Psychology Assignment: Human Brain
Added on 2020-06-06
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Theory Make Up Time Sheet1.Learning outcomes for the sessionDiscuss the structure and function of the brainConduct an assessment using the Glasgow coma scale Use the correct technique to assess eye movement, verbal response and motor responses Understand the significance of findingsIdentify the factors affecting conscious levelsKnow the correct terminology related to assessment and common disorders affecting level of consciousness Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the principles of caring for someone who is unconscious Write a care plan for a patient who is unconscious Identify clinical situations where the use of GCS is an appropriate means of assessment2.Learning resources used to enable make up of study time missed (please give full reference listing of evidence using “Cite them right”- for example, websites, journals, books used inclusiveof chapters and page numbers read)Discuss the structure and function of the brainCerebrum: It is the largest part of human brain. It is divided into four sections which arethe frontal lobe,parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe. It is associated with higher brain function such as thought andaction.Cerebellum: The structure is associated with regulation and coordination of movement, posture, and balance.The function is to receive information and coordinates voluntary movements (Geraghty. 2005).Medulla oblongata: It is situated in the brain stem in front of cerebellum. It helps in regulate breathing,digestion, sneezing, blood vessel function and swallowing.Pons varolii: It is a portion of brain stem and is located above the Medulla oblongata. The function is toconnect lower and upper parts of brain.Frontal lobe: The frontal lobe, the largest of the cerebral lobes, lies rostral to the central sulcus. Its function isreasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving.Hypothalamus: It is an integral part of the brain. The main function is to link the nervous system to theendocrine system via the pituitary glandCorpus callosum: It is located near the center of the brain. , this structure is the largest bundle of nerve fibersthat connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres, much like a bridge.Thalamus: It is located above the brain stem between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain and has extensivenerve connections to both.
Theory Make Up Time SheetReticular activating system: It is a set of connected nuclei in the brains of vertebrates that is responsible forregulating wakefulness and sleep-wake transitions.Pituitary gland: It is linked to the hypothalamus, which lies directly above it, by a short stalk that contains nervefibres and a specialized network of blood vessels known as a portal system (Chung and Choi, 2015).12 cranial nervesfunctionOlfactory NerveSensitive functionOptic NerveSensitive functionOculomotorocular mobility and eyelids, parasympathetic fibersTrochlearocular mobility and eyelidsTrigeminalmixed functionAbducentSensitive function, ocular mobility and eyelidsFacial or Intermediatemixed function, parasympathetic fibersVestibulo-CochlearSensitive functionGlossopharyngeal mixed function, parasympathetic fibersVagus mixed function, parasympathetic fibersAccessory Neck and tongue muscle activationHypoglossal Neck and tongue muscle activationConduct an assessment using the Glasgow coma scale The GCS was developed in 1974 by Teasdale and Jennett. It was originally designed to grade the severity and outcome of traumatic head injury but has been extended for all causes of impaired consciousness and coma. This tool should only be used as an assessment of the depth of unconsciousness (this is the scoring). To reduce ambiguity, there is a need to define responses in descriptive terms in addition to numerical scoring.NICE guidelines (2007) indicate that the GSC should be used to assess all brain injured patients and suggests that assessment should be undertaken every 30 minis until the GCS reaches 15 or the patients condition stabilises, clinical experience dictates the latter.The GSC provides essential base line information of level of consciousness for comparison. The GSC’s graphic, visual format ensures uniformity (at local, national and international level) and gives reliable, quick, concise, visual interpretation of the woman’s level of consciousness and hence neurological status over a period of time. Some Trusts have an additional section to allow for the assessment to be documented in graphformat (allowing for trends to be closely monitored). Accurate assessment and prompt action when needed can improve the eventual outcome, not just in terms of survival but also minimising the degree of residual neurological deficit.This is an accepted format that assists communication, minimises user interpretation and rapidly detects change in the woman’s condition. Do not use the tool in isolation – it is good practice to report on all aspects of the GCS. The patient’s best responses are recorded. However, the tool has been shown to be reliable when used by experienced users (REF).What is meant by cushings triadCrushing triad or crushing reflex is the response of nervous system psychologically to increase intracranialpressure (ICP) that results in Crushing Triad of increased blood pressure, irregular breathing and bradycardia.It can be seen in the terminal stage of acute head injury and may indicate brain herniation. The crushing reflexdemonstrates the enlargement in systolic and pulse pressure and minimization in the heart rate. It is causedby the pressure that increases inside the skull. These symptoms shows that flow of blood is insufficient in thebrain (ischemia) as well as compression of anterioles. In response to rising intracranial pressure (ICP),respiratory cycles change in regularity and rate. It is the serious and chronic stage as whenever it occurs,there is high possibilities of death in seconds to minutes. It is considered as the complex and paradoxicalprocess. It can be seen as enlargement of in intracranial pressure (ICP).What are the signs of raised intracranial pressure?
Theory Make Up Time SheetIntracranial pressure is the sudden rise in the pressure around the head and brain. There are various signs that can be observed in an individual regarding the intracranial pressure. One can be suffered from severe headaches frequently. Nausea and vomiting are the two other signs that can be observed in an individual. Theblood pressure is increased and it impacts negatively on the health of human being, Further, an individual remains confused about time location and people. Double vision can be observed and pupils doesn't respond to the change in light. Shallow breathing, seizures, loss of consciousness and coma are other signs and symptoms of intracranial pressure. These signs could show other chronic situations other than increased intracranial pressure such as brain tumor, stroke and head injury. Constant enlargement in intracranial pressure is considered as life threatening and it requires emergency medical help.Identify the factors affecting conscious levelscerebral haemorrhage : a very basic cause of it is the brain trauma in which the brain is affected to a much level. So, it causes unconsciousness. liver disease : There is a decline in brain function because of which the hepatic encephalopathy occurs which further causes liver diseases.brain tumor : The cells of the brain have been damaged because of which brain tumor uremia, or end-stage kidney failure.heart disease : As heart is directly connected to the brain, so there are chances of it getting unconscious. dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease : As in case of dementia, the person starts losing the level ofunderstanding and concentrating because it directly affects the brain. So, the proper process of sendingand receiving messages does not take place well, so it affects on the consciousness of the person.Use the correct technique to assess eye movement, verbal response and motor responses Best eye response This assesses the functioning of the brainstem and reticular activating system (RAS) and is not always an indication of intact neurological functioning e.g. patients with persistent vegetative state will open their eyes unconsciously. If eyes are open and no blinking is apparent, gently close the eyes and observe if they open. Voluntary opening of the eyes will determine eye opening and intact brain stem functioning (Royal Free Hospital Trust 2008). Best verbal response Provides information about the patient’s speech, comprehension and functioning areas of the higher, cognitive centre of the brain. This category reflects the patient’s ability to articulate and express a reply. And assess whether they are aware of themselves and their environment. Best motor response This tests the area of the brain that identifies sensory input and translates this into a motor response. The intention is to determine the patient’s ability to obey a command to localise, and to withdraw or assume abnormal body positions, in response to a pain stimulus. A deterioration of one point in the motor response or an overall two point deterioration in the GCS score should be reported immediatelyas this is clinically significant (NICE, 2003). Know the correct terminology related to assessment and common disorders affecting level ofconsciousness What are the symptoms of acute bronchitis?The symptoms of acute bronchitis are:FeverWheezingChillsSore ThroatBoday AchesChest CongestionShortness of breathCoughDiscuss the management of this conditionIn order to manage the acute bronchitis, an individual needs to consume fluids and must avoid taking caffeineand alcohol. Further, he or she must take plenty of rest. An individual must Take over-the-counter pain
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