PSYC 1020 Research Awareness: Case Studies and Evaluations

This article covers case studies on note-taking, oxytocin, transgender children, fear of snakes, and more. Each study includes methods, results, and evaluations. The article is relevant to PSYC 1020 Research Awareness and includes references for further reading.

PSYC 1020 Research
awareness

Table of Contents
Case study 1.....................................................................................................................................1
Case study 2.....................................................................................................................................3
Case study 3 ....................................................................................................................................5
Case study 4.....................................................................................................................................7
Case study 5.....................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

Case study 1
Aim- To investigate that whether taking notes on a laptop and the writing longhand affects
academic performance. For accomplishing the success of this task potential mechanism of
verbatim overlap as proxy for depth of processing. This research study is focus on the way of
directly addressing the potential differences of laptop versus longhand note taking.
Methods- Mixed fixed and random effects analyses of variation were used to test the difference
between academic performance influence of the laptop and longhand learning. tested a model
using word count and verbatim overlap as mediators of the relationship between note-taking
medium and performance using Preacher and Hayes’s bootstrapping procedure. In the first study
process, 67 participants were selected for the research study and they were performed the TED
talks to test their laptop-based learning efficiency. Students were participated two at a time, room
was provided with the laptops or notebooks. Numbers of the words written by the students by the
use of the laptop and notebooks are used as the significant difference of the learning. Then in the
second study instructional intervention is used within the laptop versus longhand performance
test. Participants were students (final N = 151; 35 male) from the University of California, Los
Angeles Anderson Behavioural Lab subject pool. Then in the next step 3 study is used 2 (laptop,
longhand) × 2 (study, no study) design to investigate whether the disadvantages of laptop note
taking for encoding are potentially mitigated by enhanced external storage, this is also use to
evaluate that whether the note taking medium affected transfer of learning of conceptual
information to other domains.
Results-
From the above study and analysis, in the first study approach it has been analysed that there is
equal performance of the students across the all conditions. There was no significant difference
in performance on factual questions across lectures in study one. Result of the study 2 were
scored by raters blind to condition. Comparing longhand and laptop-non-intervention note
taking, we found that for conceptual questions, participants taking more notes performed better.
Comparing longhand and laptop-non-intervention note taking, we found that for conceptual
questions, participants taking more notes performed better. From the evaluation of the third case
study it has been analysed that among students who had the opportunity to study, longhand notes
takers did significantly better than laptop note takers.
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Evaluation- From the evaluation of case study one it has been identified that laptop and hand
long study are comparative because laptop study provide the more effective understanding and in
other hand longhand learning increase the memorization of the study content.
REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Ibraheem, F. T. (2021). Teachers’ Knowledge, Competence and Attitude Towards the Teaching
of Handwriting in Ilorin-West Local Government Area of Kwara State (Doctoral
dissertation, Kwara State University (Nigeria)).
Stepanchuk, Y. A. (2019, June). Bridging the Digital Gap in Academic Writing and Information
Management: The Case of Humanities Students. In International Conference on Digital
Transformation and Global Society (pp. 530-541). Springer, Cham.
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Case study 2
Aim: The author wanted to provide the information about the neuropeptide oxytocin and also its
role in the social behaviour. It also includes nicknames of the elements which usually contains
the components of truth as when the level of oxytocin is been increased the people become more
altruistic, generous as well as trusting. It can include the effects of oxytocin on the behaviours of
prosocial as it is too strong that it is been suggested that the oxytocin can make an individual
prosocial indiscriminately. It also involves the information about social effects of oxytocin
among the animals.
Methods: The methods here include about sixty healthy adult males has been completed the
measures of self-esteem as well as they taking risks, the kindness, the physiological disorders
and so on. In this, the participants had received the instructions for the trust game in which every
participant had to assume the investor’s role. They had to transfer the money to the trustee so that
funds would become triple. And, in return the trustee have to transfer all the money back to the
investor. On other hand, the another part involves the game in which participants were provided
instructions about the rounds with the computer game.
Results: In this, results here includes that the oxytocin as well as the control groups did not
differ in the demographic and the differences measures (ps> .25). The results also believe about
the group assignments which is about (p>.25). in this, after removal of one of the outlier, they
performed about 2 groups with 3 partner types that includes a mixed model determination on the
investments. It is also concluded that the covariates are also affect the investments which is about
ps value greater than or equal to .05. the factors that are involved such as self-esteem, kindness,
social competences, the psychological disorders.
Evaluation: In this, the evaluation here includes the oxytocin effects on the prosocial behaviours
among the humans. It is found that the oxytocin enhances the behaviours of prosocial but on the
other hand, it is also demonstrated that the oxytocin can enables these such behaviours in the lack
of the indications which a social partner may be unreliable. In this, it is determined that the
oxytocin nurtures the belief, but not the trustfulness which is quite important. It is also evaluated
that the above study includes various implications such as the oxytocin is not enchanted which is
generally illustrated in the news. The another includes the particular impacts of the oxytocin as it
may be primarily moderated not by humans.
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REFERENCES:
Books and Journals:
Ellenbogen, M. A. (2017). Oxytocin and facial emotion recognition. Behavioral pharmacology
of neuropeptides: Oxytocin, 349-374.
Gordon, I., & Berson, Y. (2018). Oxytocin modulates charismatic influence in groups. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: General, 147(1), 132.
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Case study 3
Aim - To investigate whether 5 to 12-year-old prepubescent transgender children’s, evaluation
of the clear pattern of their behaviour. This research study is aim to inform the discussion of
gender cognition among the transgender children.
Methods- In context to the accomplishment of the research 32 prepubertal transgender children
were recruited through online, conferences in order to include them in the study. For the
inclusion and exclusion criteria children had to be 5 to 12 years old and live in all contexts
as the gender expression opposite of their natal sex. Key method of the study was database of
families interested in participating in developmental psychology research studies. In the research
process participants were assessed’ implicit gender preferences with a half-length IAT. for
assessing the explicit gender peer preferences, questioning method is used, through which
participants were askes to answer that which of two people they would prefer to be friend with.
Then in the net task explicit object preferences was assessed by measuring it across six trials.
Explicit gender identity is done by telling the participant’s that people have outside physical
body and insides feeling.
Results – From the complete study and research mythological aid it has been evaluated that
patter of the result is confusing, in other hand results are indicating that they actually knew their
identity but pretending on explicit measures. By the aid of explicit gender peer preferences
transgender participants showed a significant tendency to favour peers of their expressed gender.
In the test of the object preference it has been analysed that transgender children preferred
objects endorsed by children of their expressed gender. The results support the notion that
transgender children are not confused, delayed, showing gender-atypical responding, pretending,
or oppositional, they instead show responses entirely typical and expected for children with their
gender identity.
Evaluation – From the research study it has been evaluated that transgender children’s show the
clear pattern and they view themselves in terms of their expressed gender and showed
preferences for their expressed gender, this is proving that early development of the transgender
youth is statically indistinguishable from cisgender children of same gender identity.
REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
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Hassan, M. M., Alam, M. G. R., Uddin, M. Z., Huda, S., Almogren, A., & Fortino, G. (2019).
Human emotion recognition using deep belief network architecture. Information
Fusion, 51, 10-18.
Nahata, L., Quinn, G. P., Caltabellotta, N. M., & Tishelman, A. C. (2017). Mental health
concerns and insurance denials among transgender adolescents. LGBT health, 4(3), 188-
193.
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Case study 4
Aim - To test the hypothesis that imagining as positive encounter with the member of a
stigmatized group would be more likely to promote positive perceptions when it preceded
through an imagined negative encounter. With the help of this study the effectiveness of the
fear evoking stimulus psychological intervention is analysed and evaluate.
Methods – In context to the completion of this research task key selected and implemented
method were participation of the 29 participants’. under this research procedure 25 females
and 4 males without the mental health problem ages between 18 and 38 took part in the
online study and then randomly allocated to two imaginal exposer conditions. One of the
participating group with an adult schizophrenia and the other group were asked to first
imagine a negative contact situation and then the positive contact situation. Then for results
compression of the negative and positive imaginal exposer is done. Total five experiments
were completed.
Results – The result hypothesis was that imagining negative contact which followed by the
positive contact with an adult with schizophrenia would lead to lower anxiety at time 2 in
comparison of positive contact experiences. It has been identified that compared with purely
positive interventions, interventions in which a single negative encounter was imagined just
prior to imagining a positive encounter resulted in significantly reduced prejudice,
psychotherapy, two steps are effective in reducing anxiety.
Evaluation –
It has been evaluated that imaginal exposer is beneficial for the treatment of anxiety as it helps to
reduce the anxiety by increasing their strengths of anxiety tolerance and control. This is the first
time that the negative tone is can be helpful. Results are showing that small dose of the negative
may not effective to reduce the intergroup anxiety and improve intergroup perception’s.
REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Borkovec, T. D. (2019). The role of cognitive and somatic cues in anxiety and anxiety disorders:
Worry and relaxation-induced anxiety. In Anxiety and the anxiety disorders (pp. 463-478).
Routledge.
Ozorak, E. W. (2019). In the eye of the beholder: A social-cognitive model of religious belief.
In The psychology of religion (pp. 194-205). Routledge.
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Case study 5
Aim – To analyse the level of fear among the children’s and adults related to the
environmental stimuli like snakes. It has been identified that snakes are the common factor
of the fear and to make its clear understanding visual detection task is done.
Methods - The key research methodology for the selected research aim is visual detection
task. Matrices colour photographs of the threat relevant and threat irrelevant stimuli
presented to the children’s and adults with 3*3 photos. Then the participants were asked to
find the one threat relevant target among the eight threat irrelevant distractors. This
experiment was done on the hundred and twenty, 3 to 5-year-old children’s and parents of
each child. Research material which were used in the study was 24 photographs for each
stimulus category. The stimulus categories were snakes, flower, frogs and caterpillars. Each
of the 24 pictures in the distractor category appeared multiple times; the different distractors
were presented approximately the same number of times across trials. After the child had
completed all 24 trials, their parent was tested in exactly the same manner. The parent had
not been told about the experimental hypothesis and had not been present while the child
was tested. Children’s were divided into the three age groups and represented to the
research task of visual test.
Results - The results of experiments 1, 2, and 3 demonstrate that young children, like adults,
detect snakes more quickly than three different kinds of threat-irrelevant stimuli. There was
the higher similarity in the response of the preschool children and their parents. This result
was evaluated with the help of fear module a neural system which is selectively sensitive to
evolution relevant threat stimuli.
Evaluation – From the overall study it has been evaluated that is very essential to assess the
meaning or significance of the target stimulus, based on the evaluation of children’s
behaviour towards the snake, flowers, frog, caterpillar it is concluded that complex situation
specific and variable behaviour are far more adaptive than the traditional fear account
suggest and carry essential lessons for how researcher’s should make more approaches to
study of children’s and adults fear in future work.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Keener-Eck, L. S., Morzillo, A. T., & Christoffel, R. A. (2020). A comparison of wildlife value
orientations and attitudes toward timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus). Human
Dimensions of Wildlife, 25(1), 47-61.
Soares, S. C and et. al., (2017). Exogenous attention to fear: differential behavioral and neural
responses to snakes and spiders. Neuropsychologia, 99, 139-147.
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