Project Cost Management - PDF

Running head: PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Project Management
Name of the student
Name of the university
Author note

1PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Executive Summary
Widget ‘R Us (WRU) is a firm known having expertise in manufacturing and designing of
widget. The market had become dynamic and the company products are slow to respond and the
competitors have developed innovative products. The organization had been unable to take
counter measures and forecast the change in product specifications. The organization had also
been facing internal issues as well where the internal communication is poor. The majority of the
information goes to the higher authorities that have authority on the specific information. The
report had developed a project management plan for mitigating the problems faced by the
organization. The report had depicted the project schedule, milestone, deliverables, risk register,
quality management plan, procurement plan, stakeholder management theory and other factors
based on the given business case.

2PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Table of Contents
Project purpose................................................................................................................................3
Project Selection Matrix..................................................................................................................4
Project Concept – “Transformation”...............................................................................................6
Mission........................................................................................................................................6
Project objectives.........................................................................................................................6
Project requirements....................................................................................................................7
Project deliverables......................................................................................................................7
Project Key Performance Indicators............................................................................................8
Project Feasibility............................................................................................................................9
Strengths and Weaknesses of the project.....................................................................................9
Approval requirements..............................................................................................................10
Project assumptions...................................................................................................................10
Known constraints.....................................................................................................................10
Possible improvements..............................................................................................................11
Project Stakeholders Management................................................................................................11
Project organizational chart (Prince 2)..........................................................................................13
Human resource and Communication Management..................................................................14
Project Schedule Management......................................................................................................14
Milestones..................................................................................................................................14
Project WBS to 3 levels.............................................................................................................15
Project Gantt Chart....................................................................................................................16
Schedule Management...............................................................................................................17
Project Cost Management..............................................................................................................21
Project Quality Management.........................................................................................................26

3PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Project Risk Management..............................................................................................................28
Project Procurement Management.................................................................................................31
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................31

4PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Project purpose
Widget ‘R Us (WRU) is a firm known having expertise in manufacturing and designing
of widget. Globalization has changed the market scenario where the demands for developing
widgets have increased significantly. WRU has been lagging behind and has been unable to
keep up with the change in demand in the market. The market has become dynamic and the
company products are slow to respond and the competitors have developed innovative products.
The organization has been unable to take counter measures and forecast the change in product
specifications. The organization is also facing internal issues as well where the internal
communication is poor. The majority of the information goes to the higher authorities that have
authority on the specific information. The team work between departments is worse and each
department blames other department for problem faced by WRU. Therefore, the organization
will have to develop a project in order to mitigate the internal issues and the technical issues
faced by the organization.
The current approaches, existing products, technologies are relevant to the new products
as the organizational approaches are inadequate and they lack in innovation and technology. The
organization has been known for their low cost servings and in order to improve their operational
efficiency the organization will have to use the new approaches and technologies used by rival
companies (Schwalbe 2015). The organization requires drastic change in their organizational
policy and their product specifications so present approaches, existing products and technologies
in the market are a key to maintaining organizational sustainability.
Project Selection Matrix
Criteria Weigh
t
Project 1 Project 2 Project 3
ra
w
weighted ra
w
weighte
d
ra
w
weighte
d
Relevancy to organizations
objectives
30% 95
28.5
95
28.5
55
16.5

5PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Well developed Internal support 15% 75 11.25 85 12.75 45 6.75
Potential market(large) 10% 40 4 95 9.5 55 5.5
Relevancy and realism of
technology
10% 30
3
85
8.5
50
5
Can be implemented in six months 5% 25 1.25 30 1.5 50 2.5
Addresses the organizational issues 25% 40 10 60 15 50 12.5
Low level of risk 10% 20 2 20 2 50 5
Weighted project scores 100% 60 77.75 53.75
(Table 1: Summerville, Uzsoy and Gaytán 2015)
In this current business case, there are three alternatives to achieving the goals of the
organization and managing their sustainability.
Objective To develop widgets that are at par with the
products offered by the competitors and
mitigate the internal structural and
communicational issues
Alternatives Description
#Project 1: To outsource the technology
services to meet the client needs and hire
new workforce.
According to the first project, the
organization will outsource their
technological requirements in areas they are
lacking and make drastic changes to the
exiting workforce all levels.
#Project 2: To invest in superior technology,
talent management and organizational
structure to bring about a drastic change
The organization will make investment in
technology to develop widgets that are
superior to the products offered by the market
competitors and restructure the organization
to develop better communication and
efficiency.

6PROJECT MANAGEMENT
#Project 3: To form merger with rival
company to manage the sustainability of
WRU
The organization will form a merger with
other rival companies in order to increase the
availability of their resources.
Table 2
The project selection matrix has been instrumental in evaluating the alternative options in
this business case. The evaluation shows that project 2 is the appropriate project as the weighted
score is highest in the project. The different criteria that are essential for the success and
sustainability are set as the parameters of evaluation. The factors are relevancy to organizations
objectives well developed Internal support, potential market(large), relevancy and realism of
technology, implementation in six months, addresses the organizational issues and low level of
risk which are key to gaining competitive advantage. The weight has been provided as per the
importance of each of the criteria and rankings have been provided based on the ability of the
project to address those criteria on a scale of 1-100. The cumulative weighted score of the
projects are used to determine the project that is most appropriate for mitigating the issues faced
by the organization.
The project selection matrix has been developed and the weighted score model has been
used to calculate the feasibility of each of the projects. The results show that the project 2 has the
highest weighted score so it is the project having maximum effectiveness in the organizational
context.
Project Concept – “Transformation”
This project will be developed to bring about transformational changes to the operations
and products of Widget ‘R U (WRU).
Mission
The mission of the project is development widgets that are technologically superior in the
market and restructuring of the organization to prevent loss of information and better
management of the organization.

7PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Project objectives
The project objectives consist of outcomes and results of the study. The objectives of the
project are as follows:
 Developing technologically advanced widgets at low cost
 Restricting of the organization to increase the effectiveness of the management
Project requirements
The project requirements will consist of the specifications of the new organizational
structure and the specifications of the new technologically advanced widget. The requirements of
the project are as follows:
 Developing an flat hierarchical structure
 Increasing the implementation speed
 Improving the communication level with the organization
 Develop packaging format for the new widget
 Develop configuration document for the new widget
 Develop Application programming interface for the widget
 Improve the user experience and standardize the few aspects of the user agents
 Develop effective security options along with digital signatures
Project deliverables
Task Name Duration Start Finish
Project plan 190 days Tue 5/8/18 Mon 1/28/19
1.0 Project initiation 7 days Tue 5/8/18 Wed 5/16/18
2.0 Change management 91 days Thu 5/17/18 Thu 9/20/18
3.0 Preliminary design 31 days Thu 5/17/18 Thu 6/28/18
4.0 Detailed Design 50 days Fri 6/29/18 Thu 9/6/18

8PROJECT MANAGEMENT
5.0 Configuration and Prototype
development 37 days Fri 9/7/18 Mon 10/29/18
6.0 Testing phase 35 days Tue 10/30/18 Mon 12/17/18
7.0 Final product development 30 days Tue 12/18/18 Mon 1/28/19
(Table 3: Kerzner and Kerzner 2017)
Project Key Performance Indicators
The key performance indicators are the tools and techniques used to measure the
performance of the project (Nicholas and Steyn 2017). The measurement and tracking of the key
performance indicators are critical in order to evaluate the progress and deviation from the actual
requirement. The key performance indicators in the project are as follows:
 Cycle time: The time taken for completion of each of the tasks in the project is essential
for understanding the duration needed.
 Schedule Adjustments: The number of adjustments made to the project schedule and
finish date of the overall project.
 Budget Variance: The budget prepared in the project plan is the estimated budget and the
actual budget in general varies. Therefore, baselines are set which will measure the
variance from the projected budget.
 Quality metrics: This consists of measuring the different quality aspects of the products
including the quality and errors of the products. The consumer feedback and their
satisfaction regarding the product will also be evaluated.
 Returns: The cost benefit analysis of the project and the actual returns from the project
will have to be tallied to identify the return from the project.
Project Feasibility
The feasibility study of the project can be understood by evaluating the current
capabilities of the organization in respect to the project. WRU is capable of investing the amount
required for the project and the benefit obtained from the project is also high as it will help in

9PROJECT MANAGEMENT
reaching the desired target. The project has its own weaknesses and strengths but the project is
realistic in nature and the organizational capabilities are well suited to the current project needs.
The time span of the project and the cost of the project are within the organizational capabilities
and weighted scoring model has shown that this project is appropriate for the organization and
will facilitate in mitigating the issues faced by Widget ‘R U (WRU).
Strengths and Weaknesses of the project
The strengths of the project are as follows:
 The project is addressing all the issues by Widget ‘R U (WRU)
 The project will transform the organizational activities and product to provided
sustainability in the market
 The project will be completed within a affordable budget of the organization
 The project will establish better management of human resources within the organization
The weaknesses of the project are as follows:
 The widget will be developed according to the current consumer trends and market trends
which can change at any point of time making the product redundant
 The project is not focused on innovation and product upgradation has not been taken into
account
Approval requirements
The project will require approval from the project owner, sponsor and the project board
where they approve the requirement based on the requirements of the consumers. The project
manager will also provide approval for proceeding with each of the phases of the tasks and the
team manager will provide approvals for proceeding with each of the tasks.
Project assumptions
The project assumptions are as follows:
 Project owner, sponsor and board has given approval of all the requirements of the
project
 The other departments have been made aware of the purpose of the project so that the
other departments and teams can align their work in respect to the project

10PROJECT MANAGEMENT
 The code of conduct of the regulatory bodies will be taken into account before
proceeding with the task
 The other departments will cooperate with the work that has to be done is case of
additional help is required
 The software will be developed by taking into all the current market specifications
Known constraints
The constraints in the current project are as follows:
 The project has a time constraint of 200 days
 The project has a budget constraint of $45,000.00
 The project board has set a human resource constraint of 15 people
 The project will have to comply with the applications of Prince 2 in project management
 The widget requirements cannot be changed after the fourth phase of the project so the
project team and the board will have to clear about the requirement of the project so that
timeline can be maintained
Possible improvements
The possible improvements in project are as follows:
 The goals of the project scan be made more realistic and accurate
 The resources can be harmonized in a better way
 The project scope can be made broader and address other grey areas if the budget is
increased
 The organization can hire better talents for ensuring the success of the project
 There are possible improvements in the field of fund seeking
Project Stakeholders Management
Role Responsibilities
Project manager The project manager will monitor and
approve the requirement of the project
project sponsor The project sponsor will invest funds into the
project

11PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Project board The project board will consist of the internal
stakeholders of the organization that will
assess the success of the project and will
approve the requirements for the project.
Software Engineer The software engineer will develop the
product
Software developer The software developer will also take part in
product development
Testing engineer The testing engineer will test the products to
find the irregularities in the project
Team manager The team manager will manage the overall
project team
Human resource manager The human resource manager will implement
the human resource policies and manage the
workforce of the organization
(Table 4: Eskerod and Jepsen 2016)

12PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Project organizational chart (Prince 2)
Project Management
Supplier
Project Board Project sponsor
Project manager
Team Manager
Customer
Human Resource
Manager
Software developerTest engineer
Software engineer

13PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Human resource and Communication Management
The project will develop effective communication plan which will be essential for
developing team work and team bonding (Harrison and Lock 2017). Moreover, this will prevent
delay in approval and supply of essential components for the project.
Project Schedule Management
Milestones
Task Name Duration Start Finish
1.5 Milestone 1: Project charter
developed 0 days Wed 5/16/18 Wed 5/16/18
2.9 Milestone 2: Change management
achieved 0 days Thu 9/20/18 Thu 9/20/18
3.9 Milestone 3: Design completed 0 days Thu 6/28/18 Thu 6/28/18
4.8 Milestone 4: Widget developed 0 days Thu 9/6/18 Thu 9/6/18
5.4 Milestone 5: Widget configured 0 days Mon 10/29/18 Mon 10/29/18
6.4 Milestone 6: Product Tested 0 days Mon 12/17/18 Mon 12/17/18
7.2 Milestone 7: Final Product
developed 0 days Mon 1/28/19 Mon 1/28/19
(Table 5: Binder 2016)

14PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Project WBS to 3 levels
Project plan
1.0 Project initiation
1.1 Identify the
project objectives
1.2 Discuss the
project policies and
specifications
1.3 Document
policies and
requirements
1.4 Deploy the
project document
1.5 Milestone 1:
Project charter
developed
2.0 Change management
2.1 Identification of
organizational
loopholes
2.2 Restructuring
the organizational
hierarchy
2.3 Implement team
bonding sessions
2.4 Ensure employee
engagement
2.5 Revamp the
performance
management
policies
2.6 Evaluate the new
structure
2.7 Discuss with the
stakeholders
2.8 Make the
necessary changes if
required
2.9 Milestone 2:
Change
management
achieved
3.0 Preliminary design
3.1 Accessibility
3.2 Compatibility with
other standards
3.2 Best industry
practice
3.3 Ease of
authoring
3.4 Localization and
Internationalization
3.5 interoperability
3.6 longevity
3.7 security
3.8 Web and offline
Distribution
3.9 Milestone 3:
Design completed 4.0 Detailed Design
4.1 Packaging format
4.2 Media Type and
File extension
4.3 resource names
and addressing
schemes
4.4 Widget meta data
4.5 Automated
bootstrap
4.6 Widget API
4.7 Other functional
requirements
4.8 Milestone 4:
Widget developed 5.0 Configuration and
Prototype development
5.1 Develop
prototype
5.2 Identify specified
user requirements
5.3 Configure as per
user requirements
5.4 Milestone 5:
Widget configured 6.0 Testing phase
6.1 Evaluate the
performance of the
prototype
6.2 identify
irregularities
6.3 Make changes
6.4 Milestone 6:
Product Tested 7.0 Final product
development
7.1 Develop product
7.2 Milestone 7:
Final Product
developed

15PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Project Gantt Chart

16PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Schedule Management
Task Name Duration Start Finish
Project plan 190 days Tue 5/8/18 Mon 1/28/19
1.0 Project initiation 7 days Tue 5/8/18 Wed 5/16/18
1.1 Identify the project objectives 1 day Tue 5/8/18 Tue 5/8/18
1.2 Discuss the project policies and
specifications 2 days Wed 5/9/18 Thu 5/10/18
1.3 Document policies and requirements 2 days Fri 5/11/18 Mon 5/14/18
1.4 Deploy the project document 2 days Tue 5/15/18 Wed 5/16/18
1.5 Milestone 1: Project charter
developed 0 days Wed 5/16/18 Wed 5/16/18
2.0 Change management 91 days Thu 5/17/18 Thu 9/20/18
2.1 Identification of organizational
loopholes 3 days Thu 5/17/18 Mon 5/21/18
2.2 Restructuring the organizational
hierarchy 15 days Tue 5/22/18 Mon 6/11/18
2.3 Implement team bonding sessions 20 days Tue 6/12/18 Mon 7/9/18
2.4 Ensure employee engagement 25 days Tue 7/10/18 Mon 8/13/18
2.5 Revamp the performance
management policies 20 days Tue 8/14/18 Mon 9/10/18
2.6 Evaluate the new structure 5 days Tue 9/11/18 Mon 9/17/18
2.7 Discuss with the stakeholders 2 days Tue 9/18/18 Wed 9/19/18

17PROJECT MANAGEMENT
2.8 Make the necessary changes if
required 1 day Thu 9/20/18 Thu 9/20/18
2.9 Milestone 2: Change management
achieved 0 days Thu 9/20/18 Thu 9/20/18
3.0 Preliminary design 31 days Thu 5/17/18 Thu 6/28/18
3.1 Accessibility 2 days Thu 5/17/18 Fri 5/18/18
3.2 Compatibility with other standards 2 days Mon 5/21/18 Tue 5/22/18
3.2 Best industry practice 2 days Wed 5/23/18 Thu 5/24/18
3.3 Ease of authoring 4 days Fri 5/25/18 Wed 5/30/18
3.4 Localization and
Internationalization 3 days Thu 5/31/18 Mon 6/4/18
3.5 interoperability 7 days Tue 6/5/18 Wed 6/13/18
3.6 longevity 3 days Thu 6/14/18 Mon 6/18/18
3.7 security 5 days Tue 6/19/18 Mon 6/25/18
3.8 Web and offline Distribution 3 days Tue 6/26/18 Thu 6/28/18
3.9 Milestone 3: Design completed 0 days Thu 6/28/18 Thu 6/28/18
4.0 Detailed Design 50 days Fri 6/29/18 Thu 9/6/18
4.1 Packaging format 6 days Fri 6/29/18 Fri 7/6/18
4.2 Media Type and File extension 4 days Mon 7/9/18 Thu 7/12/18
4.3 resource names and addressing 7 days Fri 7/13/18 Mon 7/23/18

18PROJECT MANAGEMENT
schemes
4.4 Widget meta data 6 days Tue 7/24/18 Tue 7/31/18
4.5 Automated bootstrap 8 days Wed 8/1/18 Fri 8/10/18
4.6 Widget API 9 days Mon 8/13/18 Thu 8/23/18
4.7 Other functional requirements 10 days Fri 8/24/18 Thu 9/6/18
4.8 Milestone 4: Widget developed 0 days Thu 9/6/18 Thu 9/6/18
5.0 Configuration and Prototype
development 37 days Fri 9/7/18 Mon 10/29/18
5.1 Develop prototype 20 days Fri 9/7/18 Thu 10/4/18
5.2 Identify specified user requirements 2 days Fri 10/5/18 Mon 10/8/18
5.3 Configure as per user requirements 15 days Tue 10/9/18 Mon 10/29/18
5.4 Milestone 5: Widget configured 0 days Mon 10/29/18 Mon 10/29/18
6.0 Testing phase 35 days Tue 10/30/18 Mon 12/17/18
6.1 Evaluate the performance of the
prototype 18 days Tue 10/30/18 Thu 11/22/18
6.2 identify irregularities 7 days Fri 11/23/18 Mon 12/3/18
6.3 Make changes 10 days Tue 12/4/18 Mon 12/17/18
6.4 Milestone 6: Product Tested 0 days Mon 12/17/18 Mon 12/17/18
7.0 Final product development 30 days Tue 12/18/18 Mon 1/28/19
7.1 Develop product 30 days Tue 12/18/18 Mon 1/28/19
7.2 Milestone 7: Final Product 0 days Mon 1/28/19 Mon 1/28/19

19PROJECT MANAGEMENT
developed
(Table 6: Kerzner 2018)
Project Cost Management
Task Name Resource Names Cost Total
Slack
Project plan $39,528.00 0 days
1.0 Project initiation $1,024.00 0 days
1.5 Milestone 1: Project charter
developed $0.00 0 days
2.0 Change management $9,472.00 92 days
2.1 Identification of
organizational loopholes Human resource manager $240.00 92 days
2.2 Restructuring the
organizational hierarchy
Human resource manager,
Project Manager $2,640.00 92 days
2.3 Implement team bonding
sessions Human resource manager $1,600.00 92 days
2.4 Ensure employee
engagement Human resource manager $2,000.00 92 days
2.5 Revamp the performance
management policies Human resource manager $1,600.00 92 days
2.6 Evaluate the new structure Project Manager $480.00 92 days
2.7 Discuss with the stakeholders Human resource manager, $832.00 92 days

20PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Project Board, Project Manager
2.8 Make the necessary changes
if required Human resource manager $80.00 92 days
2.9 Milestone 2: Change
management achieved $0.00 92 days
3.0 Preliminary design $2,976.00 0 days
3.1 Accessibility Software developer, Software
Engineer $192.00 0 days
3.2 Compatibility with other
standards
Software developer, Software
Engineer $192.00 0 days
3.2 Best industry practice Software developer, Software
Engineer $192.00 0 days
3.3 Ease of authoring Software developer, Software
Engineer $384.00 0 days
3.4 Localization and
Internationalization
Software developer, Software
Engineer $288.00 0 days
3.5 interoperability Software developer, Software
Engineer $672.00 0 days
3.6 longevity Software developer, Software
Engineer $288.00 0 days
3.7 security Software developer, Software
Engineer $480.00 0 days
3.8 Web and offline Distribution Software developer, Software $288.00 0 days

21PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Engineer
3.9 Milestone 3: Design
completed $0.00 0 days
4.0 Detailed Design $9,256.00 0 days
4.1 Packaging format Software developer, Software
Engineer, Team Manager $960.00 0 days
4.2 Media Type and File
extension
Software developer, Software
Engineer, Team Manager $640.00 0 days
4.3 resource names and
addressing schemes
Software developer, Software
Engineer, Team Manager $1,120.00 0 days
4.4 Widget meta data
Project Manager, Software
developer, Software Engineer,
Team Manager
$1,536.00 0 days
4.5 Automated bootstrap
Software developer, Software
Engineer, Team Manager,
Testing Engineer
$1,600.00 0 days
4.6 Widget API
Software developer, Software
Engineer, Team Manager,
Testing Engineer
$1,800.00 0 days
4.7 Other functional
requirements
Software developer, Software
Engineer, Team Manager $1,600.00 0 days
4.8 Milestone 4: Widget
developed $0.00 0 days

22PROJECT MANAGEMENT
5.0 Configuration and
Prototype development $6,520.00 0 days
5.1 Develop prototype Software developer, Software
Engineer, Team Manager $3,200.00 0 days
5.2 Identify specified user
requirements
Software developer, Software
Engineer, Team Manager $320.00 0 days
5.3 Configure as per user
requirements
Software developer, Software
Engineer, Team Manager,
Testing Engineer
$3,000.00 0 days
5.4 Milestone 5: Widget
configured $0.00 0 days
6.0 Testing phase $1,400.00 0 days
6.1 Evaluate the performance of
the prototype Testing Engineer $720.00 0 days
6.2 identify irregularities Testing Engineer $280.00 0 days
6.3 Make changes Testing Engineer $400.00 0 days
6.4 Milestone 6: Product Tested $0.00 0 days
7.0 Final product development $8,880.00 0 days
7.1 Develop product
Project Manager, Software
developer, Software Engineer,
Team Manager, Testing
Engineer
$8,880.00 0 days

23PROJECT MANAGEMENT
7.2 Milestone 7: Final Product
developed $0.00 0 days
(Table 7: Fuller et al .2017)
This is the projected budget and real life prices have been taken into consideration.
However, there are other complexities and processes which are involved in a ICT project which
has not been taken into account in the report. The project will have to set baseline budget for
each of the task so that budget limit can be controlled.
Project Quality Management
Policy/Directive/Standard/etc Reference Comment
Cost benefit analysis Project management
plan
The project will conduct the cost
benefit analysis for identifying
the feasibility of the study and
will control the cost to gain
profit.
Benchmarking Scope Creep The scope creep is a common
phenomenon in IT projects so
industry benchmarks will have to
be set to measure the quality of
the product.
Communication plan Meetings The communication plan will
ensure that there is proper
understanding between the team
so that time is not wasted
Cost of quality Quality metrics The quality metric will measure
the features of the software to
identify the difference between

24PROJECT MANAGEMENT
the desired and the actual result
Timeline Baseline time The timeframe of the project is an
important factor for the feasibility
and sustainability of the
organization. The time frame will
have to be measure on a regular
basis for keep the project in track.
(Table 8: Martinelli and Milosevic 2016)

PROJECT MANAGEMENT 25
Project Risk Management
Type of
risk
Risk
Description
Probability Impact Risk reduction
Strategy
Contingency
Plan
High Medium Low Performance Cost Time
Internal Scope creep yes yes yes yes The software
will have to be
tested in all
phases.
Moreover, the
changes in the
requirement
cannot be
made after the
third phase
and all the
changes have
to be made
before that.
The project
manager can use
agile
methodology in
place of
waterfall model.
This will enable
to add and
change
requirements till
the last phase of
the project.
Internal Delay in time
frame due to
yes yes The project
manager will
The project
manager will

PROJECT MANAGEMENT 26
poor team
work
have to
develop an
effective
communicatio
n plan which
would enhance
communicatio
n in both
ways.
have to develop
a buffer time for
each of the
activities so that
unexpected
hindrance has
minimum effect
on the project.
Internal Delay in the
testing phase
yes yes The testing
phase will be
delayed if
there are lot of
irregularities
in the product
quality has to
be monitored
and
maintained at
all phases
The use of agile
methodology
will solve the
issue as the
changes can be
made in the next
phase of the
project.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT 27
(Table 9: Tomanek and Juricek 2015)