Biometric Technology Recognition: Challenges and Opportunities

This report explores the challenges and opportunities of biometric technology recognition. It discusses different biometric solutions for security purposes, their advantages and disadvantages, and the application fields that use biometric technology. The report also addresses research questions related to biometric technology.

Running head: PROJECT PROPOSAL
Project Proposal
Name of Student-
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Author’s Note-

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Title- Biometric Technology Recognition: Their Challenges and Opportunities
Abstract
The organizations mainly search for more methods of authentication that are secured for
accessing, e-commerce as well as includes some other application security. For this reason
biometrics is now a days increasing its attention in the organizations. But, there always remains a
doubt whether to use biometric in the organization or not. And if decided, the company gets
confused about which biometric to choose and which is the best technology of biometric for
them to use. There are different applications of biometric that are used in an organization.
Biometrics is considered as the automated recognition of the individuals that are based on
behavioural characteristics and the biological characteristics. Biometric is a particular tool that
helps to establish the confidence of a particular individual. This report deals with the details of
the biometric use and different types of biometric that an organization uses. This report also
states advantages as well as disadvantages that are discussed in this report below.

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Table of Contents
Title..................................................................................................................................................1
1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................4
2. Research Questions......................................................................................................................5
3. Literature Review........................................................................................................................5
3.1 Positive and Negative Recognition........................................................................................5
3.2 Application Fields included in Biometrics Technology........................................................6
3.3 Biometric Solutions for Security Purpose.............................................................................7
3.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biometrics Security System...........................................8
4. Research Methodologies............................................................................................................10
4. 1. Analysing the sources of information................................................................................10
4.2. Research method.................................................................................................................10
4.3 Data collection or systems design methods.........................................................................11
4.4 Ethical Considerations.........................................................................................................11
5. Detailed Project Plan.................................................................................................................12
6. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................13
7. References..................................................................................................................................15
8. Appendices................................................................................................................................18
9. Ethical Consideration.................................................................................................................20

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1. Introduction
The concept of biometric deals with unique physical as well as behavioural
characteristics that helps to recognize the identity of the individual and authenticate the identity
of the individual (Vazquez-Fernandez and Gonzalez-Jimenez 2016). There are common physical
biometrics that includes fingerprints, retina, facial, and palm and geometry characteristics. For
the security of an organization, the organizations mainly uses three different type of
authentication.
 The credentials that are known that is a PIN, a password or some personal information
that are included.
 The credentials that are needed that is a smart card, token like SecureID card or card key.
 Something that is related to an individual that is biometric.
From all the above stated security authentication, biometric is one the most important as
well as secured. Biometric authentication cannot be borrowed, forgotten or can be stolen.
Forging the biometric data is not possible practically. The behavioural characteristics in
biometric includes signature, the voice, gait as well as the keystroke pattern used in an
organization. From all the biometric technologies, signature is one of the most developed
technology that are used for authentication.
Different from tokens or systems that are based on password based, the system of
biometric functions without particular input, knowledge or the user cooperation that includes the
recognition includes in authentication (Mitchell and Shing 2018). The system of biometric is
considered as a general replacement for all other authentication technologies. Combination of the

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approaches of a biometric with some other methods does not includes much security which does
not include user cooperation that are included.
2. Research Questions
The research questions that this research paper addresses are listed below:
1. What are the biometric solutions that are used for security purposes of authentication?
2. What are the fields that uses biometric technology for its security purposes?
3. What are the opportunities and drawbacks of using biometric technology?
3. Literature Review
3.1 Positive and Negative Recognition
As stated by Chandy et al. (2017), there are possible two kinds of applications in
biometrics that can be established. One is negative recognition and the other is positive
recognition. Both of these recognitions are explained below:
Positive recognition: The applications that does not require the users to give its identity
for the convenience comes under this group. The process of identification requires less
operations compared to the verification of the user and the identification process is easy to
operate. The verification of identity is mainly used in the place of positive recognition (Alsaadi
2015). The operation mode of positive recognition is very interesting and the user might be
interested to be recognized. This process of recognition is positive. If recognition is not done, the
attempt of the individual will be rejected.
Negative recognition: Negative recognition mainly includes a system to establish if a
person denies of being that person (Mahadi et al. 2018). The main purpose of including the

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negative recognition helps to prevent a particular person from using multiple identities. The
methods of classical recognition can provide this particular type of recognition. The biometrics
can be used for negative recognition. The applications of government as well as forensics mainly
belongs to this particular group where the users is not identified and is not collaborative.
3.2 Application Fields included in Biometrics Technology
As stated by Haupt and Mozer (2015), the physical control of access mainly refers to all
the processes that includes the physical characteristics. The control of logical access mainly
includes schemes, techniques, as well as procedures that are used in the biometric system. There
are many difference between the control of physical access as well as control of logical access.
Physical Access Control: This control mainly covers the authentication process of
identity that requires all the users to include the physical characteristics. This is mainly used in
location which needs high security such as military, police stations, and the hospitals. The
common use of physical control access are the application that are applied in computers or at
doors. These applications are very confidential and is important and include very high level of
security. The physical access mainly helps to reduce the problems of human related risks.
Logical Access Control: the logical access is mainly a process that includes a scheme
control that refers to a particular process to control the scheme containing the data files or the
computer programs (Masupha et al. 2015). The logical access contains personal as well as
privacy information that includes different users. This technology is mainly used by the military
as well as governments for protecting the data for having high security using the technology of
biometric.

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The difference between logical access and the physical access is that the logical access is
mainly used for computer networks as well as controlling of the systems. This helps to reduce
the complexity of the requirements of using passwords for the users.
3.3 Biometric Solutions for Security Purpose
Facial Recognition: The human face recognition is the earliest characteristics that are to
be used as biometric system for securing the identity of a user. For the technology of facial
recognition, it is widely used because there is no need of using any type of physical contact
between the device and the users (Saifan et al. 2016). The cameras helps to scan the face of the
users and matches the data with the database for identification and verification. It is very easy to
install as well as it requires expensive hardware. The technology of facial recognition is widely
used in different types of security systems that includes physical controlling access as well as
computer accounts of users. The negative factor that is included with the technology of facial
recognition includes with the user ages, the facial recognition of the user will change over the
time.
Fingerprint reader: There are number of ridges in the fingerprints of the users and the
valleys are also present in the surface of the finger which are unique for identifying each human.
The ridges of the fingers forms main points, the ridges ending where there is the ending of the
ridges, the ridges bifurcations which includes ridges to split in two parts. The unique point of the
fingerprint is determining the different types of patterns of the ridges and the furrows and
includes minutiae points. There are basically five basic patterns that are included in a
fingerprint.
However, this fingerprint technique also has many disadvantages in a system. If the
fingerprint gets damaged due to some accident or some marks on the surface, it becomes very

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difficult for identify (Zapata et al. 2017). The system mainly requires finger surface of the users
so that they might have a minutiae or some pattern so that the patterns matches. There is a
limitation factor for the algorithm security in the system. The system of fingerprint security
mainly consists of different applications that includes cell phones, the flash drives, the laptops
and many other devices.
Voice Recognition: For voice recognition, there are mainly two factors for making a voice
of human unique; a physiological component which is commonly known as the voice trait and
the second is the behavioural component that includes the voice accent. By the combination of
all the factors, it is not possible to imitate the voice of other person in an exact manner (Hsiao et
al. 2016). Taking the advantages of these factors, the technology of biometrics is created in the
system of voice recognition to verify the identification of a person only with their voice. The
technology of voice recognition mainly focus on the tract of the voice. This is because it includes
a unique characteristics in a physiological trait. This voice recognition works perfectly with the
access control for the users.
Singh, A. and Chatterjee (2015) stated that this technology also has some disadvantages.
These factors affects the quality of a particular system. The performance related with the voice
recognition technology allows the users to record the voice on their database is the most
important part. The users are mainly asked to have a repeat paraphrase of the voice or some
sequence numbers so that the voice of the person is stored accurately.
3.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biometrics Security System
Advantages

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As stated by Radhika, Jeddy and Nithya (2016), there are many advantages related with
the use of biometric in an organization. The first advantage that the biometric system includes of
using the new technology as its uniqueness and this is one of the main characteristics that helps
the use of biometric technology to become more important in the organizations. With the
uniqueness involved in biometric technology, each of the identification of the individual will
include effective identification of the users. The chance of having two users using the same
identification in technology of biometric security is not possible.
Secondly, the biometric is considered as a high secured way for identifying the users that
makes technology less addicted for the users for sharing their high sensitive data (Wiercioch,
Teufel and Teufel 2016). The users can share the fingerprints, iris as well as allowing the users
for accessing the information security. Each constraint that is used during the identification
consists of single property that are used by the users.
Lastly, the advantage of using the biometric technology is that the data that are related
with the biometric cannot be stolen, forgotten, as well as lost. The aspect of the biometric
technology mainly makes the technology popular (Padma and Srinivasan 2016). The method of
biometric helps to identify as well as give access to the users to make the identification very
easy. The system of biometrics security is very easy to install as well as requires very small
amount of funding for the equipment.
Disadvantages
As stated by Meng et al. (2015), there are many flaws that are included in using the
biometric system. The applications system of biometric has many weakness that causes many
problems for the users. If the system of biometric uses fingerprints for identifying the users, any

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accident caused with the user might result in loss of the finger. This might face difficulty in
verification of the process. For the methods of voice recognition, there is illnesses that might
include throat strep which can be hard for the users to access the information (Enamamu et al.
2017). There is another factor that might influence the system of voice recognition with some
continuous aging for the users. The noise in the environment can also hamper the voice
recognition that helps to identify the users to make the users that are to be identified.
According to Shen et al. (2016), for the iris or the rental scanning of the applications, the
users might be very intrusive. The users may have concern with their safety of eyes when the iris
of the human is scanned for retinal scan. The databases that are used for storing the user
identification might be very large which might include a potential threat. For scanning the
characteristics of the iris and to store the large amount of the data related, biometrics system used
mainly requires new as well as modern technologies. The cost in the equipment is very much
expensive.
4. Research Methodologies
4. 1. Analysing the sources of information: All the sources from where the information
are taken to carry out this research paper is books, articles, thesis papers, and all the other
published materials that are related to the biometrics security in authentication. The information
that are mainly included in this research paper is mainly collected from the online library
including the Google scholar, as well as the published materials that have a proper title, the
publication information and the name of the author (Walliman 2017). For doing the citation,
Harvard referencing style is used that will mainly state the authority of all authors, the state of
publication related with the journal and the associated with the publisher.

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4.2. Research method: The research methods that are included with this research paper is
quantitative methodology as well as qualitative methodology. The research methods that are
included in this research paper is primary research methods and secondary research method. The
primary research method includes carrying out interviews and surveys with a particular selected
area. For secondary research methods, all qualitative data are collected from different online
books and online published books that are related with the research topic (Schoenduwe et al.
2015). Both primary method as well as secondary methods are used to carry out the research to
evaluate the use of biometric for security purpose.
4.3 Data collection or systems design methods: The method of data collection is
basically a method that includes the results of the development process included with the systems
(Ding-Mastera et al. 2018). The groups that are involved in this process of data collection mainly
helps to collect the data related to the topic and is then undertaken as well as analysing the data
that are being collected. The method of data collection mainly helps to conduct the research is
primary data collection method and secondary research methods. The data that are collected for
primary data collection are collected from interview and survey that are being carried out. For
carrying out the quantitative methodology, the quantitative data is being analysed that are
collected from the survey and the questionnaires that are being carried out. Survey and interview
will be held that will be carried out with respondents (Divakar and Arakeri 2018). The
respondents included for carrying out the research is employees of three technological companies
and interview will be carried out within the managers of the organization. For analysing the
qualitative data, different journals and different articles are being studied that includes
observations of different authors who have their different views on the related topic.

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4.4 Ethical Considerations
Ethics that are included in this project includes the norms or the standards that are used
for conducting the research. The first ethical consideration that are included with this research
study is promoting the aim of the research that is being included in the research. Promoting aims
of research includes knowledge, truth, as well as avoidance of all the errors that are included.
The second ethical consideration that is included in the research often includes good
cooperation deal as well as coordination deal in different people having different disciplines as
well as institutions. There must be ethical standards for promoting all the values that are needed
for collaborative work.
The third ethical norm that is included in this research study includes researchers that is
accountable for the public. All the federal policies that are included in the research such as
misconduct, protection on human subjects, and interest conflicts are to be included by the
research in this research report.
5. Detailed Project Plan
Task Name Duration Start Finish
Project Schedule 41 days Mon 11/03/19 Mon 6/05/19
Research Proposal 15 days Mon 11/03/19 Fri 29/03/19
Selection of Topic 2 days Mon 11/03/19 Tue 12/03/19
Background Research 4 days Wed 13/03/19 Mon 18/03/19
Project Objective 1 day Tue 19/03/19 Tue 19/03/19
Literature Review 1 day Wed 20/03/19 Wed 20/03/19
Research Question and
Research Hypothesis 3 days Thu 21/03/19 Mon 25/03/19
Research Design and
Research Methodology 2 days Tue 26/03/19 Wed 27/03/19
Research Limitations 1 day Thu 28/03/19 Thu 28/03/19
Preparing Project Schedule 1 day Fri 29/03/19 Fri 29/03/19
Submission of the Research 0 days Fri 29/03/19 Fri 29/03/19

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Proposal
Literature Review 6 days Mon 1/04/19 Mon 8/04/19
Impact of Service quality and
the influence of service on
customer satisfaction
2 days Mon 1/04/19 Tue 2/04/19
Different switching cost as
well as alternative evaluation that
effects the switching barrier of
telecommunication
2 days Wed 3/04/19 Thu 4/04/19
Customer satisfaction as well
as switching barriers affecting
the customer loyalty in the
telecommunication industry
2 days Fri 5/04/19 Mon 8/04/19
Data Collection Method 12 days Tue 9/04/19 Wed 24/04/19
Secondary Research 2 days Tue 9/04/19 Wed 10/04/19
Primary Research 3 days Thu 11/04/19 Mon 15/04/19
Selecting area or population
for data collection 1 day Tue 16/04/19 Tue 16/04/19
Collection of Data 3 days Wed 17/04/19 Fri 19/04/19
Analysis of the Collected
Data 3 days Mon 22/04/19 Wed 24/04/19
Draft Submission 0 days Wed 24/04/19 Wed 24/04/19
Final Project Submission 8 days Thu 25/04/19 Mon 6/05/19
Detailed Analysis of
Findings 3 days Thu 25/04/19 Mon 29/04/19
Conclusion 3 days Tue 30/04/19 Thu 2/05/19
Recommendations 1 day Fri 3/05/19 Fri 3/05/19
Final Submission of Project
Report 1 day Mon 6/05/19 Mon 6/05/19
6. Conclusion
From the above report, it can be stated that biometric is one of the most important
authentication technique that can be used for security purposes. But along with its advantages,
there are many disadvantages that it incorporates in the organization. There are many systems
that performs recognition of biometric that exists with a constellation of different authentication,
the technologies of identification as well as offers many distinct challenges as well as

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capabilities. The authentication of technologies are mainly based on three basic things, one is
something that an individual knows including passwords, something that the individual has
including token or secure key and some that that an individual is or work that it does.
This report states the definition of Positive and Negative Recognition, Application Fields
included in Biometrics Technology, biometric solution for security purpose, software used in
biometrics security, and also states the advantages and the disadvantages that biometric includes
in all organization who uses the concept of biometric in security authentication.

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7. References
Alsaadi, I.M., 2015. Physiological Biometric Authentication Systems, Advantages,
Disadvantages And Future Development: A Review. International Journal of Scientific &
Technology Research, 4(12), pp.285-289.
Chandy, J.A., Fahrny, J., Haque, A., Wortman, P.A., Karimian, N. and Tehranipoor, F., 2017.
Exploring Methods of Authentication for the Internet of Things. In Internet of Things(pp. 71-90).
Chapman and Hall/CRC.
Ding-Mastera, J., Jing, P., Stinson, M., Manzi, E., Zhao, F., Marzano, V., Cheah, L. and Ben-
Akiva, M., 2018. Combining gps data collection with assisted machine learning to enhance
freight vehicle and driver surveys: Methodology and demonstration (No. 18-00512).
Divakar, M.A. and Arakeri, M.P., 2018. User Authentication System Using Multimodal
Biometrics and MapReduce. In Information and Communication Technology for Sustainable
Development (pp. 71-82). Springer, Singapore.
Enamamu, T.S., Clarke, N., Haskell-Dowland, P. and Li, F., 2017, December. Transparent
authentication: Utilising heart rate for user authentication. In 2017 12th International
Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions (ICITST) (pp. 283-289). IEEE.
Haupt, G. and Mozer, T., 2015. Assessing biometric authentication: a holistic approach to
accuracy. Biometric Technology Today, 2015(3), pp.5-8.
Hsiao, C.C., Wang, S.W., Lin, R. and Lee, R.G., 2016, October. Multiple biometric
authentication for personal identity using wearable device. In 2016 IEEE International
Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC) (pp. 000673-000678). IEEE.

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Mahadi, N.A., Mohamed, M.A., Mohamad, A.I., Makhtar, M., Kadir, M.F.A. and Mamat, M.,
2018. A survey of machine learning techniques for behavioral-based biometric user
authentication. In Recent Advances in Cryptography and Network Security. IntechOpen.
Masupha, L., Zuva, T., Ngwira, S. and Esan, O., 2015, December. Face recognition techniques,
their advantages, disadvantages and performance evaluation. In 2015 International Conference
on Computing, Communication and Security (ICCCS) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
Meng, W., Wong, D.S., Furnell, S. and Zhou, J., 2015. Surveying the development of biometric
user authentication on mobile phones. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 17(3),
pp.1268-1293.
Mitchell, C. and Shing, C.C., 2018, July. Discussing Alternative Login Methods and Their
Advantages and Disadvantages. In 2018 14th International Conference on Natural Computation,
Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (ICNC-FSKD) (pp. 1353-1356). IEEE.
Padma, P. and Srinivasan, S., 2016, August. A survey on biometric based authentication in cloud
computing. In 2016 International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies
(ICICT) (Vol. 1, pp. 1-5). IEEE.
Radhika, T., Jeddy, N. and Nithya, S., 2016. Tongue prints: A novel biometric and potential
forensic tool. Journal of forensic dental sciences, 8(3), p.117.
Saifan, R., Salem, A., Zaidan, D. and Swidan, A., 2016. A Survey of behavioral authentication
using keystroke dynamics: Touch screens and mobile devices. Journal of Social Sciences
(COES&RJ-JSS), 5, pp.29-41.

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Schoenduwe, R., Mueller, M.G., Peters, A. and Lanzendorf, M., 2015. Analysing mobility
biographies with the life course calendar: a retrospective survey methodology for longitudinal
data collection. Journal of Transport Geography, 42, pp.98-109.
Shen, S.S., Lin, S.H., Kang, T.H., Chien, W. and Chiu, C.C., 2016, November. A new mobile
on-line mutual authentication scheme. In 2016 International Conference on Advanced Materials
for Science and Engineering (ICAMSE) (pp. 79-81). IEEE.
Singh, A. and Chatterjee, K., 2015, March. A secure multi-tier authentication scheme in cloud
computing environment. In 2015 International Conference on Circuits, Power and Computing
Technologies [ICCPCT-2015] (pp. 1-7). IEEE.
Vazquez-Fernandez, E. and Gonzalez-Jimenez, D., 2016. Face recognition for authentication on
mobile devices. Image and Vision Computing, 55, pp.31-33.
Walliman, N., 2017. Research methods: The basics. Routledge.
Wiercioch, A., Teufel, S. and Teufel, B., 2018. The Authentication Dilemma. Journal of
Software, 13(5), pp.277-287.
Zapata, J.C., Duque, C.M., Rojas-Idarraga, Y., Gonzalez, M.E., Guzmán, J.A. and Botero, M.B.,
2017, September. Data fusion applied to biometric identification–a review. In Colombian
Conference on Computing (pp. 721-733). Springer, Cham.

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8. Appendices
Gantt chart
Figure : Gantt chart

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9. Ethical Consideration