Comparison Study of Renewable Energy Systems

The assignment provided is a comparison study of renewable energy systems, focusing on the differences between a renewable energy supply system and a supergrid for achieving 100% from renewable energy sources. Additionally, it explores strategies for implementing waste-to-energy (WTE) supply chains within a circular economy system, including a review of relevant literature. The assignment also touches upon the impact of earthquakes on buildings and the importance of energy-efficient retrofitting measures in commercial buildings.

PROJECT 2

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................1
Electricity supply....................................................................................................................1
Lighting provision..................................................................................................................4
TASK 4 ...........................................................................................................................................6
Water Supply System.............................................................................................................6
Waste system..........................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9
.......................................................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Constructing a building is not the only task which is to be done by a constructor or an
owner there are many things which has to be done for providing better services and facilities. In
order to do the same, a company may require an ample amount of money therefore, it is
important for them for having an effective budget system 1. Thus, this assignment is based on
services and facilities that are important to be installed like electricity supply in which detailed
about various divisions such as high voltage/tension room, transformers, main switchboards etc.,
is mentioned in this report. Other than this, transmission system and electrical supply system is
being mentioned along with its components which is crucial for better supply of electricity.
Apart from this, description about water supply and sewage system is included in this
assignment.
TASK 3
Electricity supply
Commercial power system like shopping centres or tall buildings requires a large number
of electric supply as compared to residential system 2. It is necessary that before, providing
supply to these areas consider certain factors like load flow, short-circuit fault levels, voltage
system so that precautions can be taken in order to minimise the chances of any damage to
building or humans. Further to establish lightings in a building certain elements are required and
these are orderly system of sub panels which are generally separated from main distribution
board thus, it provides better system protection and a proper electrical installation system.
Basically, large appliances are connected with commercial power system that make sure
that sufficient amount of power is supplied. In Australia, there is a rule that all commercial
system must be connected with AS 2293 and it is a standard for emergency lighting and it assist
in maintaining a power backup of at least 90 minutes.
1 Wilkinson, S. M., J. E. Alarcon, R. Mulyani, J. Whittle, and S. C. Chian. "Observations
of damage to buildings from M w 7.6 Padang earthquake of 30 September 2009."
Natural hazards63, no. 2 (2012): 521-547.
2 Sanjeev, Pannala, Narayana Prasad Padhy, and Pramod Agarwal. "DC grid initiative in
India."IFAC-PapersOnLine 48, no. 30 (2015): 114-119.
1

Surging prices of electricity in the sector of retail and commercial property is putting
pressure on Australian businesses. Electricity in shopping centres mostly required strong
financial incentives. So, shopping mall in Australia, most of the firms are moving towards solar
PV embedded solutions system as it is environmental friendly and cost effective as well.
Therefore, it is a very nice concept for shopping mall to partially use solar power and
commercial power system.
Constructing a shopping centre includes variety of things which might affect its overall
work that is going to be done after its execution 3. It can be said that it is the responsibility of the
project manager to avail options for shopkeeper who are going to use it in the future. It has been
observed that commercial lighting project starts with finalising lamps and sources of lightings.
Project manager should firstly design actual layout of lighting which is going to be done in
future. This design will help in leaving space for excessive material which are going to be used
by them in future when they will implement lighting in the shopping centre. This can be said that
project manager mainly give importance to stability of capacity of lighting which is going to be
used in future by users. It can be that 350-W MH lamp's is considered as the unique body which
helps restarting the system in less period of time.
Electricity power system is considered as the network of elements which are related to
electricity. These component are further deployed in transferring, supply and usage of electricity
power. In relation to shopping centre, it can be said that this electric power system is network
that owns ability to give power to whole area. It is further divided into many more component
like transmission system, generators, distribution system etc. which performs their respective
functions. As per study, smaller power system usually supply electricity to commercial building,
hospitals, industries, residential areas and hospitals.
In relation to shopping centre, it can be said that this mall belongs to commercial building
which is usually adopting three phase AC power. It is important for site inspector of shopping
centre to build up an appropriate plan which will help in supplying electricity in whole building
with the adoption of precautionary measures. It has been founded that electricity is supplied in
building by two main systems that is transmission system and distribution system. Each of them
is further divided into two more categories that is Primary transmission, primary distribution,
secondary transmission and secondary distribution. All of them are described as below:
3 Bogart, Leo. Commercial culture: The media system and the public interest. Routledge,
2017.
2

Transmission system
Primary transmission: It is considered as the first stage of electricity supply in which
generating station usually produces electric power at 132kV which is further transmitted into
three phase.
Secondary transmission: These transmission systems are usually located at the outskirts
of city. In this, with the help of step down transformers voltages are reduced to 33kV and further
distributed to different sub stations situated in various area or strategic point in the city.
Distribution System
Primary distribution: The secondary line of transmission is terminates at various sub-
stations from where voltage powers are reduced from 33kV to 11kV in 3 phase and 3 wire. The
line of 12 KV is running along the sides of the road in the city areas 4. This is called as primary
distribution channel. The consumer who consumes more of power are allotted with the power
supply at 11KV so they can easily handle their own sub stations.
Secondary distribution: They get electric power from primary distribution line and
latter distributed to sub-stations and these sub-stations are situated in nearby locations and areas.
Electrical supply system:
High voltage/Tension Room: TNB Substation: TNB Substation is directly connected
with transmission cables that receive electricity. In shopping mall electricity is transmitted with
the help of 2 main high voltage TNB substation and both are of the capacity 11kV. These
electrical rooms are situation next to each other so as to minimise or reduce the amount of
voltage during the period of transferring.
Consumer Room: This room is mainly situated next to the TNB Substation and so that
voltage can be dropped as it will assist them in proper flowing of current. A transformer is
installed so that voltage of electricity can be dropped from 11KV to 415V which is adequate or
suitable for usage 5. The process of transferring electricity is done with the help of primary and
4 Huang, Yu, Jian-lei Niu, and Tse-ming Chung. "Study on performance of energy-
efficient retrofitting measures on commercial building external walls in cooling-
dominant cities." Applied energy 103 (2013): 97-108.
5 Wilkinson, S. M., J. E. Alarcon, R. Mulyani, J. Whittle, and S. C. Chian. "Observations
of damage to buildings from M w 7.6 Padang earthquake of 30 September 2009."
Natural hazards63, no. 2 (2012): 521-547.
3

secondary coil as through this electricity is passed and a magnetic field is created and by this
process electricity is generated.
Transformers: This is a room where devices are kept which is used for the purpose of
changing the voltage of alternative current from a one circuit to second circuits. For example: a
transformer is very helpful in converting 11kV to lower voltage i.e. 415V. Shopping mall us
using two kinds of transformer one is oil-insulated transformer and dry type transformer and both
the system is assisting them in executing plans in an effective manner.
Main Switchboard Room: Here, current is transferred from transformers. In this main
switchboards worked as an electric board that are used for redirecting electricity so that it can be
supplied to smaller usage 6. Therefore, current are supplied into smaller sections or division and
it further assist them in distribution. It is further divided into two main switch board: this is
basically used for analysing and identifying incoming and outgoing of the current flow and other
one is distribution board: In comparison with main switchboard it is smaller but it has same
functioning. Its area is smaller because it just helps in controlling specific range of a building
electricity distribution.
Gen-Set Room: This this room adequate generators are fixed and it is just behind the
Main switchboard. It is alternative backup when electrical failure as it in shopping mall Gen-set
room is very essential because for the maintaining purpose electrical powered equipment are
very helpful.
Lighting provision
In relation to construction of shopping centre it can be said that lighting provision means
to provide different type of lights in the shopping centre when it is going to be used by people
after completion the construction of work of building. There are huge variety of lighting options
which can be used by the project manager 7. In context to shopping centre, different kind of
lamp such as fluorescent lamps, HID lamps, compact fluorescent lamps etc. can be used by the
site operators. It has been founded that metal halide lamp is considered as an best source of
6 Maltby, Edward. Waterlogged wealth: why waste the world's wet places?. Routledge,
2013.
7 Zaman, Atiq Uz, and Steffen Lehmann. "The zero waste index: a performance
measurement tool for waste management systems in a ‘zero waste city’." Journal of
Cleaner Production50 (2013): 123-132.
4

lighting for shopping centre. It can be said that low wattage lamps are the one which can be
easily applied inside the ceiling under approximately 9 ft below. For instance: In order to design
shopping centre appropriately, project manager usually uses many designers. These designers
often uses MH lamps of approximately 175-W to 250-W ratings in order to handle down lighting
from high ceiling.
Apart from this, high voltage pulse usually allows lamps to start their brightest quickly.
But, it can be said that these lamps ignites approximately 60% quicker in comparison to
conventional arc tube in the warm restart. It can be said that by project manager can adopt
fluorescent strips, crowd molding, invisible architectural cove and covered ceiling for the
purpose of creating bright and good reflection surface in the shopping centre. It is important for
project manager to give relevant importance to the sources lighting area as when shopping centre
will be ready then it will require high level of brightness.
When there is a lighting provision in any property such as multiplex complex or any
shopping complex, the main things which every one consider is saving cost out of the
implementation process. It is important to have better and efficient framework of the lighting to
the shopping complex 8. The major required thing is resources of the power for lighting. Most of
the shopping complex prefer to use few lamps types so as to reduce energy and maintenance
costs. There are commonly four types of lamps which is in use for lighting the shopping
complex: HID lamps, fluorescent lamps, PAR halogen lamps etc. They can use highly supported
frame and model for the fitting the lights.
The tungsten halogen lamp had gained lot of popularity and is available in the varied
shape and size. This lamp uses halogen or any iodine. It is also considered as the most power
efficient light source for the shopping complex. Because such multiplex runs for at-least 15
hours, so we can imagine how much power is needed. This lamp is manufactured according to
such situation. These lamps are more compact lamp than standard 75-WR30 lamps and it offers
more precise control. The main disadvantage is that it requires that huge connection of the wiring
and fixtures to fix it to particular point.
8 Xydis, George. "Comparison study between a renewable energy supply system and a
supergrid for achieving 100% from renewable energy sources in Islands." International
Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 46 (2013): 198-210.
5

Even Torcheres, small lanterns and lampposts are the most suitable sources for beautiful
lighting which can be fit to interior spaces and can become signature and stylish decorative to
identify the particular plaza or malls. These light can be categorized and function accordingly to
your own choice and desire. These can use light only for small area, but in context with the
whole shopping mall, it is insufficiency to use it. This condition is complex as huge and big
lights requires huge maintenance and repairs costs and even manpower. It is recommendable to
have tungsten amp light to flow source of light and shine to the whole shopping complex.
TASK 4
Water Supply System
As per the plan of constructing shopping centre, after finishing up the work of electric
supply system now it is required by project manager to emphasize on water supply system for
shopping centre. Water supply system includes many more component such as bulk meter,
suction tank, booster pump and storage tank. And these systems are described as below:
Bulk meter: Initially water is transferred to bulk meter which is basically used for
managing big flow of the water mainly in the commercial building like shopping centres. It is
considered as the most important component of water supply system in order to monitor overall
flow of water under high pressure on continuous basis .9 In context to the shopping centre, bulk
meters are helpful in reducing wastage of water.
Suction Tank: It is a tank which is installed with the pump. In this energy is given to the
system through pump. In order to supply water to the whole building it is mandatory to store
excessive water in order to manage overall supply of water. It can be said that suction tank
usually balances the float valve and supply water to whole building.
Boosters pumps: Booster pumps usually pull down water from basement to above floors
or overall building in order to supply water to them. It also selects actual flow rate of water on
the basis of which water is supplied towards different channels. In context to the shopping centre
9 Pan, Shu-Yuan, Michael Alex Du, I-Te Huang, I-Hung Liu, E. E. Chang, and Pen-Chi
Chiang. "Strategies on implementation of waste-to-energy (WTE) supply chain for
circular economy system: a review."Journal of Cleaner Production 108 (2015): 409-
421.
6

booster pumps are used in building in order to the transfer water from the suction tank to the
storage tank.
Storage tank: Water storage tank are the place in which water of the whole building is
stored. It can be said that main storage tank of the building is set up in the basement of the
building or at the top of building on terrace.
It can be said that water will going to be distributed in the mall by gravity as well as
pumped distribution system. Water is initially supplied through SYABAS which is further
flowed down to shopping centre. This supplied water is stored in suction tanks which are located
in the basement of building. With the help of electric booster pump available water is pumped up
from storage tanks towards the top floor or roof of whole building. This stored water is
distributed in whole building that is further supplied to the several parts whole shopping centre.
Water in this shopping centre is transported in building from communication pipes.
Waste system
It is important for the project manager to conduct an effective planning in order to build
up appropriate waste system. In relation to shopping centre, it can be said management of
sanitary system is considered as an big responsibility of site manager. In this system, planning is
done effectively so that waste water can be drained and separated into grey water and black
water. Here, black water is consist of different of products such as sanitary, urine, flush water
and other things whereas, grey water is normally generated from dish ware, washing clothes,
food wastage, bathing and more on 10. In context to the shopping centre, waste system for this
system is designed so effectively as in this grey water is purified and further used in water
plants. This water ca also be used in the flushing toilets. Sanitary system for this shopping centre
can be treated by using Preliminary treatment. It includes many components which are described
as below:
Screening: It is the first stage of preliminary treatment in which only large solid
materials are removed the from whole waste in order to secure other operational activities of this
system. In this, special equipment which contributes in eliminating grit from overall grit.
Primary treatment: At this stage, it has been identified that waste water still contains
solid matter which is further cleaned by shifting overall waste into a tank. This water is placed
10 Bogart, Leo. Commercial culture: The media system and the public interest. Routledge,
2017.
7

their for sometime. In this maximum of solid waste in settled down and he floating water can be
used for further purification.
Secondary treatment: At this level, settled sewage is now transferred for the biological
treatment in which it is combined with some microorganism. Further air is pumped in whole
water in order to strength good bacteria which are developed their.
Tertiary treatment: In this, clarified water finally passed through settled tank where
good bacteria comes in contact with bottom waste material and than sludge are formed that are
mainly present at the bottom of the tank. Thus, after this step water are allowed to pass or filter
through a bed of sands.
Sludge Treatment: Entire process of sewage treatment produce organic sludge which
can further be used in agriculture related activities. Thus, it is important that all the activities are
managed in an effective manner. Furthermore, the process can be done with the combination of
heat, power, gas to grid and thermal destruction.
CONCLUSION
From the above mentioned report, it has been concluded that after making a commercial
building there are various elements that are required so that activities can be performed in a
better manner. These mainly includes electric supply which is a crucial element basically,
shopping mall is taking electricity from both commercial power supply house and solar system
as well. For this, engineers have made a proper planning about from where connections will be
taken and which are the places where lights will be fitted. In relation with water supply system
components of water supply is being explained like bulk meter which is generally used for
managing flow of water so that it can be supplied to different areas in a better manner. Apart
from this suction tank, booster pumps etc., are included in this assignment. It has been identified
that management waste system is also required by the project manager as the building is going to
be used many. It has been founded that if effective waste system is build in the building then this
filtered watered can be used in other places of building in watering plants.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Yan, Bofeng, and et. al., "Gas-fired combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) in Beijing: a
techno-economic analysis." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 63 (2016):
118-131.
Sanjeev, Pannala, Narayana Prasad Padhy, and Pramod Agarwal. "DC grid initiative in
India."IFAC-PapersOnLine 48, no. 30 (2015): 114-119.
Huang, Yu, Jian-lei Niu, and Tse-ming Chung. "Study on performance of energy-efficient
retrofitting measures on commercial building external walls in cooling-dominant cities."
Applied energy 103 (2013): 97-108.
Wilkinson, S. M., J. E. Alarcon, R. Mulyani, J. Whittle, and S. C. Chian. "Observations of
damage to buildings from M w 7.6 Padang earthquake of 30 September 2009." Natural
hazards63, no. 2 (2012): 521-547.
Maltby, Edward. Waterlogged wealth: why waste the world's wet places?. Routledge, 2013.
Zaman, Atiq Uz, and Steffen Lehmann. "The zero waste index: a performance measurement tool
for waste management systems in a ‘zero waste city’." Journal of Cleaner Production50
(2013): 123-132.
White, Peter, M. Dranke, and Peter Hindle. Integrated solid waste management: a lifecycle
inventory. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.
Bogart, Leo. Commercial culture: The media system and the public interest. Routledge, 2017.
Pan, Shu-Yuan, Michael Alex Du, I-Te Huang, I-Hung Liu, E. E. Chang, and Pen-Chi Chiang.
"Strategies on implementation of waste-to-energy (WTE) supply chain for circular
economy system: a review." Journal of Cleaner Production 108 (2015): 409-421.
Hanafizadeh, Pedram, Javad Eshraghi, Pouria Ahmadi, and Amirmohammad Sattari. "Evaluation
and sizing of a CCHP system for a commercial and office buildings." Journal of
Building Engineering 5 (2016): 67-78.
Xydis, George. "Comparison study between a renewable energy supply system and a supergrid
for achieving 100% from renewable energy sources in Islands." International Journal of
Electrical Power & Energy Systems 46 (2013): 198-210.
Sahin, Oz, Rodney A. Stewart, and Michael G. Porter. "Water security through scarcity pricing
and reverse osmosis: a system dynamics approach." Journal of cleaner production 88
(2015): 160-171.
Pan, Shu-Yuan, Michael Alex Du, I-Te Huang, I-Hung Liu, E. E. Chang, and Pen-Chi Chiang.
"Strategies on implementation of waste-to-energy (WTE) supply chain for circular
economy system: a review."Journal of Cleaner Production 108 (2015): 409-421.
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