Numeracy and Data Analysis

This study report focuses on the analysis of data, including arranging data in tables, presenting data through charts, computation of mean, median, mode, range, and standard deviation, and using linear forecasting model. It also discusses the importance of data analysis in making strategic decisions and improving decision-making skills.

Numeracy and Data
Analysis

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................3
1. Arranging chosen data in table-format:..................................................................................3
2. Presenting above data through charts:....................................................................................3
3. Computation and thorough discussion on following:.............................................................5
4. Using linear forecasting model (y = mx + c ) for computing as well as discussion on
followings:..................................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION...............................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Analysis of data is most significant aspect of any research. The data analysis
is description of the data obtained. This requires analysing data obtained by using empirical and
rational reasoning to evaluate tendencies, connections or trends. The observations and patterns
which a person's data analysis abilities may help to discover can assert to be quite beneficial in
making both existing and future strategic decisions (Onwuegbuzie and Combs, 2018). The
study-report selects 10-days no. of phone calls data to comprehend the theory of process
of systematic data analysis like tabulated presentation, visual data presentation as well as use of
various statistical techniques like mode, SD, mean, median etc. This report further applies
leaner-forecasting model for estimating the no. of twelfth and fourteenth day calls based on
chosen data.
MAIN BODY
1. Arranging chosen data in table-format:
The table below includes phone call(no.) made for ten consecutive days:
Day Per day phone calls (No.)
1 25
2 27
3 22
4 31
5 28
6 38
7 19
8 22
9 24
10 22

2. Presenting above data through charts:
Bar Graph: A bar chart corresponds to type of graph under which categorical variables are
represented by every column (plotted both horizontal wise or vertical wise). The occurrence
of category or attribute is contrasted with those of another class or feature by using bar graph.
The height of bar indicates frequency for each class or attribute.
Column chart: Column chart is useful to display shifts in data across period, or to highlight
similarities between objects. Usually, divisions are arranged along horizontal axis in columnar
maps, and values in vertical axis (Luo, Wan, Liu and Tong, 2018).
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Per day phone calls (No.)

3. Computation and thorough discussion on following:
(a). Mean:
Statistical mean implies to a certain form of quantitative average which is very effective
in data analysis. Simply put, mean is arithmetic mean method, adding all the figures in a
specific set of values afterwards dividing the sum by number of data-points (Saidi and Siew,
2019). Following table shows computation of Mean value of selected data, as follows:
Days Per day phone calls (No.)
1 25
2 27
3 22
4 31
5 28
6 38
7 19
8 22
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
25
27
22
31
28
38
19
22
24
22
Per day phone calls (No.)

9 24
10 22
∑x = Aggregate total of all calls 258
Mean = ∑x / n(total days) = 258 / 10 = 25.8
(b). Median:
It is one form in set of value to calculate an average. This is calculated by
grouping values from smallest to highest and picking the middle number afterwards
If distribution has an odd set of data, median will simply mid-number. And when set
includes even number of points, then median will be sum of two mid-numbers. The median
shows range of distribution which is less sensitive than mean to the extreme values
(Shetgovekar, Kulshreshta and Misra, 2020). Typically it can be used for highly biased
distributions.
If there is even number: [n/2th + (n/2 + 1)th value] / 2
If there is odd number: n/2 + 1th value
Since in respective case, chosen data is even number that is ten days. Therefore, Median value is
equal to:
[(10/2) + (10/2 +1)value] / 2 = (5th value + 6th value )/2 = (28 + 38)/2 = 33
(c). Mode:
In a data set, mode is most common number. A mode value shows value which has top
frequency that in our case chosen data is 22 i.e. Max. three times occurred.
(d). Range:
A range is actual boundaries of a specific dataset. This shows the basic limits of data set.
In formula terms this is a difference value between highest score and lowest score within data-
set.
Maximum Range value = Max. Value => 38
Minimum Range = Min. Value => 19
Range Formula = Difference between maximum range & minimum range value = 38 – 19 =
19

(e). Standard Deviation:
Standard Deviation is statistical concept used to quantify across an average amount of
variation or dissipation. Functionally it's a variability factor. Dispersion is difference
between mean value and actual value. The through dispersion or variation, higher will be
standard deviation (Yadav, Singh and Gupta, 2019). The standard deviation refers to positive
square root of variances, and is represented for tests, or for data set.
Day Per day phone calls
(No.) (x- x̅) (x-x̅)2
1 25 -0.8 0.64
2 27 1.2 1.44
3 22 -3.8 14.44
4 31 5.2 27.04
5 28 2.2 4.84
6 38 12.2 148.84
7 19 -6.8 46.24
8 22 -3.8 14.44
9 24 -1.8 3.24
10 22 -3.8 14.44
∑(x-x̅)2 = 275.6
Variance = ∑(x-x̅)2/ n = 275.6 / 10 = 27.56
Standard-deviation = √∑(x-x̅)2/ n = √27.56 = 5.2498
4. Using linear forecasting model (y = mx + c ) for computing as well as discussion on
followings:
Computation of value of M:
Day Per day phone calls (No.) X2 ∑xy

1 25 1 25
2 27 4 54
3 22 9 66
4 31 16 124
5 28 25 140
6 38 36 228
7 19 49 133
8 22 64 176
9 24 81 216
10 22 100 220
∑x= 55 ∑y= 258 ∑X2 = 385 ∑xy=1382
m = N∑xy- ∑x∑y / N∑ X2 - (∑x)2
= 10*1382 – 55*258 / 10*385 – (55)2
= 13820 – 14190 / 3850 – 3025
= -370 / 825
= − 0.44848484
Calculation of c:
c = [(∑y / n)-m (∑x/n)]
= [(258 /10) - (-0.4485) (55/10)]
= 25.8 + 2.47
= 28.27

Forecasting of number of calls:
On 12th day:-
y= m x+ c
= − 0.4485 *12 + 28.27
= - 5.382 + 28.27
= 22.888 or approx 23 calls
On 14th day:-
y= m x+ c
= − 0.4485 *14 + 28.27
= - 6.279 + 28.27
= 21.991 or around 22
CONCLUSION
From above study-report this has been concluded that data-analysis is most crucial for
extracting relevant details and facts from raw data. It also allows analysts to render accurate
predictions by applying varying techniques. It serves as a basis for good decision taking in
everyday life.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Onwuegbuzie, A.J. and Combs, J.P., 2018. Emergent data analysis techniques in mixed methods
research: A synthesis. Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral
research, 2, p.398.
Luo, D., Wan, X., Liu, J. and Tong, T., 2018. Optimally estimating the sample mean from the
sample size, median, mid-range, and/or mid-quartile range. Statistical methods in
medical research, 27(6), pp.1785-1805.
Saidi, S.S. and Siew, N.M., 2019. Assessing Students' Understanding of the Measures of Central
Tendency and Attitude towards Statistics in Rural Secondary Schools. International
Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 14(1), pp.73-86.
Shetgovekar, S., Kulshreshta, U. and Misra, M., 2020. Block-2 Measures of central tendency
and variability.
Yadav, S.K., Singh, S. and Gupta, R., 2019. Measures of Central Tendency. In Biomedical
Statistics (pp. 41-52). Springer, Singapore.
tendency, dispersion, correlation and regression. Airway, 2(3), p.120.