and collect data about the water crisis
in Africa, an extensive secondary research has been performed by evaluating previously
published journals and websites.
Collection of appropriate data was necessary in order to propose a viable solution to the
identified problems. The assessment of the viable option is based on an assessment methodology
that helped my team members in correctly evaluating the viable options for all the proposed
solutions. The use of an appropriate project management approach is however necessary for
proper implementation of the project. This course work has considerably helped me in gaining an
adequate knowledge about best engineering practices.
In order to ensure that my team members collect accurate data, the research was
undertaken in a team environment with active interaction among the team members. Having a
proper communication is essential in finding solution to the identified problems. While
proposing the best solutions that can address water scarcity problem in Nairobi.
No primary data could have been collected for this project due to the time constraint and
geographical location. However, the secondary data that are being collected are collected from

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valid and legitimate sources. The forecast of the population growth in Africa is made on basis of
growth rate of African population each year.
The research that is performed contains both qualitative and the quantitative data. Not
only quantitative data, evaluation of the qualitative data was important as well in order to
understand the problems persisting in Kenya due to the shortage of water. The population
explosion in Nairobi is a major cause of the water problem since the water supplied through the
dams can only make up to 84% of the water demand of the city. These data although provides
very minute details, it were necessary to evaluate for choosing the best viable alternative since it
helps in understanding the major water supply requirements of the city or the country as a whole.
The viable option that is chosen for the project is the development of rain water
catchment system for collecting the rain water and storing it for future use. The process of
setting up of a rain catchment system is researched as well in order to evaluate whether it will be
appropriate to develop rain catchment system for mitigating the water problems persisting in
Africa.
I think the information that is collected for this project is appropriate as it is based on
quantitative data. The sources of data collection are valid and therefore collected data is justified.
The data that is collected about the water supply problem persisting is Kenya is complete since a
thorough research about the same has been done. One of the major causes of water crisis that has
been discussed in the report is mainly due to population explosion. Since the area is particularly
rain fed, it becomes very difficult to meet the huge water demand of the entire population of
Africa and hence the crisis. While undergoing research about the areas in Africa that face the
major water crisis, it was found out that the use of Cape Town in South Africa is mostly affected

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by the water crisis, the second one being Nairobi, which is our focus for the project. Nairobi is
chosen instead of Cape Town because it is a developing city with some major problems
including inadequate social services such as schools and hospitals, poor drainage system,
extreme environmental pollution, poor health condition along with shortage of clean water. This
city in Kenya therefore requires extreme attention for improvement of certain condition. This
city is therefore chosen with an aim of providing a solution to the existing water problems.
The choice of rain catchment system as a viable option for providing a solution for
collection of fresh water is justified as this area in Africa receives a considerably good amount of
rainfall (Welderufael, Woyessa & Edossa, 2013). Since it is situated near to the equator it does
not face any major changes in the climatic condition. Therefore, the choice of using a rain
catchment system is justified. The rain catchment systems will be installed on the rooftop of the
houses and the collected water will be stored in a storage tank. The water collected is needed to
be treated in order to use it for the drinking purpose. However this water can be used for other
household purpose as well. In order to design a good rain water catchment system, the different
types of rain catchment systems are researched. These include rooftop harvesting system, surface
catchment system and run of farming system (Karpouzoglou & Barron, 2014). However, the
rooftop harvesting system is chosen for this project as there is scarcity of open area in Nairobi.
The rooftop rain water catchment system can be easily installed on the roof top of the houses that
would not engage any extra space. Therefore, the choice of the rain water catchment systems is
justified. In order to evaluate the completeness of this option, the team members have undergone
a thorough research about the different rain water harvesting systems.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the collected data is appropriate and a complete set of
data has been collected for designing the structure of the project. In order to perform the proper

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research about the project requirements, the entire project work associated with the data
collection part is divided among the different team members of the project. My team members
have provided good support and equal contribution for collection of data about the project.
Team Effectiveness
The study team was quite effective in collection and distribution of researched
information and the data that is required to carry on with the project. In order to complete the
project work within the time allocated, the study team members have ensured that each of them
will be working on a different data. Since extensive research work was needed to identify a
geographical area on which the research will be based, different countries and continents are
researched about before choosing Africa as the focus of interest.
While undergoing the research works, the study team focused on the different issues
persisting in Africa, out of which it was found out that the water supply problem in Africa is
quite huge.
After selection of a geographical area, it was necessary to identify an area of interest on
which the project will be based. The study team was quite effective in undergoing an extensive
research on the areas in Africa that faces severe water supply problems. The choice of Nairobi is
made after evaluating different aspects of the research study.
Team effectiveness is defined as the capacity of a project team in accomplishing the goals
and objectives of a particular project or an organization. Going by the effectiveness of the team
members, it has been evaluated that the study team has performed a well managed data collection
strategy in collection of the integral project data.

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A proper leadership technique is needed to be established in a productive and effective
team (Gaan, 2012). The study team has worked in a planned approach that helped in collection of
the appropriate data that will be required for designing a water catchment system for the
households in Nairobi. The effectiveness of the study team has been measured on basis of the
team work and the results that are obtained from the team work. With a strategic approach and
transformational leadership that is shown for performing the project work, it was possible to
fetch the current data about the water supply problems persisting in Nairobi, Kenya. The project
team was found to be effective not only in collecting and recording the secondary data, but also
they were effective enough in documenting the collected data properly as it will be required as a
reference for actual implementation of the project or during the designing of the structure of the
project.
The team members were very effective in collecting and documenting the results. Similar
team effectiveness or even more team effectiveness will be needed during the designing of the
actual project that is proposed for Nairobi, Kenya. There are a number of ways in which the
degree of effectiveness of the team members can be increased. This process is discussed in the
following paragraphs (Hoch & Kozlowski, 2014)-
The team leadership should be strong so that the team members can easily trust the
judgement of leader and work accordingly. Proper leadership has a great impact on the effective
performance of the entire team. The team members work according to the guidance and order of
the team leader and therefore it is necessary that the team leader is strong, in order to increase the
effectiveness of the project team.

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The team members should posses a good and healthy relationship with each other. This
helps in proper communication flow among the team members, which in turn establishes a good
understanding in the team. This helps in easier implementation of the project that the team
members are working on. Furthermore, the establishment of proper relationship among the team
members is necessary for effective identification discussion of the project problems. Although
the current study team ensures that proper communication is established in the team, it can be
improvised further by developing a proper communication plan.
The team work should be promoted more in order to achieve a desired result in increasing
the effectiveness of the project team. This increases the effectiveness of team since every
member of the team might be knowledgeable in different areas and when all these members
work together in a team, it is sure to give a more accurate and effective result. Therefore
promotion of the team work among the team members is necessary for increasing the
effectiveness of the team. The study team has so far ensured an effective team work in the data
collection part which is needed to be kept intact during the further progress in the project
solution.
Having a better and frequent communication is another effective process of increasing the
effectiveness of the team members. Frequent communication ensures proper flow of ideas among
the team members, which in turn ensures that the project team are working for the same purpose
in a planned manner. Communication is therefore the key to an effective team as a clear
communication among the team members is a very essential consideration for the team success.
This further ensures that the needs of the team are clear with every members of the project team.
Furthermore, an effective communication helps in easy sharing of information with the team

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members. Proper brainstorming sessions can be arranged for increasing the communication
among the team members and increasing the effectiveness of the study team.
A streamlined operation process among the team members will be essential for improving
the effectiveness of the team. This is expected to improve the productivity of the team as well.
These above points are certain recommendations for improving the effectiveness of the
team.

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References
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security and management. International journal of water resources development, 31(1),
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Biazin, B., Sterk, G., Temesgen, M., Abdulkedir, A., & Stroosnijder, L. (2012). Rainwater
harvesting and management in rainfed agricultural systems in sub-Saharan Africa–a
review. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 47, 139-151.
Bigas, H. (2012). The global water crisis: Addressing an urgent security issue. United Nations
University-Institute for Water, Environment and Health.
Boelee, E., Yohannes, M., Poda, J. N., McCartney, M., Cecchi, P., Kibret, S., ... & Laamrani, H.
(2013). Options for water storage and rainwater harvesting to improve health and
resilience against climate change in Africa. Regional Environmental Change, 13(3), 509-
519.
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