Psychology of Everyday Life: Understanding Human Behaviour and its Applications

This report delves into the significance of psychology in everyday life and its applications in various areas. It discusses the different variables, approaches, and factors that affect human behavior and witness testimony accuracy. The report also explores the social psychology approach, conformity, and the behaviourist approach, including operant conditioning. It concludes with a discussion on the potential factors that affect witness testimony accuracy and the use of mugshots to enhance accuracy.

Psychology of everyday life

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
TASK...............................................................................................................................................1
Question 1...............................................................................................................................1
Question 2...............................................................................................................................3
Question 3...............................................................................................................................5
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Psychology is defined as the study which is related with understanding of people behaviour,
attitude, attribute, and mental functioning. It is clearly creating better understanding and create
help to the people with psychological disorder, treat mental health issue and also take step to
improve the education system, workplace behaviour and relationship (Chimirri, and Schraube,
2019). Therefore, psychology may have applied in the various areas of life and day to day
activities which may foster the positive attitude and personality. The need of psychology in the
everyday life is important because it help to provide the way which may applied in population to
make the behaviour which positive and achieve better interaction. In this report, the major of
discussion is based on the psychology which is divided into the three task that is related with the
case study. The case study is usually containing some question which is answered correctly with
context to report with evidence base data (Cori, 2019).
MAIN BODY
TASK
Question 1
A: The dependent variable is defined as variable that may change as the outcome of the
independent variable manipulation. The outcome is usually measured with the proper use of
independent variable. In this, the statistics is well used which is also known as the response
variable that they can respond to the change in another variable. In the context with case study,
the two group are divided where first group consist of 20 males and 5 females which work as the
dependent variable. In the main reason to choose 20 males and 5 females that they change then
the outcome is also the variable. In addition, the second group is also considered within the case
study which may show the participant that is 15 males and 10 females which is also work as the
dependent variable within the report of psychology. The major of selection of people within the
group are outline by Dr. Butler for their experiment which is related with dream experiment and
extent to which they can influenced by consumption of the different food before their bedtime
(Cychosz and et. al., 2020).
B: The independent variable is defined as the variable which usually manipulate, control or vary
in an experimental study in order to make the study that is related with effect. It is also shows
independent because it is not influenced by the other variable in the term of study. Therefore, the
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independent variable which is also analysed that explanatory variable they explain an events or
the outcomes. In this report, group are divided into the two parts where the first group is usually
a part an experiment where the independent variable is defined as consumed junk food that is
before going to the sleep. The group two is usually consist of the independent variable that is
defined as the consumed piece of the fruits before going to the sleep. The independent variable in
not clear but mostly they contain piece of fruits because reliability they show effect as the
variable (Fuller-Tyszkiewicz and et. al., 2019).
C: In this report, as per the evaluation of case study, it is clearly state that the extraneous variable
is defined as the variable that is helpful in order to make the investigation that can show the
potential affect where the outcome of the research study has been taken. In this, they are left to
be uncontrolled, the extraneous variable can help to lead to create the inaccurate conclusion
about the aspect of relationship that is well related with the independent and dependent variable.
In this report, the meat based junk food and other milk based food which may not outline within
study while performing experiment through the Dr. Butler that act as the main extraneous
variable that affect the outcome of the research study.
D: As a psychologist, Dr. Butler may require some of the data and information which is related
with experiment that is about dream and extent to which they can generally influenced by the
consumption of different food before the bedtime. In addition, she selects two group for study
that may include group one and group two. The reliable research question is used to made that
may help the Dr. Butler for the investigation that is:
Research questions: To understand the level of extent to which they can influenced by the
consumption of the various food before bedtime (Gheisarian and et. a., 2019).
E: As per the study of case study, it is appropriately analysed that study complied the qualitative
data due to the food consumption which is not calculated as per the amount. The qualitative data
is usually common process for the research with the context to the reliable collection of data and
information which may generate the aspect that is showing the strength when they are taken
within research process. The qualitative data is defined as the conceptual and descriptive finding
which is generally collected through the various of source which may defined as the interview,
observation and questionnaire. The analysis is used to taken in which qualitative data allow to
explore the ideas and further explain which is related with the quantitative outcome. In this
report, the major of study is well related with the psychological aspect that is complex issue to
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understanding dream and Dr. Butler feel that the dream can be extent or influenced by
consumption of food before the bedtime. In this case study, they also show the provide more
information which help to explain the complex issue and also show various method for the
gathering of data on the sensitive subject. In addition, the data collection is also show the cost
efficient value which is also generalised within the qualitative research (Holm, and Kousholt,
2019).
Question 2
A: The question is state about the perspective which is using the various method to analyse the
human behaviour in which the social psychological approach and the concept of conformity is
also outline that may provide the elaboration regarding human behaviour. According to the
psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology is study that is based on the scientific level. The
method which is used in order to evaluate the human behaviour by the social psychology
approach (Hsu, and Madsen, 2019). The social psychology approach play role in order to create
the better understanding which may help to explain the thought, feeling and behaviour of the
individual that is generally influenced by actual, imagined or implied to show the presence of
human being. In addition, the social psychology may help to get the better understanding which
is related with the each other. It shows better understanding that the person individual behaviour
is generally influenced by the social environment in which that behaviour is generally take place.
It is well analysing that the people or human behaviour is generally dramatic influence on the
way which show the act and the normal choice which is used to made. They might show the
behaviour which is related with the alone versus if there is present in the room. The decision that
is made by the person and the behaviour which restrict can might depend on the people which
may show the presence but they are exactly about the context of surrounding (Koehler, Serth,
and Meinel, 2021). In this, the social psychology may show the aspect which require various of
term that encompasses of the social topic that may include the group behaviour, social
perception, leadership, nonverbal behaviour, conformity and aggression. It is generally analysed
that the social psychology is not all about to looking at the social influenced. The social
perspective and the social interaction also play vital role for the creation of better understanding
reading the social behaviour which is used to made.
In order to get the better understanding about the people and the way they think about the
other is help to generate the perception which may create complication with others. In addition,
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the people or person perception can play powerful role in the wide variety of action and making
the decision. It is all about create the aspect which is based on the term of moment about
sometime which may act different in the public setting than they might if the person were at the
home. There are some of information which is well related with the person where person at home
become loud and rambunction while in public they might be much more subdued and reserved
(Kuipers, Franssen, and Holla, 2019).
The conformity is defined as the act of the changing in the behaviour in order to fit in or go
along with the people around. In some of the cases, the social influenced that may show the
involvement in the agreeing with the acting that majority of the peoples within the specific group
or it might involve behaving in particular way which show the orderable fraction which is
perceived as normal by group. In order to get the better understanding that is well related with
the human behaviour and psychology is refer as the complex aspect or subject to get the
understanding (Levin, 2019). The people may usually conform in some of situation and not in
others which is depend on the factor including:
The difficulty of the task: The difficult task which may lead to enhance and lower the level
of conformity. In addition, no one knowns that how perform a difficult task that make the people
more likely to conform but enhance challenge which make them people accepted towards various
responses, lead to create the less conformity.
Individual difference: In order to get the better understanding towards the personal
characteristic such as motivation which help to achieve and show the strong leadership abilities
which is well linked with the decreased tendency to make the conformity.
Group size: The people is usually more likely show the conform in some of the situation that
is usually involve between the three and five other peoples (Mutmainnah, Putra, and Gultom,
2020).
B: The behaviourist approach which is also known as the behavioural psychology which is
showing the theory that is based on the learning which state the behaviour that is learned through
the context of interaction with environmental through the process that is called as the level of
conditioning. The behaviour which is simply show the response to the environmental stimuli. In
addition, the behavioural approach within the human behaviour is usually learned thus all
behaviour can be unlearned and the new behaviour is learned with the change in the place. The
behavioural approach also shows the amplification that show the pretended value that foster
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condition which may require behaviour which is become acceptable. However, the behaviourism
only helps to provide the partial account which is well related with the human behaviour which
may show the objectification that is viewed. The essential factor which is well related with the
emotion, expectation, higher level motivation that is classified and explained. The accepting the
behaviours that prevent and act as research from the other perspective that may help to uncover
the essential factor. In order to get the better understanding towards the behaviourist theory that
carried on the animals.
In this report, operant conditioning is also well known as the instrumental conditioning that
refine itself a process by which human and animals used to learn in such a way which show the
behaviour that help to provide the rewards and avoid punishment. In this, it is also show the
aspect which may show context of paradigm in experiment which is useful for the psychology by
which the new learning used to obtain that is based on the selection process as per the study. The
study usually extends in order to known the behaviour of human therefore, the study is first
carried on the animals from the protest to human which is guided by the complication. The
operant condition may show in depth analysis for justification of human behaviour and their
recognition for further growth (Neufend, 2019).
Question 3
A: As per the analysis of the case study, it is usually analysing that Samantha is eyewitness of
armed robbery. In this, Samantha have to give the testimony for robbery. Therefore, there are
some of the potential measure which may affect the Samantha testimony as the witness. In
addition, stress is major factor that create the hindrance in order to provide the right view
because it enhance the rate of heart beat where Samantha the clear hesitation and stress is arise
which may create cognitive imbalance that render vision in the term of memory to make the
proper identification for the testimony. In addition, there are other factor which may take place as
the part of obvious influence that may led eyewitness in order to make the mistake. Such factor
majorly includes the stress, presence of weapon, confidence level, cross racial identification and
so on which mislead the eyewitness from their testimony. As per this, the Samantha is also
taking some of the factor as the level of eyewitness that may create slight change in their
testimony because presence of such factor is also arise that restrict the accuracy of testimony due
to the stress or level of confidence (Ritter and et. al., 2022). Therefore, the cognitive psychology
is also show their relevance in study where proper and accurate term are used to measure that
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may act as factor to avoid the potential aspect of working in the testimony where the memory is
usually become weak due to stress. The testimony become weak due to the low accuracy that
create tough situation for the police to determine the suspect and identify them if Samantha show
low accuracy in their testimony (Schwerdtfeger, Rominger, and Obser, 2020).
While taking all this as the part of extrinsic configuration in psychology, police officer
wants to enhance accuracy with determination of suspect with the help of mugshots. The
potential suspect is initially recognising which is helpful for the police officer in order to known
culprit and make appropriate punishment for the armed robbery. In this, Samantha used to
identify the suspect and the police officer perform different approach which help to enhance the
accuracy of Samantha for the armed robbery by intervening to look the mugshot of potential
suspect. The cognitive function is usually trigger when the trauma based events are happening
and some of the glimpses is memorise by the person that they trigger the events and remember
all the incident with occurrence of cognitive function response. In this, the police officer used to
provide the mugshot that trigger event that may happen in previous day that is armed robbery
where suspect is usually identified for their crime. The concept of psychology is applied
successfully when events are memorising to person that occur previously when some of the
glimpse is provided to them then they recognise the single place, events and incident in the
appropriate ways. As per the case study, police officer applied this one Samantha to enhance
accuracy to identify suspect.
B: The psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has been usually show the particularly making the concern
that have shown the frequent information which can affect an eyewitness account of an events. In
this, main concern has been usually focus on the influences that may be misleading and leading
the information in the context with the both that is visual imagery and wording of the question
which may show relation to the eyewitness testimony. The Loftus finding is useful in order to
indicate memory for event that has showing the witness which is highly flexible. In addition to
this, if someone exposed to the current information during the proper interval between the
witnessing current events and recalling it. It is also summarising that the original memory can be
well determined and modified or the supplemented. In addition to this, main aim of the
hypothesis is showing the language that is used in the eyewitness testimony that can alter the
memory. They also used to aim that leading questions that help to distort eyewitness testimony
accounts and help to visualise the confabulating effect as the account would become distorted by
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cues provided in the questions. In order to test, Loftus and Palmer asked people in order to
evaluate the people in order to estimate the speed of the current motor vehicle speed is something
people which is generally poor at and so that can make the be more often to make the open
suggestions. In addition, the result shows the outcome where verb conveyed an impression of the
speed that the car was travelling and this altered the perception of the perceptions. In the other
words, eyewitness testimony might get affected by the number of ways and they show the
question after the point is came to the committed (Vargas, 2021).
CONCLUSION
As per the above discussion, it is also analysed that the psychology may be helpful in order to
understand the people behaviour, attitude and attribute. In this, psychology may help in the
generation of through and process for the people which is usually evaluate with the context of
psychological viewpoint. Therefore, the study usually helps to maintain thought and various
process that may create divisional aspect to create the perspective which is effective and showing
the behaviour which is productive for people. The various of case study is well discussed with
the aspect of psychology that may help to provide the proper outcome in getting proper
understanding of thought and behaviour.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Chimirri, N.A. and Schraube, E., 2019. Rethinking psychology of technology for future society:
Exploring subjectivity from within more-than-human everyday life. In Psychological
studies of science and technology (pp. 49-76). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Cori, P., 2019. Forms of Thinking in Leopardi's Zibaldone: Religion, Science and Everyday Life
in an Age of Disenchantment. Legenda.
Cychosz, M., Romeo, R., Soderstrom, M., Scaff, C., Ganek, H., Cristia, A., Casillas, M., De
Barbaro, K., Bang, J.Y. and Weisleder, A., 2020. Longform recordings of everyday life:
Ethics for best practices. Behavior research methods, 52(5), pp.1951-1969.
Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., Chhouk, J., McCann, L.A., Urbina, G., Vuo, H., Krug, I., Ricciardelli,
L., Linardon, J., Broadbent, J., Heron, K. and Richardson, B., 2019. Appearance
comparison and other appearance-related influences on body dissatisfaction in everyday
life. Body Image, 28, pp.101-109.
Gheisarian, E., Zahedi Mazandarani, M.J., Mehraeen, M. and Maleki, A., 2019. The social
construction of love in the language of everyday life (Narrative of love from the
perspective of Kurdish couples). Sociological Cultural Studies, 10(2), pp.81-109.
Holm, L. and Kousholt, K.B., 2019. Beyond washback effect: A multi-disciplinary approach
exploring how testing becomes part of everyday school life focused on the construction
of pupils’ cleverness. Annual Review of Critical Psychology, 16, pp.917-952.
Hsu, B.Y. and Madsen, R. eds., 2019. The Chinese Pursuit of Happiness: Anxieties, Hopes, and
Moral Tensions in Everyday Life. University of California Press.
Koehler, D., Serth, S. and Meinel, C., 2021, November. Consuming Security: Evaluating
Podcasts to Promote Online Learning Integrated with Everyday Life. In 2021 World
Engineering Education Forum/Global Engineering Deans Council (WEEF/GEDC) (pp.
476-481). IEEE.
Kuipers, G., Franssen, T. and Holla, S., 2019. Clouded judgments? Aesthetics, morality and
everyday life in early 21st century culture. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 22(4),
pp.383-398.
Levin, L., 2019. How may public transport influence the practice of everyday life among
younger and older people and how may their practices influence public transport? Social
Sciences, 8(3), p.96.
Mutmainnah, M., Putra, A. and Gultom, E.S., 2020. Slip of the Pen as A Psychopathology of
Everyday Life on Wilde’s Happy Prince and OtherTales.
Neufend, M., 2019. The practice of vision: Sufi aesthetics in everyday life. In Affect and
emotion in multi-religious secular societies (pp. 96-113). Routledge.
Ritter, M., Vangkilde, S.A., Maigaard, K., Pagsberg, A.K., Plessen, K.J. and Hagstrøm, J., 2022.
Inhibitory Control in Children with Tourette Syndrome Is Impaired in Everyday Life but
Intact during a Stop Signal Task. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(2), p.309.
Schwerdtfeger, A.R., Rominger, C. and Obser, P.D., 2020. A shy heart may benefit from
everyday life social interactions with close others: An ecological momentary assessment
trial using Bayesian multilevel modeling. Biological psychology, 152, p.107864.
Vargas, M.E., 2021. An attribution‐emotion‐action interpretation of the “evil eye” in everyday
conflict situations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 51(4), pp.399-403.
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