Comprehensive Report: Exploring Programming Languages and Applications

This comprehensive report provides an in-depth exploration of several prominent programming languages, including SQL, Java, JavaScript, Python, C++, PHP, HTML, CSS, and Rust. The report begins with an introduction to programming languages, defining their role and importance in the modern computerized world. It then delves into each language individually, providing detailed overviews of their functionalities, historical context, strengths, and weaknesses. SQL, the structured query language, is discussed in detail, highlighting its role in database management, data retrieval, and manipulation, including its commands, applications, and advantages. Java's platform independence and versatility in application development are explored, along with JavaScript's role in web interactivity and front-end development. Python's readability and applications in data science and machine learning are examined, while C++'s performance and use in system programming are analyzed. PHP's server-side scripting capabilities and HTML/CSS's role in web page structuring and styling are also covered. Finally, the report provides an overview of Rust, emphasizing its memory safety and performance. This report aims to provide a solid understanding of these languages, their applications, and their significance in various domains, making it a valuable resource for students and professionals alike. This report, contributed by a student, is available on Desklib, a platform offering AI-based study tools for students.

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Report
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Abstract
A programming language is a formal language that has well defined set of instructions for full-
filing the defined task. which produces the output accordingly. The programming languages are
used to implement the algorithm for getting the result. Each programming language has its own
characteristics and features . Basically programming language is a vocabulary and set of rules
that instruct the computer to perform the defined tasks. The programming language is termed to
the high level programming language. . Most of the high level programming languages are in
English and is written in simple way so that programmer can easily work in it. These
programming languages are used in designing the software applications. Several high level
languages such as C, C++, Java , SQL and other programming language are used in
developing the advanced software applications. These programs are compiled and interpreted
and the execution of the program is done . Each programming language has its own features
and according to its features it is used for developing the specific application. These
programming language efficiently perform the complex tasks in very less time and give results
accurately. Every programming language uses its specific type of keywords that help to develop
the software with the help of this programming language easily. Each key word has some
specific meaning and is used accordingly. There is also a set of syntax that is required to be
followed while working on these programming languages. In this era when all the work areas
have become completely computerized and are managed through specific software applications
these programming languages play a pivotal role in success of these software applications. Here
in this thesis report the discussion on the SQL, JAVA, Java Script, Python, C++, PHP, HTML,
CSS and Rust.
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Table of Contents
Introduction 1
SQL 2
JAVA 3
Java Script 4
Python 5
C++ 6
PHP………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….7
HTML……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….8
Cuss…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9
Rust………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………10
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1.0 Introduction
Computer programming language is a set of well defined instructions to accomplish the pre-
defined tasks in a well structured way. In general there are almost 256 types of programming
languages available. According to their applications these programming language are categorized
in the groups. According to Ford the computers follow these instructions to perform the work in
the well defined way. The main objective of the programming language is to provide the aid for
communication between the computer and human being. Most of the high level programming
languages are in English and is written in simple way so that programmer can easily work in it.
These programming languages are used in designing the software applications. There is huge
variety of programming languages available and each programming language has its own
strength and weakness.
The high level programming language does not directly interact with the computer but
it interacts with the series of abstraction. This high level programming language provides an easy
mode of communication between the human being and the computer. These programming
languages with combination with their compilers help the machine to understand the high level
language easily and help to communicate with the computer. With their rich set of keywords it
allows the programmers to be more expressive. In a software development methodologies it is
highly required that the programming language to be compatible with the requirements of the
desired software application. These programming language works as a tool for obtaining the
maximum benefits through the proposed application in respect of technical efficiency, usability
and cost too. While selecting a programming language for the application it is highly required to
examine the relationship between the components of various software development factors. If the
selected programming language does not fit to requirement of the software application then the
overall goal of the software development cannot be achieved. Software is termed to be correct if
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it meets with the requirements of the software application. These programming languages are
required to be highly robust, maintainable, readable and most importantly understandable. Each
programming language has its own features and according to its features it is used for developing
the specific application. These programming languages efficiently perform the complex tasks in
very less time and give results accurately. Every programming language uses its specific type of
keywords that help to develop the software with the help of this programming language easily.
Each key word has some specific meaning and is used accordingly.
2.0 Structured Programming Language (SQL)
The Structured Query language (SQL) is a standard database programming language which
helps in creating, maintaining and retrieving the data from the relational database. It was
developed in 1970 by Raymond FF. Boyce and Donald D. Chamberlin at IBM with the name of
SEQUEL. At that time the main purpose of developing the SQL was to manipulate and
retrieve the data stored in the Quasi-relational database Management at IBM. It works
with the structured data that is why it is called structured programming language. It provides a
systematic approach for accessing and manipulating the database. It is a standard database
programming language approved by American National Standard Institute (ANSI) in 1986 and
International organization for standard in the 1987.
It is based on the concepts of relational algebra and Tulle Relational calculus. To perform the
work in structured manner it is consist of many types of statements in it. These statements are
informally classified in the following sub- languages –
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 Data Query Language (DQL) - These are set of statements that help in producing the
queries on the basis of certain facts. Basically it helps in making the queries in the SQL.
 Data Definition Language (DDL) - These statements help to Create, Modify and
remove the data from the database such as Tables, Indexes and other data. The commands
CREATE, ALTER and DROP comes in this category.
 Data Control Language (DCL) - These statements help in controlling the access to the
data stored in the database by setting the rules for authentication. Example of DCL
commands are – GRANT , REVOKE
 Data Manipulation Language (DML)- These statements help in performing the
manipulation in the database by adding , deleting , modifying the data in the
database .The major commands in this category are – INSERT , UPDATE , DELETE
SQL helps in following ways-
 It follows the Edgar Cod rules of the relational database rules.
 It helps in creating the database easily.
 It helps in maintaining the database.
 It helps in executing the queries against the database.
 It helps in retrieving the data from the database.
 It helps in searching the records in the database easily.
 It helps to add new records and tables in the database.
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 It helps in creating the views for the database.
Applications of SQL
The SQL is widely used in managing the database of almost all the software applications it
works as a backbone for the software database system. Some key applications of SQL are –
Provides the Data Integration Scripts
It provides the support to write the integration scripts for the database Administrators and
developers. These integrated scripts save the timing and work efficiently on the SQL system.
Provides the Analytical queries
SQL is regularly used by the data analyst to run the Analytical queries on the regular basis
because of its convenient nature of application.
Helps in easily retrieving the information
Along with above applications it provides the support in retrieving the information from the
database for the analytical applications and for processing of the transaction. The most
commonly used SQL commands are SELECT, CREATE, DELETE, TRUCATE, ALTER and
INSERT used in SQL transactions.
Helps in modifying the Index structure
It helps in modification of the SQL Structures and database table. It provides an easier
mode of updating the SQL transactions.
Key Advantages of SQL Language
There are many advantages of the Structured Query Language; some key advantages are as
follows-
 There is no requirement of Coding
It provides a set of well defines commands and statements that help to achieve the objectives in
the well versed form. These statements provide adequate codes for accomplishing the tasks.
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There is no requirement for writing the special code for the specific tasks such as Inserting,
deleting etc; it is only required to use the predefined set of commands.
 Provides the Well defined standards
It is approved by the ANSI and ISO, and is widely accepted by major programming language
as backend supporting programming language. Various other query languages do not have such
approval and acceptance.
 High level of portability
The Structured Query Language (SQL) is highly portable language and can easily run on the
PC’S, Laptops and even on smart mobile phones too.
 Provides a high level of Interactive language
The SQL provides the facility to the domain language to easily communicate with the databases
and can get result of their queries within very short time.
 Multiple Data views
SQL provides the facility of creating the multiple views of the database structure and database
according to the requirements of the user.
Major SQL Commands
1. SQL Database
To create the database the following command is used-
Syntax
CREATE DATABSE database name;
Example
CREATE DATABSE Company;
2. BACK UP DATABASE
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This command helps in creating the full database backup of the existing SQL database.
Syntax
BACKUP DATABASE name
TO DISK =”File path”;
Syntax
BACKUP DATABASE Company
TO DISK =”D:\ backups\CompanyDB.bak”;
3. CREATE TABLE
This command is used for creating the table in the database.
Syntax
CREATE TABLE table name (
column1 data type,
column2 data type,
column3 data type,
....
);
Example
CREATE TABLE Persons (
PersonID int,
LastName varchar(255),
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
);
3.0 DROP Table
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This command helps in dropping the table from the existing database .
Syntax
DROP TABLE table_name;
Example
DROP TABLE Company;
4.0 INSERT INTO Command
This command helps in inserting the data values in the existing table
Syntax
INSERT INTO Tablename (Column1 , comumn2 , column 3……)
Values (V1, V2 , V3……..);
5.0 SELECT INTO Command
This command is used for SELECTING the values from the table on a given condition.
Syntax
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name;
In order to select all values following command is used-
SELECT * FROM table_name;
Where * represents all.
6.0 UPDATE command
The UPDATE command is used for modifying the existing records in the Table.
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Syntax
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;
7.0 DELETE Command
This command is used to delete the existing records from the TABLE.
Syntax
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
Some disadvantages of SQL
Although SQL is one of the strongest database programming language and it is widely accepted
but there are some disadvantages of structured Query Language . These are as follows-
 Complex Interface
The interface of the SQL is quite complex and some users find it difficult to work on it or access
the data in it.
 It provides the facility of Partial Control
Another disadvantage of the SQL is that it does not provide the complete control over the
database due to the hidden business rules.
 Implementation
Due to its partial control feature some of the users adopt the proprietary extension to the SQL
version so that they are ensured that the Vendor Lock in has been enabled.
 Cost
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The operating cost of the SQL is quite high that makes many users difficult to access it.
Summary
The Structured Query language (SQL) is a standard database programming language which
helps in creating , maintaining and retrieving the data from the relational database . It is
approved by the ANSI and ISO , and is widely accepted by major programming language as
backend supporting programming language. Various other query languages do not have such
approval and acceptance. SQL provides the facility of creating the multiple views of the database
structure and database according to the requirements of the user.
3.0 JAVA Programming Language
Java is one of the most widely accepted object oriented programming language that has
revolutionized the web application programming as well server supporting programming. It was
developed by the James Gosling at the Sun Microsoft System and was released the 1995. It is
designed in such a manner that requires few implementation dependencies too. It is a class based
programming language that strictly follows the object oriented paradigm concepts. The JAV A
code works on the concept of the W.O.R.A (Write once and Run any -where) that explains that
code written in JAVA can be run on all platforms that support the JAVA programming Language
The JAVA codes are typically compiled to the “byte code” that can be run on any Java Virtual
Machine (JVM) regardless of its computer architecture. Basically JAVA is one of the strongest
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