Development & Security in the Middle East: the impact of the Syrian civil war on Lebanon, Turkey and Jordan's security

Hi please read the description and see all the attachments THIS TASK IS A "Systematic Literature Review and Proposal" This task is part of a research project, Please have a look at all of the attachments, with this order, it will explain what we need to do! THE TOPIC FOR THE RESEARCH PROJECT IS : :::: : "" Development & Security in the Middle East: the impact of the Syrian civil war on Jordan's security, economic growth, and development sustainability "" Please do your best with this task, and once we have this one done, we move to the 2nd task wich will be the Research project report. Attachments will explain the way this task need to be done, please follow the description

Protocol template
Protocol Template: Systematic Review
Review title: Development & Security in the Middle East: the impact of the Syrian civil war on
Lebanon, Turkey and Jordan's security, economic growth, and development sustainability
1. Background
I. Important characteristics
What are the important population and/or disease characteristics (diagnostic criteria,
epidemiology, aetiology, prognosis)?
The civil war in Syria left a great deal of impact over the development and security of the
neighbouring countries like Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan. Due to the civil war in Syria,
influx of refugees started entering into the neighbouring regions and endangered the stability
of both the government and the social equations. From the research of Abadi (2014) it can be
argued that the impact of the Syrian civil war led to jeopardize the delicate balance of
Jordan. As a matter of fact, the article of Hawamdeh and Al-Qteishat (2018) pointed out that
the refugee crisis in the Middle East and beyond was ignited due to the civil war in Syria. As
a result of that a demographic crisis had been arose associated with the social and
government system. For instance, National Post (2013) revealed the scenario of Jordanian
refugee camps especially in the Zaatari refugee camp where the refugees were suffered with
serious health related issues and mutilation. The violence and severity of the Syrian civil war
was clearly portrayed and it transcended the risk in the Jordanian society and the medical
facilities inside the country. Furthermore, there were also serious issues regarding the
security and safety of Jordan in the wake of the Syrian Civil war. The report of the UN
Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon revealed that the Syrian regime stockpiled chemical
weapons and WMDs that could be a threat for the neighbouring countries. As a matter of
fact, the report of Mroue (2012) also suggested that the Syrian civil war would create
political strife and economic decadence in the neighbouring countries like Lebanon. The
country was highly devastated due to immense influence of the civil war of Syria. The UN
report revealed that deadly clashes between the pro and anti-Assad Lebanese groups was
escalated at a rapid pace where in a particular event 17 Lebanese Sunni fighters were killed
in Syria and hampered the civilian life in the country deeply. Moreover, Turkey was under
the threat of severe backlash of Syrian civil war where the Syrian jet bombed the rebel held
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Tal Abyad town. This town was very close to the Turkish border and fatal destruction was
caused in the borders of Turkey (Parlar Dal, 2016). The loss was huge that affected both the
economic and social cohesion in Turkey.
II. Relevance
Does the review topic have important implications for health (individual and/or public),
as well as health care, policy and research?
The importance of the impact of Syrian civil war on Turkey, Jordan and Lebanon created
huge implication over the question of integrity and influence in the context of Middle East. It
is important to note that the impact is not only fracture the political situation in the listed
countries but also created a discussion where sustainability, growth and security over the
countries can be analysed. In respect to this, the article of Lawson (2014) stated that the
emergence of ISIS and threat to the sovereignty of the neighbouring countries was
considered to be of great threat for the neighbouring countries. For instance, from the point
of view of economic growth there was not so change in the process during the outbreak of
Syrian crisis in 2011. However the sustainability of the country was torn apart into two
factions in terms of pro-Assad and anti-Assad. The Turkish government continuously
supported the opposition forces in Syria including the jihadist groups and other sectarian
people. Therefore, a negative impact was created within the national context where
sustainability and security of Turkey was under threat. In addition to this, there is also some
economic impact that the Syrian crisis had provided to different countries. According to the
Russian State, it can be stated that the Syrian crisis had a deep rooted impact over Lebanon.
The senior officials in Russia were intrigued to find out any threat that could be arose by the
Syrian civil war and damaged the economic growth extensively. Over 30 years there are
serious growth in the Lebanese economy and the country touched the apex of prosperity due
to its blooming tourism industry (BBC Monitoring Former Soviet Union, 2012). However,
the insurgency in Syria started poisoning the Muslim factions of Shia and Sunnis. The
government successfully maintained an integrity and harmony between the two factions but
things were out of control after the Syrian crisis as the Lebanese people were divided into
two rival groups based on the religious lines. Henceforth, the exposure and growth that the
country was witnessing became shattered and totally destroyed. It cost huge negative
consequences for Lebanon to continue its growth in economy. On the other hand, problem
was also emerged in course of development sustainability within the nation. The refugee
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crisis over Jordan and its intense impact over the Jordanian society provided a blow to the
social integration and dynamics. As per the research of Abadi (2014) it can be stated that
regional tension was prevalent in Jordan long before the emergence of Syrian civil war. In
fact, there was also some refugee problems that the country had went through. Prolonged
atrocities between Jordan and Syria were at the epitome during the Syrian civil war. The
threat of terrorist activities and the growing power of the militant jihadists in Syrian
threatened the sustainability of the country to a great extent. Damage in the social cohesion
and lack of ability of the government led to the fall of social structure and generated negative
backlash for the sustainability of the country. From that point of view, it can be stated that
the research is trying to find out different impacts that was caused by the Syrian civil war on
different neighbouring countries like Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey.
III. Rationale
Does the evidence (including existing systematic reviews) fail to answer the review
question, and why?
The evidences are trying to facilitate in-depth analysis over the impact of Syrian crisis over
the neighbouring countries like Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey. There are some extensive
research and interesting facts that the articles are successfully found out but not a single
evidence highlighted any significant trend in the security, economic growth and development
sustainability. It is important for the research to figure out a trend of damage that the
neighbouring countries had found irrespective of security, economic growth and development
sustainability aspects. Therefore, it is very crucial for the research to discover such a trend
and define it so that a common ground of understanding the impact can be made. Moreover,
there was limited intervention into the historical facts of the root of atrocities that urges to
initiative further research into the same topic. From that point of view, it can be argued that
the research evidences are partially provided justification for the research topic of
development and sustainability and intrigues the research to get into more details on the
impact of Syrian Civil War over the sustainability, economic growth and security of Jordan,
Lebanon and Turkey.
IV. Justification
Is the need for the review justified in the light of the potential health implications and
current limitations of the evidence base?
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The Syrian crisis was a complex event and contained a number of layers that needs to be
revealed. There is substantial impact of the Syrian crisis over the security, economy and
sustainability of the neighbouring countries. Therefore, the research intends to create an
extensive finding of articles and empirical studies that showed significant changes to the
neighbouring situation. It is obvious that the impact of Syrian civil war did not leave the
similar outcome in all the mentioned neighbouring countries. Rather each of the countries
suffered from different symptoms. For instance, Jordan experienced a decline in the social
cohesion between the Shias and Sunnis that ruptured the sustainability of the country. On the
other hand, in Lebanon a continuous degradation in the economy can be seen that resulted
due to backlash of Syrian crisis. Moreover, in case of Turkey threat to the security was an
acute symptom and the country still suffers with the same issue. Therefore, it can be argued
that the evidences provided various scenarios in different countries that culminated a gradual
downfall of Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey in time.
V. Specification
What are the PICO components of the review question / objective?
Problem- During the Syrian civil war
Intervention- was security, economy and sustainability
Control- witnessed any growth
Outcome- for development and sustainability in Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey.
2. Methods
I. Search strategy
Which electronic databases will you search?
The university library database is used generally for choosing the potentially relevant
empirical accounts. The focus of the research was set on the theme of the research and the
topic that will provide a guideline to search the required articles and journals. The online
access of the library database helped to redirect to a number of specific electronic databases
like Proquest, Elsevier and so on. As a result of that it became easier for the researcher to
download the files and get a clear insight into the topic. Many of the journals were found in
the university library database as well that can lead to get the right articles relevant with the
theme of the research.
What are your key search terms?
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The search was primary based on the PICO studies where it can be found a number of key
search terms can be seen. Firstly, the most common terms are used like Syrian civil war,
economic growth in Lebanon, social structure in Jordan, Syria and its neighbours. Apart from
those general terms the research also cared to extract more literary articles on the topic.
Therefore, some specific searches had been done such as Syrian civil war and Lebanon,
Impact of Syrian crisis on Jordan, Security threat in Turkey, Syrian threat and Turkey,
Historical atrocities in Middle East and so on.
What other sources will you search?
The entire systematic literature review research was based on the electronic articles.
Therefore, the main focus was vested on the university library. It is important to note that all
those online sources are paid and it is not possible to access sources from different database.
Therefore, the use of university library was the most flexible database on which the
researcher depended. There were also electronic newspapers that can also be accessed from
the library database. Henceforth, all the retrieved articles were belonged to electronic sources
and no hard copy was used for the systematic literature review.
II. Selection criteria
What are the inclusion / exclusion criteria?
The focus of the research is to find out the best possible research articles that are useful for
facilitating a good literature review. Henceforth, the research sets some inclusion and
exclusion criteria to choose the right articles that serve the purpose of the researcher. A
qualitative trial has been intervened into the practice with 30 best possible articles and
journals. A test has also been conducted based on the content and title of the articles. There
are only 17 articles recognised that can reflect a positive impact over the research. Moreover,
the inclusion criteria also focuses on the quality and narratives style of the articles so that
based on the quality in terms of peer reviews the research is going to choose only 9 articles
out of 17 as the most important literatures to be discussed and analysed. On the other hand,
there is an exclusion criteria set out by the researcher so that an effective literature review can
be made. Henceforth, 21 articles have been rejected on the ground of having no peer review
or out of the theme chosen by the researcher. Moreover, quality of the articles is also
identified as a crucial factor for the study. Therefore, the research also emphasises on the
quality of the accounts as a criteria of exclusion and inclusion of the research paper.
Will you impose any additional limits, e.g. language, publication type, study design?
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The additional limit of the systematic literature review is based on the language, publication
type and the study design. Based on the understanding it can be argued that the researcher is
trying to segregate the articles for inclusion and exclusion relied on the language of the
articles. In many of the articles the language is not designed well enough that can help to
understand the intent of the study. According to Liao et al. (2017) language is always
considered to be a key for the research because it will reach to the readers with a positive
intent rather than confusing them to get the right information. In addition to this, the type of
publication and study design are also incorporated as better approach to set the limits because
many of the articles are newspaper articles and do not have any particular design of research.
Van Laar et al. (2017) articulated that for developing a systematic literature review it is quite
important for the researcher to set proper design of research and mention it so that the
reviewers can get to know the mode of the data collection. In response to this, for this
research also the research design and publication type are also significant role to extract the
right information from different articles.
How will study selection be performed?
The study selection is clearly focused on the PRISMA design of research investigation which
is considered to be one of the most crucial and significant move made by the research. From
that point of view, it can be stated that the study selection is sound enough to execute the
research aim and objectives perfectly.
III. Quality assessment
What criteria will be used to assess methodological quality?
The CONSORT checklist tool has been used for this research in order to find out the quality
of the articles and exclude on the ground of biasness in the analysis. There is a systematic
examining proof that the study is going to focus in order to bring more efficiency into the
systematic literature review practice. Based on the perception and analysis of Schön,
Thomaschewski and Escalona (2017) it can be argued that the quality assessment is part and
parcel of the systematic literature review practice and it is highly important for the research to
gain more efficacy into the practice by including intervention and exclusion practice in
analysing the quality of the research articles. On the basis of such perception, in case of this
research also a same process is followed for assessing the study quality and fostered a
qualitative research of systematic research design. As far as the CONSORT check list is
concerned, Fischer et al. (2017) opined that the tool is highly useful in systematic literature
review as it is entitled to analyse the quality of the research articles and provide enough
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introspection into the quality of research design and the language of the design. In this
context, the current research is intending to implement a randomised trial method with the
help of the CONSORT checklist. Furthermore, the tool also helps to do a systematic review,
process and determine the quality of the literature articles.
How will quality assessment be performed?
By using the CONSORT tool, the research will analyse each of the listed articles one by one.
Frost and Choo (2017) Obviously, the process takes some time but it is very pertinent for a
systematic literature review to analyse the quality of the research before taking it into
consideration as the final review list. The entire purpose and objective of the research
depends on the quality assessment of the review articles. Henceforth, the criteria have also
been set to include the right quality articles. For instance, the research puts emphasis on the
peer reviewed articles and journals, the research designs mentioned into those articles and the
language of the articles. It is identified as a very strict and well versed plan to set the limit of
the literatures and including only the right ones. Therefore, it can be argued that the quality
assessment is executed well and meet all the objectives that the research was expected to
achieve.
IV. Data extraction
What are the key data to be extracted?
Primarily the focus of the research is to figure out the impact of Syrian civil war on the
neighbouring countries like Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey. There are some key aspects on
which the research is trying to focus. For instance, the impact on the security, economic
growth and the sustainability in the neighbouring countries are the core and fundamental
aspects of this systematic literature review. There are several instances and interesting facts
that the ongoing literature review successfully collects and draw a proper argument on behalf
of the neighbouring states of Syria like Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey. Henceforth, the key
data are also associated with the narratives of impact of Syrian crisis in terms of civil war on
the process of rupturing the security, sovereignty and economic growth in the neighbouring
states. Moreover, an historical anecdote is also incorporated into the research in order to
understand the background and severity of the damages. Henceforth, the researcher also cares
to evaluate the historical facts through the literature review and data were extracted from the
descriptive narrations of the empirical evidences.
How will data extraction be performed, and how will extracted data be presented?
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The extracted date will help to figure out the exact situation and intensity of impact caused
due to the Syrian crisis. The researcher intends to focus more on the efficacy and use of the facts
generated through the empirical evidences. It is very crucial for the benefit and success of the
entire research. Henceforth, the research labelled the data with dates and events so that it will
helpful to create a core understanding of the real picture of the neighbouring countries of Syria
on the eve of the Syrian crisis. Moreover, the table format full of data will be analysed and
evaluated in a descriptive manner.
V. Data synthesis
How will data be combined (statistical or narrative), and why?
A narrative mechanism has been instrumented by the research with the purpose of deal with
the combine the data and uses it to get the expected outcome. It is highly pertinent for the
research to follow the right synthesis technique and formulate the right execution of the
research. Henceforth, the narrative form of synthesis has been chosen. According to the
research of Fuentes et al. (2017) it can be argued that the narrative form is highly effective to
analyse historical facts. In fact, the articles provided more facts about the event rather than
the statistical records. Therefore, it is obvious for the research to opt for the narrative style of
synthesis.
What are the potential sources of effect heterogeneity and how will they be assessed?
This systematic literature review successfully maintained heterogeneity in sources based on
using articles from different databases and on different aspects. The emphasis is on using
different key words to maintain heterogeneity in the sources and create more extensive and
authentic systematic literature review. The assessment is based on only the quality of the
research articles because the researcher is more focused on the information provided by the
articles rather than the database of the sources. Therefore, a heterogeneity can be found
within the sources based on the facts and information described in the articles and the
research also assessed those empirical evidences accordingly.
3. Process
I. What resources are required to conduct the review, and are they available?
Relevant expertise: None
Computing facilities: None
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Research databases: Western Sydney Library Database
Bibliographic software: EndNote software
Statistical software: None
II. How will the findings of the review be disseminated?
Target audience: Academic
Publication type: Not clear
Communication media: None
4. Timetable
Completion date Lead reviewer
Draft protocol for internal review 29/02/2020
Protocol for external review 03/03/2020
Searching and study selection 06/03/2020
Data extraction 10/03/2020
Quality assessment 17/03/2020
Draft report for peer review 23/03/2020
Submit for publication 26/03/2020
Celebrate publication 20/04/2020
5. References and bibliography
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Review, 4(2), 162-168.
Abushakra, R. (2013). World News: Syrian War's Rivals Clash in Lebanon For the First Time. Wall
Street Journal, p. A.11.
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Akçan, R., Yıldırım, M., Isak, A., &Tümer, A. (2019). The unexpected effect of Syrian civil war in
Turkey: Change of forensic postmortem case pattern. Journal of Forensic and Legal
Medicine, 66, 65-69.
Albayrak, A. (2013). World News: Syrian Rifts Play Out Across Turkish Border --- Civil War in
Southern Neighbor Puts Strain on Ties Between Turkey's Alawites and Sunnis, After Years
of Coexistence. Wall Street Journal, p. A.13.
Assaad, R., Ginn, T., & Saleh, M. (2018). Impact of Syrian Refugees in Jordan on Education
Outcomes for Jordanian Youth. IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc, IDEAS Working
Paper Series from RePEc, 2018.
Blanford, N. (2013). Memories of its own civil war dampen Lebanon's desire to help Syrian
refugees. The Christian Science Monitor, p. 5.
Can, &. (2017). The Syrian Civil War, sectarianism and political change at the Turkish–Syrian
border. Social Anthropology, 25(2), 174-189.
Carpenter, T. (2013). Tangled Web: The Syrian Civil War and Its Implications. Mediterranean
Quarterly, 24(1), 1-11.
Clinton Praises Success of President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief on African Tour.
(2012). Foreign Policy Bulletin, 22(4), 46-61.
Editorial views repercussions of Syrian civil war on Turkey's policies. (2013). BBC Monitoring
European, p. BBC Monitoring European, Jul 18, 2013.
Fischer, D., Stanszus, L., Geiger, S., Grossman, P., & Schrader, U. (2017). Mindfulness and
sustainable consumption: A systematic literature review of research approaches and
findings. Journal of Cleaner Production, 162, 544-558.
Frost, R. B., & Choo, C. W. (2017). Revisiting the information audit: A systematic literature review
and synthesis. International Journal of Information Management, 37(1), 1380-1390.
Fuentes, C., Herskovic, V., Rodríguez, I., Gerea, C., Marques, M., & Rossel, P. O. (2017). A
systematic literature review about technologies for self-reporting emotional
information. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 8(4), 593-606.
Goraya, N. (2018). Present Day Syrian Civil War: Regional and External Dimensions. Journal of the
Research Society of Pakistan, 55(1), Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, Jun 2018,
Vol.55(1).
House Appropriation Committee Issues Report on State, Foreign Operations Appropriations Bill.
(2015). Targeted News Service, p. Targeted News Service, Nov 27, 2015.
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Husseini, R. (2017). Jordan, donors endorse new refugee response plan. TCA Regional News, p. TCA
Regional News, Jan 12, 2017.
Is Jordan Out Of The Woods? (2019). Banker, Middle East, p. 9
Joint Statement Comes Out of U.S.-E.U. Summit, G20 Meeting Prompts Eurozone Reforms.
(2012). Foreign Policy Bulletin, 22(1), 118-139.
Lawson, F. (2014). Syria's mutating civil war and its impact on Turkey, Iraq and Iran. International
Affairs, 90(6), 1351-1365.
Liao, Y., Deschamps, F., Loures, E. D. F. R., & Ramos, L. F. P. (2017). Past, present and future of
Industry 4.0-a systematic literature review and research agenda proposal. International
journal of production research, 55(12), 3609-3629.
MazenFalehHawamdeh, & Ahmad Ahmad Al-Qteishat. (2018). The Impact Of Syrian Refugee
Crisis On Neighboring Countries. RUDN Journal of Political Science, 20(4), 548-554.
Mroue, B. (2012). Syrian civil war spills into Lebanon. Spartanburg Herald - Journal, pp.
Spartanburg Herald - Journal, Dec 5, 2012.
Naor, D. (2014). The Path to Syrian Intervention in Lebanon on the Eve of Civil War, 1970-
1975. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 41(2), 183-199.
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Parlar Dal, E. (2016). Impact of the transnationalization of the Syrian civil war on Turkey: Conflict
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Russian experts mull prospect of Syrian conflict prompting civil war in Lebanon. (2012). BBC
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Syrian Civil War Reaches Into Turkey; Rapping a Cure for Stuttering? (2012). International Wire, p.
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Syrian crisis spawns permanent refugees; Horror stories of civil war from camp in Jordan.
(2013). National Post, p. A.1.
Turkey's frustrations grow with Syrian civil war. (2012). Strategic Comments, 18(8), 1-3.
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U.S. Advocates for Multilateral Sanctions Against Syria, U.S. and Saudi Arabia Finalize $29.4
Billion Sale of Fighter Aircraft. (2012). Foreign Policy Bulletin, 22(1), 140-167.
Van Laar, E., Van Deursen, A. J., Van Dijk, J. A., & De Haan, J. (2017). The relation between 21st-
century skills and digital skills: A systematic literature review. Computers in human
behavior, 72, 577-588.
Wood, J. (2012). Sectarian Conflict Kills at Least 17 in Northern Lebanon in Spillover of Syrian
Civil War. New York Times (1923-Current File), p. A10.
YucelYuce, Hakan A. Acar, Kutlu H. Erkal, &Nur B. Arditi. (2017). Retrospective analysis of
patients with burn injury treated in a burn center in Turkey during the Syrian civil war. Saudi
Medical Journal, 38(1), 93-96.
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