Strategy Development in Cross-Border and Global Organisations

This document discusses the strategy development in cross-border and global organizations. It covers the critical analysis of political, social, ethical, and operational needs for common strategy, methodologies for strategy evolution, identification of opportunities for future development, and the formation of collective strategy. The focus is on enhancing the impact on component organizations, administrations, and key stakeholders. The case study of Tesco, a leading retailer in the UK, is used for illustration.

STRATEGY
DEVELOPMENT IN CROSS
BORDER AND GLOBAL
ORGANISATIONS

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Critical Analysis of political, social, ethical and operational needs for common strategy in
global organisations and administrations.....................................................................................1
1.2 Identification of methodologies by which strategy is evolved and developed for global
organisations to enable external collaboration on a national and international basis..................3
1.3 Identification of opportunities for the future development of strategy so as to enhance the
impact on the component organisations, administrations and key stakeholders.........................4
Task 2...............................................................................................................................................5
2.1 Collective strategy is and how it is formed from the policies of the organisations,
administrations and key stakeholders..........................................................................................5
2.2 Identify the key policy and strategy issues which influence collective strategy...................6
2.3 Explain how collective strategy is influenced political, global, public interest, media
impact, and social, cultural, religious factors..............................................................................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
3.1 Ways to resolve tension between ethnic and cultural of contributing organizations with key
stakeholders.................................................................................................................................8
3.2 How strategic intelligence is used in development and formulation of strategy...................9
3.3 Original thinking to the formulation and development of strategy.....................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REREFENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Strategy can be defined as a plan of action that is designed for achievement of long- term
objectives or aim. Strategy development is one of the most important factors which is required to
be focused upon by organizations as it not only helps then in achieving their defined objectives
but also helps in gaining opportunities that can help in enhancing impact on the component
organisations. Each organization has its own process of formation of strategies, analysing ways
in which strategy is influenced or developed. The strategy development and the cross-border
strategy alliance have turned out to be the potential level of tools which have been used by the
global and multinational companies for extending the business at the international levels. The
formation of the collective strategies and creation of cross border alliance will be helpful in
boosting the company performances. On the other hand, the company which is having
international expansions have to faces the major and unique level of challenges in the process of
developing the effective strategy as inclusion of political, religious, cultural and social divides. In
this report, there will be discussion of the Tesco Company which is leading as best retailer in UK
by creating billion of revenue over the last 10 years. The company have the development of
collective strategies by analyse the political, social, ethical and operational needs for common
strategy in cross border along with identify opportunities for the future development of strategy.
The report will also have discussion of collective strategy and the reality of factors influencing
the organisations, administrations and key stakeholders and strategy. Hence, at last the report will
have to lead the process of developing and formulating strategy
MAIN BODY
TASK 1
1.1 Critical Analysis of political, social, ethical and operational needs for common strategy in
global organisations and administrations
Common strategy is a kind of strategy which is developed by global organizations for
maintaining and managing their interdependence with collaborative efforts of all the business
processes and operations of a global organization (Puthenveetil, 2016). Most commonly a global
organization has various level of autonomy that can be located both nationally and
internationally. Organizational autonomies are always reliable and valuable for an organization.
Level 0: Most of the decision making and actions within the organization are performed by
employees and other people.
1

Level 1: All the main operations of a business are controlled and operated within the
organization by people of an organization and only few operations are performed with the help
of automatic machines or system.
Level 2: Whole business is controlled by people working within the organization and few main
functions of the business are automatically performed by machines or automated systems.
Level 3: Most of the business activities are performed automatically but are still guided by
people working within organizations. these automated operations helps in providing guidance to
organization in certain critical conditions (Ya’acob and et. al., 2017).
Level 4: All the functions of the business are completely automated except certain restricted
areas.
Level 5: At this level need of human is reduced and most of the human work is replaced by
automatic machines or systems.
Most of the global organizations and their administration department are of level 3 or
above autonomy. Different level of autonomies is experienced by different kinds of organization.
Not only this they experience different level of autonomy at national level and different level of
autonomy at another level (Terziev and Georgiev, 2017). Most of the global organizations like
Tesco experience level 4 and above organizational autonomy at national level. But at
international level they experience 3 and above autonomy. There are various kinds of advance
machines or systems that are developed and used by global organization. The major reason
because of which global organizations do not have level 2 or below autonomy because
administration of global organization becomes extremely difficult then they do not have advance
and automated system. advance system helps in making administration of global organizations
much easier and also increases effectivity of their decision making also helps in tackling any
kind of difficult or critical situation.
Some of the main political, social, ethical and operational needs for common strategies
between global organization and administration are as follows:
Political needs: Political needs for common strategy are: to understand stability of government
and legislation developed by government for operability of both local and MNC organizations
(Tarasova, 2016). On the basis of this information they need to develop long- term and short-
term goals for development of common strategies.
2

Social needs: they need to gain understanding of needs and requirement of their target customers
so that they can use this information for development of common strategy in global
organizations. This further helps in them developing strong relationship between organization
and their customers present globally.
Ethical needs: Global organizations need to gain understanding of ethical marketing strategies
that can help them in promotion or marketing of their products and services so that they can
develop an effective common strategy (Zorpas, 2020).
Operational needs: They need to gain understanding of their cross functional interactions,
customer driven processes within the organization and gain understanding of their core
competencies so that they can develop an effective common strategy.
1.2 Identification of methodologies by which strategy is evolved and developed for global
organisations to enable external collaboration on a national and international basis
Here, methodologies indicate principles of laying effective methods for strategy
development. There are various kinds of best techniques and practises that can be used by global
organizations for development of strategies so that collaboration on national and international
basis can extended. These methodologies also help in provision of heuristic devices, procedures
and instruments that helps in formation of effective strategies that further helps an organization
in maintenance of balance of organizational functions so that global organization can sustain
within global environment and can maintain their administrative procedure (Liedtka and Kaplan,
2019).
Planning is one of the most common methodology that helps in anticipating actions and
future consequences of strategy on global organization like Tesco. Planning methodology is of
two types: first is systematic and second is comprehensive planning. Systematic Planning
methodology is mostly concerned with management of thinking process of an organization and
for individuals who participate within planning for an organization as a whole for both national
and international locations of the organization. Planning process first of all evaluates current
sustainable position of the organization, requirements for maintaining current sustainable
position of the global organization (Liedtka and Kaplan, 2019). This process is one of the most
important process within evolution or development of strategy which not only helps in
administration of global organization but further helps in development of new insight.
Comprehensive planning methodology has two main functions that helps in strategy
3

development and evolution. First is proactive control function and second is real time control
function. Proactive control function is related to gaining understanding of key variables that
defines specific business system of an organization. Whereas, real time control function, it deals
with coaching social process of strategy making. This process is mostly used for bringing
changes within current strategy or for evolution of current strategy. There are two approaches
that can be used for development and evolution of an effective strategy for global organization,
that are: synoptic and the incremental (Liedtka and Kaplan, 2019). Synoptic approach is a kind
of approach is a kind of rational planning effort in which top executives formulate organizational
goals, oversee their implementation, measure progress and bring changes within current strategy
of the global organization. Whereas, incremental approach is a kind of approach in which all
group of decisions are handled incrementally. In most of the organizations like Tesco both
incremental and synoptic approaches are used for evolution and development of strategies in
such a manner that they collaborate at national and international level.
1.3 Identification of opportunities for the future development of strategy so as to enhance the
impact on the component organisations, administrations and key stakeholders
Opportunities for future development of strategies for enhancement of impact on
component organisations, administrations and key stakeholders. One of the main opportunities
for future development of strategy is focus upon implementation and usage of disruptive
technology (Frizzo-Barker and et. al., 2020). Emerging disruptive technologies usage by
organization is continuously increasing. Disruptive technology provides various kinds of
opportunities to business and implementation or adaptation of disruptive technology is one of the
main and biggest advantage can be used as an opportunity by organizations got strategic
development so that its positive impact upon organization can be enhanced. Adaptation of
disruptive technology can not only help in enhancing opportunities for bringing improvement
within strategic development but can also help the organization in enhancing overall experience
of their stakeholders especially their customers experience (Li, Porter and Suominen, 2018).
Disruptive technology will only help in enhancing strategies of an organization reducing their
weaknesses. It further helps in increasing focus upon opportunities that can be focused upon for
future expansion of the organization. There are various kinds disruptive technologies such as:
virtual reality, big data, analytics etc. that can be adopted by organization and can be include
within their strategy development so that their opportunities for expansion in new international
4

market can be increased. Tesco can focus upon adopting disruptive technology within their main
business processes such as within supply chain management, customer relation management and
many other important business processes (Li, Porter and Suominen, 2018). Adaptation of
disruptive technology within important business processes will not only help in increasing
opportunities for business expansion but will also increase effectiveness of the output of final
results. It has been observed that source of power and influence impacts an organization in many
different ways (Li, Porter and Suominen, 2018). Source of power and influence can also impact
opportunities of an organization. Global organization should focus upon recognizing their base
of power so that they can easily identify market opportunities that can be captured by them.
Task 2
2.1 Collective strategy is and how it is formed from the policies of the organisations,
administrations and key stakeholders
Collective strategy is the well-defined business strategy for the activity of growth and success of
an organization which have the need of the strong leaderships in order to work in the collective
manner to have achievement of the goals. This have been considered as the best and bold
strategies which tends to have working to the fullest potentiality. In addition to that’s it has
proper level of focusing of the learning inherent and cultural challenges while having the
incorporation for the best practices (Tawse,, Patrick, and Vera, 2019). The strategies tend to have
the proving of the economic and workforce’s development by creating the significant
opportunities for the communities under the represented business sector and industries. This
strategy have the major attention in promoting the economic opportunities and social justices
through having the sustainability development, organizations education and empowerment of
peoples within the communities for having the collective impacts in significant manner.
Tesco have there been the business firm which is having the implementation of the both
competitive and collective strategies in order to have the managing the interdependences which
tends to have the distinguishes on the major dimension of the competitive strategies which are
such as the price promotional and product competitions strategies in significant manner. with
the implementation of the collective strategies have the creation of the local business, contracting
and workforce development under the key represented sector and industries and network by
having the providence of access regarding the several aspects of the economic, workforce
development, community engagements, political affairs and government relations as business
5

development (Adobor., 2019). In the Tesco company’s, the organization have the facing the
fiscals and more level of business challenges with their different funding sources and cultures in
corporation the best practices to the fiscal accounting functions a business system. These have
the efficiencies more decisions making transparency, improved level of profitably and improved
cash flows to government, non-profit and for-profit organizations.
Tesco collective strategies have the gaols to have the communicate the company challenges and
provide the immediate long-term solutions using the proven practices and methodology. The
company have the philosophy to have the assistance in provision the unbiased financials in
formation of leadership, management and any level of funding agents. The organization is
working one developing the decision making by having proper level of implantation of the
leadership and better community formations and services of the organization to serve (Cavallo
and et.al.,2020). As the formation of different collective strategy have the inclusion of the
different perspective of the organization, community and the different stakeholder on the policy
cascade form the operational with the implantation of the communication theory. The
expectations, interests, and resulting strategies of stakeholders relate to and depend upon the
specific configuration of the emerging socio-technical system for electric mobility As pe there
Shannon and Weaver model of communication as the mathematical theory of the communication
which have argues the human communications which tends to be broken into the key concepts
that’s are such as the sender, encoders, channels noise, decoder and receiver. This model is
considered to be more technological as compare to the linear model (Bolisani and Bratianu,
2018). As while have here commenting the stakeholder have the different world view and
multiples changing perspective to the various stakeholder in regarding of the cross border
collective strategy formulation.
2.2 Identify the key policy and strategy issues which influence collective strategy
So, the organization should have development of the new strategies and different forms of the
leaderships in order to have the movements in the hierarchal entities which areas arose the in the
differed class societies to have the collective strategy approach. There is the strategy have the
major involvements key represented sector and industries and network by having the providence
of access regarding the several aspects of the economic, workforce development, community
engagements, political affairs and government relations as business development.
6

The gathering of intelligent information by the different agencies in order to create the major
level of understandably in terms of the business practices as the best consumer to be searching
through the reviews as none of the information gathering have carry of direct financial cost
(Stogiannos, Alexandridis and Sarimveis, 2020). The Tesco will having the competitive
intelligences which will be gathered through developing the business ads or have continuous
tracking of competitors website so that’s company can learn business practices of costumers by
searching and gathering the business reviews. This create the positive impacts on the formation
of strategy, performances, projects and decisions by turning out there data into actionable
information’s for the leadership, management, organization and decision making.
There have been various level of policy and strategy issues which is affecting the collective
strategy development as policy tracker will have the proper summarizations of the economic
responses in order to have the limiting the impact of financial and human capitals. There are the
inclusion of the various section which can used as the investigable tools in tasking the course of
strategy, busines policy and management s by covering the large area domain with relevant
issues in economic and technology issues. His will be heightening there todays ever changing
competitive environments and increase un the cut throat competitions to assess the different
situations and appropriate reason over the formulation of different action in collective strategy in
perfect manner.
2.3 Explain how collective strategy is influenced political, global, public interest, media impact,
and social, cultural, religious factors.
As the business is affected by the external environments which is such as to be affected by the
different competitors as influencing business are legal, political, socials, technological and
economic level. As per the cultural impacts over the formation of strategy with understanding
the differ implications for translations has been the difference on the opinions whether language
is the parts as the cultural factor have ranging from syntax, ideologies, religion, language and
dialect, to art and literacy.
The political factor has made major impacts as the government of the different countries have
total control over the different business environment which is not abiding the by the laws with
huge impacts as politics which can be affected by differ religions, wars and geographical
locations and many other factors about the government interferences. On the social factors the
have been inclusion of the wealth, religion, buying habits, education level, family sizes and
7

structure for the population density to have proving the better wok opportunities even unsavoury
political situations in the home country in perfect manner.
As the languages and translation have the influences to the multitude factors which is must to be
considered to have the management of global collective strategy to have the speaking there
culturally correct and appropriate and effective manner (AFKHAMI and Alimohammadi, 2018.
). In addition to the global factors are the consisting of legal and economic factor mainly as
effecting the strategy formulation of the Tesco As this make the proper level of understandability
in the company to have the decision regarding the targeting of customer and developed the
marketing plans. This will have the further discussion in order to have ta tailor fit approaches and
local size better level of communications as developing the business strategy.
This have been the various cycle as there the public interest group have the inclusion of
financial resources, the managerial and political skills of its leaders, the size and cohesiveness of
its membership, and political timing which will be certainly effecting the business collective
strategy formulations and turning out data into actionable information’s for the leadership,
management, organization and decision making. At last the social media have the critical
impacts of the company cross border strategy as this have been the data driven focussing of the
various metric and connecting more and more potential customer by creating there lead and
result into there meaningful engagements and sales.
TASK 3
3.1 Ways to resolve tension between ethnic and cultural of contributing organizations with key
stakeholders
In the context of global organizations and organizations of differentcountries and cultures, some
problems related to ethics and cultural occur which can affect performance and productivity of
company. So, it is important for global organizations like Tesco, Toyota and others to solve these
problems in an effective manner. Some cultural related problems include:
Bribery, illegal campaign contribution, hiding informations, unethical behaviours of managers
with employees, knowingly selling defective goods and others (Ray, 2019).
With the help of strategies and some models, all these problems related to ethics and
cultures can be solved out. There are someeffective ways include in conflict transformation:
Reconciliation:It is one of the effective ways of conflict transformation which includes making
amends and offering restoration. It is one of the best ways as by doing so, companies can bring
8

all people and group of different cultures back together and make them able to work in an
effective manner. There is a requirement of forgive and it is the main keys of its success. Those
people and employees of any culture who have committed some wrong they may seek
forgiveness. This reconciliation strategy of conflict resolution also suggest that an atmosphere
and environment which allows participants to move past their differences. All people need to see
people as individual and not as representative of any group and culture, making personal
commitment changes etc.
Envision and strategize: Just thinking about the future and focusing on accomplishing goal is
important for all people and if people find that by cooperating others and taking help of others
can help them out in accomplishing their goals then they should promote this culture. Rather
creating problems and tension between cultures it is important for all people to respect values of
each others (Rose, Fischer and Paasche-Orlow, 2017). By creating visioning event, people and
organizations can promote harmony as well as support equity in community. This visioning
process can all people of different cultures and global organizations to understand human
behaviours as how they think and how they share common goals.
Policy development: There are some acts and policies according to which all people are allowed
to respect values of each other’s culture and perspectives’. By developing and implementing
such policies, companies can promote equity and can also solve tension between ethnic and
cultural of contributing organizations. It makes them able to understand the difference between
the right and the wrong and taking better decisions. It also bind all people to interact with
different cultures of people in an effective manner which improves their relation and make them
feel valued and motivated at workplace (Bolisani and Bratianu, 2017).
3.2 How strategic intelligence is used in development and formulation of strategy
Strategic intelligence play an important role as it is being viewed by companies in a
manner which allows them to know all of their company needs and to make it able to gain insight
into its present processes. Strategic intelligence play an important role as it is being viewed by
companies in a manner which allows them to know all of their company needs and to make it
able to gain insight into its present processes. Strategic intelligence play an important role as it is
being viewed by companies in a manner which allows them to know all of their company needs
and to make it able to gain insight into its present processes (Jung, Bauer and Heaps, 2017). So,
it can be said that by making an effective use of strategic intelligence companies like Tesco and
9

others can form and develop strategies in an effective manner. There are several other reasons
which show effectiveness and importance of strategic intelligence in developing strategy such as:
 Strategic intelligence have some accurate and effective informations for correct people
which allow companies in making better decision related to people as well as strategic
development. It can also be said that without these informations and lack of these
informations employees fin difficulties in taking decision and also performing functions.
 In addition, it can be said that strategic management helps company in bringing
innovation and creativity at workplace which helps them out in not only formulating and
development of strategies but also being in the competition.
It is also stated that strategic intelligence and management constitutes the provision of
information as well as strategic formulation. One of the main goals of global organisations like
Tesco and others or strategic formulation is to promote new innovation aspects, expanding
business and sustain the growth. They also want to go take their business to a high notch in
matters entrepreneurship in all possible sectors which all need successful management. So,
overall it can be said that strategic intelligence and management plays an important role in
strategic development (Levine, Bernard and Nagel, 2017).
So, overall it can be said that with strategic intelligence companies get better ideas which
helps them out in making better decision regarding strategic development and expanding
business.
3.3 Original thinking to the formulation and development of strategy
Strategic formula is one of the important tasks for companies as it can be defined as a
procedure of offering a direction to an organization in which they can go and can meet their
goals. For strategic formulation there is a requirement of setting short term and long term goals
which can help out to company in exploiting their strengths in a fully and effective manner.
Main aim of strategic formulation and setting goals is to encash and taking potential
opportunities that are present in external business environment like taking competitive
advantages and others (Sloan, 2019). In addition, it can also be said that there is a deliberate and
conscious attempt to concentrate on attention on what actually company wants to do and how it
can do better than its all competitors present in the market. For accomplishing this goal, in
strategic formulation it also identifies that how it can do better by making use of strategies
10

In this process of strategic formulation it identifies it’s own strengths and opportunities which it
can gain by making use of strategies. It can also be said that strategic formulation requires
money, resources and many other things so it is important for focusing on all these elements and
formulate strategies in an effective manner. They must be sure that if strategies are best fit to
companies goals or it can help them out in meeting goals or not.
There are overall 3 steps of strategic formulations such as:
Analysis: In the context of strategic formulation it can be said that strategic analysis is one of the
main steps in which strategic analysis is a time-consuming process which starts with market
research on competitive and external environment. This analysis can be done by Porters’ 5
forces, SWOT analysis tools and PESTLE analysis tools. It helps them out in gathering
information on which Basis Company can formulate strategy (Marrin, 2017).
Strategic formulation: After the phase of strategic analysis company selects generic strategic
which is mainly based upon the value chain implications for core competence? They also require
risk assessment and other analysis in which they develop their plan based in external forecasting.
Goal setting: It is the last stage in which company requires setting strategic goals for which they
formulate and develop strategies. With the defined strategy in the mind management
communicate goals which can match and suitable with strategies. These objectives also help
them out in measuring effectiveness of strategies and also can help them out in identifying
success.
So, from the above discussed steps of strategic formulation it can be said that it plays an
important role and with its help company can accomplish its goals. By following all steps in an
effective manner Tesco and others global organizations can take competitive advantages because
they require analysing both internal and external environmental factors which help them out in
having clear knowledge about market condition and developing strategies accordingly.
CONCLUSION
From the above study, it has been summarized that some external needs related to
political, social and ethic played a vital role for making or developing common strategies for
global organizations and administrations as it allow them to improve their performance and
satisfy all factors and customers as well. Further, it has also discussed some effective
methodologies by which companies develop strategy for an effective collaboration on national
11

and international basis as well as proper business functioning. This study has shown
effectiveness of collective strategy as how it helps global organizations in accomplishing their
goals along with methods of forming it. In addition, it has shown some external factors like
political, public interest, global and cultural which affects strategy formation and how it affects
performance and productivity of the company because on basis of strategies they perform
functions and business activities.
Lastly, this study has shown some ethnic and cultural tensions of contributing
organizations and how it can be resolved by companies by making an effective use of strategies
and some methods such as: reconciliation and others. Strategic intelligence also played a vital
role as it allows global organizations information as well as development of strategies.
12

REREFENCES
Books and Journals
Adobor, H., 2019. Opening up strategy formulation: Benefits, risks, and some suggestions.
Business Horizons, 62(3), pp.383-393.
AFKHAMI, A.M. and Alimohammadi, A.M., 2018. Providing a Fuzzy Expert System for
Human Resources Strategy Formulation.
Bolisani, E. and Bratianu, C., 2017. Knowledge strategy planning: an integrated approach to
manage uncertainty, turbulence, and dynamics. Journal of Knowledge Management.
Bolisani, E. and Bratianu, C., 2018. Knowledge and strategy formulation in a turbulent world. In
Emergent Knowledge Strategies (pp. 117-145). Springer, Cham.
Cavallo, A and et.al.,2020. Competitive intelligence and strategy formulation: connecting the
dots. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal.
Frizzo-Barker, J., and et. al., 2020. Blockchain as a disruptive technology for business: A
systematic review. International Journal of Information Management, 51, p.102029.
Jung, E., Bauer, C. and Heaps, A., 2017. Strategic implementation of open educational resources
in higher education institutions. Educational Technology, pp.78-84.
Levine, S.S., Bernard, M. and Nagel, R., 2017. Strategic intelligence: The cognitive capability to
anticipate competitor behavior. Strategic Management Journal, 38(12), pp.2390-2423.
Li, M., Porter, A.L. and Suominen, A., 2018. Insights into relationships between disruptive
technology/innovation and emerging technology: A bibliometric
perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 129, pp.285-296.
Liedtka, J. and Kaplan, S., 2019. How design thinking opens new frontiers for strategy
development. Strategy & Leadership.
Marrin, S., 2017. Why strategic intelligence analysis has limited influence on American foreign
policy. Intelligence and National Security, 32(6), pp.725-742.
Puthenveetil, J.P., 2016. An Assessment of the Role of Scenario-Based Anticipatory
Organizational Learning in Strategy Development—An Organization Development
Perspective. Benedictine University.
Ray, V., 2019. A theory of racialized organizations. American Sociological Review, 84(1),
pp.26-53.
Rose, A.J., Fischer, S.H. and Paasche-Orlow, M.K., 2017. Beyond medication reconciliation: the
correct medication list. Jama, 317(20), pp.2057-2058.
Sloan, J., 2019. Learning to think strategically. Routledge.
Stogiannos, M., Alexandridis, A. and Sarimveis, H., 2020. An enhanced decentralized artificial
immune-based strategy formulation algorithm for swarms of autonomous vehicles.
Applied Soft Computing, 89, p.106135.
Tarasova, T.F., 2016. Theoretical and methodological aspects of organization's competitive
strategy formation. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6(5S).
Tawse, A., Patrick, V.M. and Vera, D., 2019. Crossing the chasm: Leadership nudges to help
transition from strategy formulation to strategy implementation. Business Horizons,
62(2), pp.249-257.
Terziev, V. and Georgiev, M., 2017. Highlights of the evolution of the'Balanced Scorecard'idea
as a model for managing strategy development and control. Proceedings of SOCIOINT.
13

Ya’acob, S., and et. al., 2017, November. Visualization Principles for Facilitating Strategy
Development Process in the Organization. In International Visual Informatics
Conference (pp. 31-42). Springer, Cham.
Zorpas, A.A., 2020. Strategy development in the framework of waste management. Science of
The Total Environment, 716, p.137088.
14